Influence of abiotic factors on the development of main diseases of winter wheat in the conditions of the western forest-steppe

Strengthening the fight against phytodiseases of grain crops in Ukraine. Study of the influence of abiotic factors on the development of diseases and realization of the potential productivity of winter wheat in the conditions of the Western Forest Steppe.

Рубрика Сельское, лесное хозяйство и землепользование
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Institute of Agriculture of Carpathian Region of NAAS

Influence of abiotic factors on the development of main diseases of winter wheat in the conditions of the western forest-steppe

H.Ya. Bilovus, candidate of agric. sciences

V. Obroshyne

Abstract

Winter wheat is the leading grain crop in Ukraine. Realization of potential productivity of winter wheat is often limited to the development of phyto-diseases, among which the most harmful in our area are septoria, powdery mildew, dark brown spot, pyrenophorosis, rust and smut diseases. Creation of sustainable varieties is the most effective, economically justified and perfect, from the point of view of environmental protection, method of plant protection. Recently, against the background of rising prices for fungicides, on the one hand, and the ecological crisis of the biosphere on the other, the search for new effective sources of disease resistance is of particular importance. Among the genetic resources of winter wheat are genotypes that are resistant to several pathogens simultaneously and are of particular value as sources of group resistance.

Therefore, the aim of our research was to study the influence of abiotic factors on the development of major diseases of winter wheat in the Western Forest-Steppe.

The article presents the results of research on influence of abiotic factors on the development of major diseases of winter wheat in the Western Forest-Steppe. During 2017-2019, the most common diseases during the winter wheat growing season were: powdery mildew, dark brown spot, pyrenophorosis.

Over the years of research, the following varieties have been noted: Oberih Myronivs'kyi, Mudrist' odes,ka with resistance (score 6) to powdery mildew and dark brown spot. The Vodohray bilotserkivs'kyy variety was susceptible (score 5) to these diseases.

It should be noted that the varieties: Vodohray bilotserkivs'kyy and Oberih Myronivs'kyi showed resistance (score 6) to pyrenophorosis. Variety Mudrist' odes'ka was susceptible to this disease (score 5). In the conditions of the Western Forest-Steppe it is necessary to grow the variety Oberih Myronivs'kyi, which has a high index of complex stability (ICS =1.05). The appearance and development of powdery mildew and dark brown spots on winter wheat, according to research, is facilitated by increased rainfall in May- June, when the SCC reaches 1.3 and above. In the future, research in this direction will continue for a more detailed study of this issue.

Keywords: winter wheat, powdery mildew, dark brown spot, pyrenophorosis, variety, resistance index.

Анотація

Вплив абіотичних факторів на розвиток основних хвороб пшениці озимої в умовах Західного Лісостепу

Біловус Г. Я.

Інститут сільського господарства Карпатського регіону НААН

Пшениця озима за своїм значенням займає в Україні провідне місце серед зернових культур. Реалізація потенційної продуктивності пшениці озимої часто обмежується розвитком фітозахворювань, серед яких найбільш шкідливими в нашій зоні є септоріоз, борошниста роса, темно-бура плямистість, піренофороз, іржасті та сажкові хвороби. Створення стійких сортів - найбільш ефективний, економічно обґрунтований і досконалий, з точки зору охорони навколишнього середовища, метод захисту рослин. Останнім часом на фоні подорожчання фунгіцидних препаратів, з одного боку, та екологічної кризи біосфери з другого, особливого значення набуває пошук нових ефективних джерел стійкості до хвороб.

Серед генетичних ресурсів пшениці озимої є генотипи, що характеризуються стійкістю проти кількох збудників одночасно і мають особливу цінність як джерела групової стійкості. Тому метою наших досліджень було вивчити вплив абіотичних факторів на розвиток основних хвороб пшениці озимої в умовах Західного Лісостепу.

