The essence and importance of environmental regulation in environmental activities

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Ministry of Education of Ukraine

National Aviation University

Educational and Scientific Institute for Environmental Security

Control work

by subject: The theoretical basis of environmental regulation of anthropogenic pressure of the environment

by topic: The essence and importance of environmental regulation in environmental activities

Performed by:

Lukyanenko N.S.

Kyiv 2016

Content

1. The essence and importance of standardization in environmental activities

2. Sanitary standardization

3. Ecological standardization

4. Scientific and technical standardization

5. Control question and tasks, answers

Consequences

List of literature

1. The essence and importance of standardization in environmental activities

Special functions of environmental management - is environmental regulation, licensing, inspection, certification, assessment of environmental impact and environmental monitoring, environmental certification, aimed primarily at ensuring the protection and monitoring of the environment, forecasting its changes.

One of the basic mechanisms of the environment regulating is a state environmental regulation.

Environmental regulations - is fixed by law the rules governing environmental protection and natural resource relationships designed to meet the environmental needs of society and ensure optimum quality of the human environment, are quantitative values ??and determine the level of environmental protection. For legal force, they are divided on the legislation (laws) and subordinate regulations that are government regulations, regulations of ministries and departments, acts local level, and the content of legal requirements - for preventive, prohibitive, recovery, incentive and punitive. Environmental standards are developed and put into effect by the specially authorized central executive authority on ecology and natural resources and other authorized state bodies in accordance with the laws of Ukraine.

The purpose of environmental regulation is to establish a set of binding rules, regulations, and requirements for environmental protection, natural resources and environmental safety.

The standardization in the field of environmental protection and natural resources determines quantitative indicators should reduce the human impact of society to the limits, which allowed the change of the environment, and this, in turn, allows the mechanisms of self-regulation of ecosystems to perform the recovery process natural resources does not lead to environmental degradation.

Normalization of relations between society and nature in the light of the paradigm of sustainable development now becomes extremely important. Ideally Environmental regulation should promote sustainable production and consumption within a carrier, or economic, the capacity of ecosystems, the ability to withstand a certain maximum anthropogenic pressure.

Today the development of environmental regulation in Ukraine is carried out so as to ensure, firstly, compliance task of ecosystem safety; Second, the development of the regulatory framework as part of the management and controls in business entities; and thirdly, the effectiveness of regulations as legal guarantees of social security rights.

As environmental regulation should single out two areas: that regulation and limitation. If normalization defined standards of maximum permissible emissions and discharges of pollutants into the environment and other, harmful effects to it, as well as charges for environmental pollution and waste disposal. The goal is limiting the approval for enterprises, institutions and organizations limit the use or extraction of natural resources, limits emissions and discharges of pollutants into the environment and limits on education and waste disposal.

The main types of environmental regulation used in Ukraine, are rules, limits and charges for environmental pollution, as well as rules, limits and charges for the use of natural resources.

There is a system of indicators by which assessed human impact - the impact of pollutants on the environment.

The main ones are the maximum permissible concentration (MPC), the maximum allowable emission or discharge (MAE, MAD) and the maximum permissible load (MPL).

Maximum allowable concentration - the maximum amount of harmful substances per unit volume or mass of natural resources (air, water, pound), which has virtually no effect on human health.

The maximum allowable emissions (discharges) - weight (volume) of pollutants, scattering them in vivo specific pollution sources into account the level of general background pollution combined with other sources of pollution does not create outside the sanitary protection zone exceeding permissible levels of contamination.

Maximum permissible load (carrying capacity of ecosystems) - a set of specific actions that either do not affect the quality of the environment, or alter it within acceptable limits, that does not destroy the ecosystem and do not cause adverse effects to it.

In general, the maximum permissible norms established in order to gradually achieve the quality standards of natural resources that is scientifically based concentration values ??of pollutants and quality (general physical, biological, and chemical, radiological) and hygiene standards in the locations of pollution sources for environmental safety human activities and natural ecosystems. The gradual achievement of quality of natural resources is seen as a process of continuous improvement of technological aspects of economic and other human activities are carried out in the direction of reducing harmful human impact on nature. Therefore, environmental regulations reflect the magnitude of human impact on the environment, corresponding to the degree of development of society and eventually have a change in the direction of improving the quality of the environment.

