Ecological design of National Forest Park Serivce Center Research

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Ecological design of National Forest Park Serivce Center Research

Liu Hongming, Zhang Ning

JLJU, Changchun, China

Abstract

With the improvement of people's living standards, and gradually pay attention to the quality of leisure activities, the National Park has become close to the nature of a best place, and visitor center is to showcase the region's natural style is one of the important elements. At present, the development and design of China National Park Visitor Center is in the development stage. The related theoretical research is not mature, the actual construction experience is not enough, and the research team is relatively few. As a result, some visitor centers and parks do not match the type, cannot meet the tourists' The environment caused great pressure. Therefore, according to the existing information and literature at home and abroad, combined with eco-building theory, the eco-design of tourist service center to explore and research.

Key words: National Park; Victor Center; Ecological Design

ЭКОЛОГИЧЕСКИЙ ДИЗАЙН НАЦИОНАЛЬНОГО ЛЕСОПАРКА НАУЧНО -- ИССЛЕДОВАТЕЛЬСКОГО ЦЕНТРА

Лю Хунмин, Чжан Нин

JLJU, Чанчунь, Китай

С улучшением качества жизни, люди постепенно стали обращать внимание на качество проведения досуга. Национальный парк стал лучшим местом для того, чтобы быть ближе к природе, и туристический центр, демонстрирующий природный стиль района, стал одним из важных элементов природного ландшафта. В настоящее время, создание и дизайн Китайского Национального парка туристического центра находятся на стадии разработки. Из-за малоразвитости соответствующих теоретических исследований, отсутствия реального опыта строительства, небольшой численности исследовательской группы, многие туристические центры и парки не соответствуют современному статусу, не в состоянии удовлетворить потребности туристов, а окружающая среда вызывает большое давление. Поэтому, в данной статье на основе существующих данных, отечественной и зарубежной литературы, в сочетании с теорией экологической архитектуры и экологического дизайна туристического сервис-центра, было проведено данное исследование.

На основе анализа основных принципов экологических аспектов в итоге выделим шесть принципов: принцип наименьшего вмешательства; принцип местных материалов; принцип переработки; принцип использования энергии; общий дизайн; учет воздействия на окружающую среду и ощущения. Поэтому, при помощи имеющейся литературы на родине и за рубежом, в качестве объекта для исследования вместе с теорией эко-строительства, был выбран экологический дизайн туристического сервис-центра. Автор выражает надежду на строительство будущего центра для посетителей и на развитие эко-проектирования, так как это принесет определенный вклад в эту отрасль.

Ключевые слова: Национальный парк, центр «Виктор», экологический дизайн.

1. Overview

The existence of the park is to show the natural elements, it is necessary to preserve their natural state, must also provide services for the community. Although the construction of the project allows ordinary visitors to enjoy the natural scenery, but this accessibility means that there will be architectural forms, infrastructure, landscape changes, greatly changed the natural form of many parks, it is necessary for intelligent design, especially buildings, to be integrated into the park's landscape and natural elements, the maximum reduction of ecological footprint.

2. Ecological Design and Research of Visitor Center

ecological national forest park

Compared with other architectural situations, ecological building design has more advanced technical means, higher level of taste, can more fully show the natural environment, to achieve sustainable development. Nowadays most parks, especially tourist service centers, lack the functions and sustainability of the machine, the park needs to deal effectively with several issues including excessive flow of people, low efficiency, resource protection and landscape management. Under the guidance of this ecological principle, the use of contemporary architecture, building technology, ecology and other scientific and technological achievements, to provide visitors with comfortable, environmentally friendly, efficient and beautiful use of the environment, so as to reduce the forest park area environment of the impact. The main feature of eco-building design is the use of natural materials or materials that can be recirculated as far as possible. Try not to use or use non-renewable energy, make full use of renewable resources, according to the specific circumstances of the installation of solar energy installations or wind power equipment and improve energy efficiency, while achieving energy saving and pollution reduction purposes. Minimize all waste emissions, the classification of waste recycling and reuse. With adequate sunshine, full natural ventilation of the healthy and comfortable use of the environment. And the surrounding natural environment to adapt to fully reflect the style of the forest park [1, p. 1].