Наведено результати досліджень з вивчення впливу абіотичних чинників на розвиток основних хвороб пшениці озимої в умовах Західного Лісостепу. Впродовж 2017-2019 рр. найбільш поширеними хворобами під час вегетації пшениці озимої були: борошниста роса, темно-бура плямистість, піренофороз. За роки досліджень відзначено сорти: Оберіг Миронівський, Мудрість одеська зі стійкістю (бал 6) до борошнистої роси та темно-бурої плямистості. Сорт Водограй білоцерківський був сприйнятливим (бал 5) до ураження цими захворюваннями. Слід відзначити, що сорти Водограй білоцерківський та Оберіг Миронівський проявили стійкість (бал 6) до ураження піренофорозом. Сорт Мудрість одеська був сприйнятливим до цього захворювання (бал 5). Встановлено, що в умовах Західного Лісостепу потрібно вирощувати сорт Оберіг Миронівський, для якого характерно поєднання високого індексу комплексної стійкості (ІКС=1,05) з індивідуальною стійкістю до борошнистої роси, темно-бурої плямистості та піренофорозу. Появі та розвитку борошнистої роси та темно-бурої плямистості на пшениці озимій за результатами досліджень сприяє підвищена кількість опадів у травні - червні, коли ГТК досягає 1,3 і вище.

Ключові слова: пшениця озима, борошниста роса, темно-бура плямистість, піренофороз, сорт, індекс стійкості.

Introduction

Increasing the quantity and quality of crop production is the main task of the agricultural complex. The main strategic agricultural crop of Ukraine is winter wheat, which occupies up to 6.5 million hectares of cultivated land, which is 40 % of the total grain area [2, 26, 27].

The cultivation of grain crops is complicated by a number of factors, one of the first of which is the deterioration of the phytosanitary condition of crops [4, 24, 25].

In Ukraine, the annual shortfall of the winter wheat harvest due to the negative effect of pathogens and pests is 12-14 %. Diseases affect wheat throughout the growing season [13, 14, 16].

Modern agroecosystems are characterized by a significant anthropogenic load, which causes an imbalance in agrocenoses, provokes an increase in the number of phytophages, the spread of harmful phytobiota, pests and pathogens, and destabilization of the phytosanitary situation in general [18, 22, 26].

The world market's need for ecologically clean agricultural products leads to a tendency to reduce the use of chemical plant protection agents against pathogenic organisms. An alternative to the use of pesticides is genetic protection, the cultivation of resistant varieties and hybrids [5, 6, 11].

The development of diseases of winter wheat plants varies from year to year. There are periods of epiphytotia and, conversely, years of weak development or even the absence of one or another disease. The reasons for the mass development of phytopathogens should be sought in the presence of favorable conditions [3, 8, 9].

The influence of abiotic factors is usually manifested in several directions. First of all, they affect the development of phytopathogens, that is, the speed of disease manifestation, survival, aggressiveness, number and viability. Plants also grow and develop under the influence of a complex complex of environmental factors simultaneously acting on them [10, 15, 34]. Depending on these factors, the resistance and endurance of plants to diseases during the growing season is formed, and they also affect the intensity of the pathogenic process itself. The elements of the external environment act in a complex manner on the growth, development and degree of damage by pathogens and plant yield. And even a temporary change in one meteorological parameter leads to the variability of others. Thus, according to the estimates of many scientists, the degree of influence of hydrothermal factors on the size of the crop and its quality ranges from 30 to 60 % [7, 8, 12].

Abiotic factors play a major role both in the occurrence of the disease itself and in its development. It should be noted that they can directly affect both the pathogen, stimulating or suppressing its development, and the host plant, increasing its susceptibility or resistance. They are the most common for all organisms of ecosystems and their actions do not depend on the density of populations of organisms [29, 30, 32].

Researchers [25, 29, 31] established that air humidity is of great importance for the dispersion, germination of spores and penetration of the pathogen into the tissue, and the air temperature affects the speed of development of the infectious process.

According to the well-known phytopathologists M. M. Kyryk, H. M. Kovalyshyn, V. V. Bazalii, and S. V. Retman [10, 23, 25], the harmfulness of leaf spots directly depends on climatic conditions. They note that the timing of the appearance of dark brown spots on the leaves depends on the average air temperature and the amount of precipitation in May.

Therefore, the goal of our research was to study the influence of abiotic factors on the development of the main diseases of winter wheat in the conditions of the Western Forest-Steppe.

Materials and methods

The research was conducted in 2017-2019 at the Institute of Agriculture of the Carpathian Region of the National Academy of Sciences.

The object of the research was 3 varieties of winter wheat, of different institutions-originators, included in the Register of plant varieties suitable for distribution in Ukraine.