State environmental standards governing the integration of environmental considerations into the different types of business entities to ensure balanced socio-economic development of society and are factors harmonize its relationship with nature. These standards are binding and define concepts and terms, mode of use and protection of natural resources, methods of monitoring the state of the environment, requirements for the use of natural resources and prevent pollution of the environment. Environmental requirements in such standards meet the level of scientific, technical and technological progress achieved in the country.

Environmental standards are divided into international, state, and local industry. International standards are approved and implemented by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), state - specific regulations of the State Committee of Ukraine for Technical Regulation and Consumer Policy, sector - by order of the relevant minister or agency, local - Resolution of the relevant regional environmental agency within its competence.

The development of environmental standardization in Ukraine is by the introduction of state standards for environmental requirements for products and services and by implementing standards harmonized with international and European environmental standards. The basis for the development of environmental standards are also being developed by the International Organization for Standardization, in particular its technical committee TC 207 "Environmental management". It is this committee, using the experience and methodology for quality management systems, standards began to develop the ISO 14000 "Environmental management systems".

Limits on the paradigm of nature in the context of sustainable development by its nature is so important regulatory tool that limiting economic growth actually provides stabilization of production processes and consumption and keeping them within sustainable environmentally sound functioning of society. Thus, the essence of this instrument is based on two strategic principles: the limited capacity of the biosphere to receive, absorb and assimilate different kinds of waste produced socio-economic system, and ultimately the nature of non-renewable natural resources. natural resources standardization environmental

Limits development in the field of environmental protection based on relevant environmental norms. Thus, limits emissions and discharges of pollutants from stationary sources, waste disposal limits defined for enterprises, institutions and organizations based on maximum allowable volume and be established in permits for emissions and discharges.

Another type of environmental regulations are charges for pollution and the use of natural resources. They are components of economic mechanism of nature that create incentives to sustainable use of natural resources and provide a real source of budget funding environmental activities. Note that in the protection of the environment are important above-limit charges for pollution and above-limit for the use of natural resources, which have the character of penalties.

One of the major drawbacks of environmental regulation at the present stage of its development is that only a small part of the environmental standards could be considered, as they are installed without the existence of laws ecosystems and biotic mechanism to regulate environmental quality. Therefore, one of the main objectives is to increase the degree of environmental norms it. In addition, during their development should take into account the specific regions. Many environmental management standards should be also reflected in the legislation governing the scope of business activities in the norms of civil, tax, investment, banking law and so on.

2. Sanitary standardization

Among the adverse environmental impacts, environmental pollution, office space, apartments and other objects of the environment pose the immediate danger. To assess the level of contamination requires optimization - hygienic regulation of harmful substances, which allows to determine the thresholds of their contents in which these substances do not carry the negative impact on the human body, plants, animals and the landscape in general, to certain processes at technical facilities and more.

The most developed have questions about the effects of chemical contaminants that are usually toxic. Assessment of toxicity based on measuring the amount of toxic substances contained in a particular environment (air, water, soil, product, etc.) or which entered the body and caused his reaction in one form or another (poisoning death). It should also consider ways receipts substances in the body, duration of action, the state of the organism, the state of the environment.

Optimization of pollutants in natural environments is done by sanitary regulation. Its main task is to develop sanitation standards.

Sanitation standards - the most developed and widespread system of norms, rules and regulations for the evaluation of the environment.

They are set in order to protect human health and the preservation of genetic fund of some populations of flora and fauna. Sanitary valuation also includes manufacturing, housing and consumer areas in life. Established and approved standards are binding throughout the territory of Ukraine. For drinking water maximum permissible concentration (MPC) of some pollutants were approved back in 1939. Currently, the number set by the MPC for water bodies for various purposes for 2000 approached the air in 1952 were introduced MAC for 10 substances, at present they have about 100. There are also the MPC of pollutants in the soil and pollutants for fishery reservoirs, the air in the area of ??forest, water used for irrigation and more.