Overview of National Parks

(1) Definition and function of national park. Because of the different degrees of economic development, land use, historical background, folk customs and administrative system, the names of national parks vary widely, and their contents and meanings are very chaotic, which is not conducive to international exchange and research. The United Nations Educational and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) and the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) in London in 1933, starting in the national park definition of a unified consensus, national parks Is based on the IUCN New Delhi in 1969 to convene the tenth annual meeting of the National Park definition, the resolution and in 1972 in the United States National Yellowstone National Park held the second session of the World Conference, and the same year in Canada Banff National Park of the IUCN Eleventh Congress recognized by the Government to adopt a unified.

(2) Visitor Center definition. Most national parks have several visitor centers, usually each designated to highlight the characteristics or characteristics of the area. Service center as a building there is usually necessary for visitors to visit the tour information, travel or emergency services necessary for tourists in the tourist area of the "home." The more comprehensive the function, the higher the quality of the visitor center for the entire tourist area to enhance the experience to visit a great help.

Ecological Design Principles. The main purpose of ecological design is to minimize the destruction of the original natural style, as far as possible to reduce the construction of earthwork and construction area required to maximize the use of the current environmental situation, combined with the visitor center planning and design, So that zero impact on the ecological environment. At the same time, ecological factors also need to be reflected in the design of the visitor center. The use of local renewable energy sources such as solar energy, wind energy, water and so on, to make their own energy self-sufficiency, thereby reducing infrastructure laying on the local natural environment influences.

(1) the principle of least interference. Unless necessary, do not destroy the original ecological, terrain, landscape and other natural conditions, taking into account the constraints of various environmental factors, preservation of ecological functions and integrity.

(2) the principle of local materials. In the construction process as far as possible the choice of local building materials, local materials.

(3) the principle of recycling. In the construction process, good use of green building materials, reduce construction waste, reduce the pressure on the surrounding environment, waste recycling as much as possible, to establish an effective recycling system.

(4) energy use. Full use of the natural environment, such as natural ventilation, sunshine, terrain, etc., can also use geothermal technology, rainwater harvesting technology, and strive to reduce building energy consumption.

(5) the overall design. At the beginning of the planning and design to fully take into account the various possibilities, and conditions of use, to avoid secondary construction or cause harm elsewhere.

(6) to consider the impact on the mental environment. Emotional feelings will be affected by the use of architectural design elements and experience the impact of the building into the ecological design, people will experience a positive emotional reaction. In the internal design should also create a suitable temperature, humidity, layout and reasonable layout and form of space to the user a good use of the environment [2, p.16].

Service Center Ecological Design Method. Visitor center design includes location positioning, building general graphic design, functional division of building interior, exterior skin design and material selection.

(1) position positioning. Park superintendents of the US National Parks are more or less consistent with the idea of setting up visitor centers at the park entrance, or in areas where tourist services are more concentrated, or where the resources are most efficiently located. If the visitor center is too far away from the natural, historical or artificial attraction, the tourist education and recreation will be damaged. Based on the above considerations, the visitor center is usually set at the entrance of the park, the transfer point, the important node or two (three) junctions. And also to make full use of the resources and conditions of the surrounding to plan reasonable functions, taking into account the long-term development, combined with the construction of land for the future may have to expand or build additional space.

At the same time, as far as possible according to local conditions, to maximize the use of the current environmental situation combined with the Visitor Center for planning and design, make full use of local renewable energy such as solar shield, wind energy, water and so on, so that building self-sufficiency of resources, thereby reducing infrastructure. And so on the impact of the local natural environment. As far as possible with the current existing infrastructure planning, the construction of the Visitor Center will not produce secondary pollution of the local environment.

(2) building the total plane design. The general plane of the tourist service center is generally composed of the building main body, the resting square, the parking lot and the traffic flow line. In the planning and design, often encounter complex terrain, landform treatment. Many of the design is often to push it flat, balance earthwork, to become a flat surface and then design to change the status quo. For small, heavy task, need a short time to complete the design task in order to win more projects for the design unit, this is of course a solution, but the ecological building design more in-depth study of the terrain, landforms, fully Respect for the base of the topographic features, designed to minimize the impact of buildings on the base [3, p.45].