The soil of the experimental plots was gray forestal surface-gleyed light-loamy, which was characterized by the following indicators: humus content (according to Tiurin) - 1.9 %, pH of salt extract (potentiometric method) - 4.8, hydrolytic acidity (according to Kappen-Gilkovits) - 2.91 mg eq./100 g of soil, the content of mobile phosphorus and potassium (according to Kirsanov) - 98 and 85 mg per 1 kg of soil, alkaline hydrolyzed nitrogen (according to Kornfield)- 87 mg per 1 kg of soil. phytodisease steppe winter wheat

The technology of growing winter wheat seeds included: pre-sowing treatment of seeds with vitavax 200 FF, 34 % v.s.k. (3.0 l/t), application of mineral fertilizers at the rate of N30P90K90 during sowing and gradual application of N30 nitrogen in the IV and VII stages of organogenesis, chemical protection against weeds: herbicides - grodil maxi, 37,5 % o.d. (0.09-0.11 l/ha) + zenkor liquid, 60 % k.s. (0.1-0.4 l/ha).

The seed sowing rate - 5.5 million germinated seeds/ha.

According to the method [21], phenological observations of the growth and development of winter wheat plants were carried out.

The development of diseases was determined according to 9-point scales in the phase of emergence into the tube, earing and milk ripeness according to generally accepted methods [19, 20]. The index of stability and complex stability was calculated according to the methodology of P. P. Litun et al. [1,28].

Under the condition of describing the weather conditions for 20172019, we used the data of the Lviv hydrogeological improvement station, the observation point - village Obroshyne.

To determine the influence of climatic factors, in particular, the amount of precipitation and temperature, on the development of diseases, the hydrothermal coefficient - GTK was used in the period April-July [17]. During the evaluation of the agroclimatic resources of this territory, it was taken into account that GTK within 1.0- 1.5 characterizes optimal moisture, greater than 1.5 - excessive, less than 1.0 - unstable, less than 0.5 - weak.

Results and discussion

With the beginning of the growing season in April in 2017, precipitation fell by 16.1 mm less than the long-term average. The temperature in April exceeded the long-term average by 1.1 °C and equaled 8.5 °C, in May it increased by 0.9 °C.

In the third decade of May, the amount of precipitation was 22 mm higher than the long-term average (Fig. 1).

Fig. 1. The amount of precipitation for April - July in relation to average multi-year data (2017-2019)

In June, only 22.2 mm of precipitation fell, which is 24 % of the long-term average, and in July - 57.2 mm, or 56 %. The air temperature in June was 1.9 °C higher than the long-term average. The average monthly temperature in July was 18.5 °C, which is 1 °C higher than the long-term average.

According to HTC calculations (Fig. 2), in general, the entire period from April to July in 2017 was quite wet. Such weather conditions significantly influenced the development of pathogens of fungal diseases. Thus, in 2017, the development of powdery mildew, depending on the variety, was in the range of 3.5-22.5 %, dark brown spotting - 2.5-20.0 %, pyrenophorosis - 5.0-22.0 % with hydrothermal coefficient (GTK) on average for the growing season (MaЃtЃC--Juty) 2.0; 0.4; 1.0 respective^.

Fig. 2. GTK according to average monthly data for the period 2017-2019 (April - July)

In the third decade of May, the weather was favorable for the development of such diseases as dark brown spotting, powdery mildew.

In 2018, April was characterized by very warm and moderately dry weather (the air temperature was 6.3 °C higher, and the amount of precipitation was 29.4 mm less than the long-term average). In May, the air temperature was 4 °C higher, and the amount of precipitation was 16 mm less than the long-term average (Figs. 1, 3).

. 3. Air temperature for April - July in relation to the long-term indicator (2017-2019)

June was characterized by wet and warm weather (60.5 mm more precipitation fell, and the air temperature was 2 °C higher than the longterm average. In July, the air temperature was 1.7 °C higher, and the amount of precipitation was 14 mm higher than The development of powdery mildew in 2017, depending on the studied variety, was: 3.5-22.5 %, dark brown spotting - 2.5-20.0 %, pyrenophorosis - 5.0-29.0 %. In 2018, a more intensive development of diseases was noted, which was facilitated by an excess level of moisture in June - July. The hydrothermal coefficient (HTC) during the growing season (April - July) was 0.52; 1.3; 2.8; 1.9. Such weather conditions negatively affected the growth of winter wheat, but contributed to the development of phytopathogens. Depending on the variety, the development of powdery mildew in 2018 was: 1.020.5%, dark brown spotting - 1.5-20.5 %, pyrenophorosis - 1.0-19.0 %.