Key Features of hygienic rationing toxicant, dose, concentration, borders harmful lethal dose:

Toxins - poisonous, harmful substances. To assess the toxicity of substances conducted experiments on animals with subsequent extrapolation of experimental data on humans.

Dose - quantity (mass) of harmful substances, which entered the body relative body weight (mg kg-1). Concentration - amount of substance regarding unit volume or mass of air (mg m-3), water (mg l-1), soil (mg kg-1).

Lethal dose (LD) - a lethal dose of toxicant that causes death of the body.

Lethal Concentration (LC) - a lethal concentration of toxicants.

Sanitation standards - the most developed and widespread system of norms, rules and regulations for the evaluation of the environment. They are set in order to protect human health and the preservation of genetic fund of some populations of flora and fauna. Sanitary valuation also includes manufacturing, housing and consumer areas in life. Established and approved standards are binding throughout the territory of Ukraine. For drinking water maximum permissible concentration (MPC) of some pollutants were approved back in 1939. Currently, the number set by the MPC for water bodies for various purposes nigh to 2000.

3. Ecological standardization

Environmental regulation provides for so-called carrying capacity of ecosystems. Allowable load is considered, under the influence of a deviation from the normal state of the system is guaranteed and does not exceed natural changes in the environment, and therefore does not cause adverse effects to biota and does not affect the quality of the surrounding environment. Thus, the need for testing MPC not only hygienic, but also environmental hazard signs are obvious. Environmental activities focused only on existing sanitary MACs are often ineffective or is not needed. A paradoxical situation: the rules are stricter payment and costs rise and environmental objects condition worsens. We need other standards that would protect the interests of ecosystems and human health. This aims meet environmental standards, which in some cases is more economical. Environmental regulations are fundamentally different from sanitation, fisheries and other toxicological MPC.

The purpose of sanitary and toxicological standards - the protection of human health and the individual populations of organisms. The objective of environmental regulation is to ensure the normal functioning of the ecosystem as a whole, including human health, that preserve the established equilibrium in nature as part of a possible self-regulation. Preserving the ecological balance is not determined by individual reactions of individuals, and expanded in time and space reaction entire community environment. In this case, environmental standards should be developed on the ecological balance globally. Maximum allowable concentration of pollutants in ecosystems similar to the MAC can be called EPC - environmentally permissible concentrations of harmful substances in the environment ecosystems, coming from different anthropogenic sources and not violate the homeostatic mechanisms of self-regulation of ecosystems. Based on EDC can be calculated ecologically permissible load (EPL), which are not to exceed the environmental capacity of ecosystems. Installing environmentally acceptable load is the measure that will make it possible to balance environmental and socio-economic interests of the person, and thus - a tool for sustainable development of society. Assess the capacity of ecosystems using EDC is most convenient for example, surface water, because water, unlike air, strictly localized natural body. In reservoirs is limited to banks and bottom. Aquatic ecosystems - habitats of most living organisms and most important factor of human life. Water pollution affects the ecosystem and human health.

4. Scientific and technical standardization

Scientific and technical standardization involves restrictions of objects relative to environmental pollution, that determines the maximum allowable intensity of the flow of pollutants that may come from sources of exposure to the air, water and soil. Thus, the companies are required not directly provide certain MAC, and compliance of maximum permissible emissions and discharges of hazardous substances are prescribed certain economic projects in general or for specific sources that are part of the object. Observed values ??exceeding the MCL in the environment is a signal failure established scientific and technical standards, and may indicate a need to (standards) view.