April in 2019 was characterized by warm and dry weather (the air temperature was 2.6 °C higher, and the amount of precipitation was 18.2 mm less than the long-term average). The air temperature in May was 0.3 °C higher, and the amount of precipitation was 64.6 mm higher than the long-term average (see s. 1, 2). In the summer, the weather conditions differed among themselves. June was characterized by warm and relatively dry weather (the air temperature was 4.9 °C higher, precipitation was 39.9 mm less than the long-term average). In July, the air temperature was 0.8 °C higher, and the amount of precipitation was 20.8 mm less than the long-term average. The hydrothermal coefficient (HTC) for April was 1.1; May - 3.6; June - 0.83, July - 1.43. In 2019, depending on the variety, the development of powdery mildew on the surveyed winter wheat crops was in the range of 2.5-27.5 %, dark brown spotting - 1.5-28.5 %, pyrenophorosis - 1.5-22,0 %. Therefore, the weather conditions of 2017-2019 contributed to the development of pathogens due to optimal and excessive humidification and the corresponding air temperature.

The most common diseases of winter wheat that were discovered during 2017-2019 years of research were: powdery mildew (Erysiphe graminis f. sp. tritici), dark brown leaf spot (Drechslera tritici-repentis Ito), pyrenophorosis (P;yrenophora tririci-repentis).

To determine the resistance of winter wheat varieties to the pathogens of powdery mildew, dark brown spotting, and pyrenophorosis, immunological evaluations were carried out with the translation of the degree of disease damage into indicators of distance from the average value (resistance indices) for all studied varieties.

It was established that the highest index of resistance (I=1.05) to the pathogens of powdery mildew (Erysiphe graminis f. sp. tritici) and dark brown spot (Drechslera tritici-repentis Ito) of the varieties: Oberih Myronivskyi, Mudrist Odeska, and to the pyrenophorosis pathogen (Pyrenophora tririci-repentis) - Vodohray bilotserkivskyi, Oberih Myronivskyi (table).

The level of resistance of winter wheat to pathogens of major diseases was assessed according to the index of complex resistance (ICS). The highest indicators of complex resistance to the causative agents of the two diseases were noted in the variety Oberih Myronivskyi (ICS=1.05).

Table

Assessment of the resistance of winter wheat varieties to major diseases, 2017-2019

Score of res ce to patho

stangens

Resistance index, І

Variety

Erysiphe graminis f. sp. tritici

Drechslera tritici-repentis Ito

Pyrenophora tririci-repentis

Erysiphe graminis f. sp. tritici

Drechslera tritici-repentis Ito

Pyrenophora tririci-repentis

Index of complex stability, ICS

Vodohray bilotserkivskyi (St)

5

5

6

0,88

0,88

1,05

0,94

Oberih Myronivskyi

6

6

6

1,05

1,05

1,05

1,05

Mudrist Odeska

6

6

5

1,05

1,05

0,88

0,99

X*

5,7

5,7

5,7

0,99

0,99

0,99

0,99

min**

5

5

5

0,88

0,88

0,88

0,94

max***

6

6

6

1,05

1,05

1,05

1,05

R****

1

1

1

0,17

0,17

0,17

0,11

Note: x* -- average, min** --

minimum value, max***

-- maximum value, R****

-range

of variation (max-min).

Conclusions

In the conditions of the Western Forest-Steppe of Ukraine, during the years of research (2017-2019), the differentiation of winter wheat varieties in terms of resistance to major diseases was revealed. According to the results of our research, the appearance and development of powdery mildew and dark brown spotting on winter wheat is facilitated by an increased amount of precipitation in May-June, when the HTC reaches 1.3 and above.

It was established that the highest index of resistance to the causative agent of powdery mildew (Erysiphe graminis f. sp. tritici) and dark brown spot (Drechslera tritici-repentis I^to) was noted in the varieties: Oberih Myronivskyi, Mudrist Odeska, and to the causative agent of pyrnenophorosis (Pyrenophora tririci- repentis) - Vodohray bilotserkivskyi, Oberih Myronivskyi. It was found that the most valuable variety is Oberih Myronivskyi, which is characterized by a combination of a high index of complex resistance (ICS=1.05) with individual resistance to powdery mildew, dark brown spotting and pyrenophorosis.

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