Sanitation and environmental standards determine the quality of the objects surrounding environment regarding human health and ecosystems, but did not indicate the source of exposure and do not regulate its activity. Requirements that apply directly to the sources of anthropogenic impacts on the environment are established scientific and technical standards. Scientific and technical standards than the standards and emission reductions are also technological, engineering, construction, city building rules and regulations (such as building regulations), including requirements for the protection of the surrounding environment. The formulation of scientific and technical standards laid this principle under the terms of these norms of economic activity in the region of any content harmful substances (impurities) in water, air and soil must meet the requirements of hygienic rationing.

5. Control question and tasks, answers

a) What is the purpose of valuation of anthropogenic impact on the environment?

b) Complex regulatory quality assurance environment - is the main direction to determine the legality of the conduct of environmental relations, determines the degree of effectiveness of the environmental and legal orders. From the quality parameters of objects depends on the environment and implementation of environmental rights, conducting environmental assessments, measure environmentally liability, environmental risk assessment, and more. Norms of quality of the environment must reflect the requirements for his various customers and ensure the preservation of ecological balance in natural ecosystems and within their self.

According to the environmental legislation of Ukraine: standardization quality of the environment is carried out to determine the maximum allowable anthropogenic influences that guarantee environmental safety of the population, gene pool preservation, ensure sustainable use and restoration of natural resources in continuous development of business.

c) What are the main objects of valuation of anthropogenic load on the environment?

The main objects is the level of concentration of pollutants in the environment, levels of acoustic, electromagnetic, radiation and other harmful effects on the environment, the levels of harmful substances in food; levels of emissions and discharges into the environment of polluting chemicals; the level of the harmful effects of physical and biological factors. The main objective of standardization is the development of standards. Standards are the basis of measuring balance environmental and economic interests.

d) What are the main tasks of valuation of anthropogenic load on the environment?

Priority theoretical problems of environmental regulation anthropogenic pressures:

- Development of criteria for environmental safety development of productive forces and study on this basis of environmental regulations;

- Definition of acceptable levels of the dynamics of ecological systems of different ranks, beyond which suggests approaching the critical state; rule should minimize the risk of catastrophic changes in the ecological system of higher rank;

- Determination of toxicity for present and future generations.

During the development of scientific bases of environmental regulation should be guided by other principles, as the main object of standardization are natural ecosystems (population, community, biogeocoenoses etc.).

e) What are part of the system of environmental standards?

Environmental regulation provides for so-called carrying capacity of ecosystems. Allowable load is considered, under the influence of a deviation from the normal state of the system is guaranteed and does not exceed natural changes in the environment, and therefore does not cause adverse effects to biota and does not affect the quality of the surrounding environment. Thus, the need for testing MPC not only hygienic, but also environmental hazard signs are obvious. Environmental activities focused only on existing sanitary MACs are often ineffective or is not needed. A paradoxical situation: the rules are stricter payment and costs rise and environmental objects condition worsens. We need other standards that would protect the interests of ecosystems and human health. This aims meet environmental standards, which in some cases is more economical. Environmental regulations are fundamentally different from sanitation, fisheries and other toxicological MPC.

Consequences

The objective of environmental regulation is to ensure the normal functioning of the ecosystem as a whole, including human health, that preserve the established equilibrium in nature as part of a possible self-regulation. Preserving the ecological balance is not determined by individual reactions of individuals, and expanded in time and space reaction entire community environment. In this case environmental standards should be developed on the ecological balance globally.

List of literature

1. Войцицький А.П. Нормування антропогенного навантаження на природне середовище : навч. посібник / А.П. Войцицький, С.В. Скрипченко. - Житомир : ЖТДУ, 2007. - 55-57с.

2. Тарасова В.В., Малиновський А.С., Рибак М.Ф. Екологічна стандартизація і нормування антропогенного навантаження на природне середовище : навч.посібник / В.В. Тарасова, А.С. Малиновский, М.Ф. Рибак. - К. : Центр учбової літератури, 2007. - 276с.

3. Фурдичко О.І. Нормування антропогенного навантаження на навколишнє природне середовище : навч. посібник / О.І. Фурдичко, В.П. Славов, А.П. Войцицький; за наук. ред. О.І. Фурдичка. - К. : Основа. 2008. - 25с.

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