In the construction of the base of the construction environment, we must choose a good landscape orientation, and around the base of green plants to the service center of the ecological environment construction. Fully integrated with some of the landscape within the tourist area of the node layout, the use of existing landscape to enhance the tourist service center landscape quality. So the layout of the general plane on the existing landscape sites and the construction of the body proper penetration and integration, so that people can visit the tourist service center at the same time, but also enjoy the infiltration of the building within the natural landscape

(3) functional division within the building. Plane layout in the first try to fight for natural lighting. According to the local climate, decided to light the size of windows and doors, orientation and form. South to high light efficiency, combined with shade devices and other measures can control the use of natural light to bring radiation heat. East and West to the sun in the winter less radiation, the North has been no adequate sunlight, therefore, the three orientation of the room should not use the sun to heat, and the glass windows open the more the more indoor heat loss fast. Therefore, the three orientation of the room should be less window, open a small window, in order to facilitate energy conservation. East and West wall lighting can change the orientation and orientation of the window, such as the convex window to increase the light into the area, concave window limit luminous flux, to obtain a relatively good lighting effect. The introduction of natural light for architectural art modeling and interior space to create a strong appeal, building image due to different regions of the different needs of the sun, and has obvious local characteristics, the South open, the North thick.

Adjust the internal layout of the building to organize the natural wind. Natural ventilation in the best way is to "wind". The so-called "draft" refers to the wind from the construction of the wind inlet into the room, through the building, from the leeward side of the outlet. Ventilation should be organized as far as possible: the main room should be the main windward facing the wind, the leeward side is the layout of auxiliary space; use of the building interior openings, air guide; service facilities should be adjustable to change the wind speed according to need. Indoor furniture and partition layout should not block the "draft" route; a reasonable layout of the furniture and cut off, but also allows the wind flow, air flow more pleasant.

Visitor Center of the room opening size, relative position, a direct impact on the wind speed and into the air. Inlet large, the flow field is large; inlet small, although the increase in flow, but the flow field narrowed. According to the measurement, when the opening width is 1/3 to 2/3 of the opening width, the ventilation effect is best when the opening size is 15% to 25% of the total floor area. The relative position of the opening plays a decisive role in the flow path. Inlet and outlet should be relatively staggered position, so that the air can change the direction in the room to make indoor air more evenly, better ventilation.

There is also a variety of transitional spaces between the inside and outside of the building, such as the top corridor, balcony, platform, balcony, corridor, glass and sunshine, etc., and use these spaces to remove the building function, space shaping, Design point of view, these transitional space to adjust the building ecological climate, enhance comfort and improve the efficiency of building services, with high efficiency and low consumption characteristics. Service center in the design of such transition space consciously joined the climate factor, will achieve economic and comfortable results. Such as the platform design to provide multilevel green planting slot, can ease the wind speed, delay the wall temperature, providing oxygen space.

(4) exterior skin design. The building through the doors, windows, walls, roof, floor and external contact, so that the formation of indoor warm and comfortable environment, but also the formation of an indoor and outdoor communication interface, including heat, gas, light exchange, including: line of sight Natural light, natural ventilation, thermal insulation, shading, the appropriate surface temperature, to avoid glare, building exterior case can be regarded as a multi-purpose carrier.

In the facade design of the building, the use of glass is very common. The doors and windows of the worst insulation performance, about 40% of the total energy consumption of building components to 50%, is the impact of indoor thermal environment and building energy efficiency is one of the main factors. Improve the thermal insulation properties of the windows rely mainly on improving the window thermal resistance, such as the use of double or multi-layer glass, insulating glass. But the winter need to be considered is to reduce the loss of heat, more access to sunlight, and the summer is just the opposite, the need to avoid direct sunlight. Good vision requires a transparent wall, and too much glass wall for insulation, heat resistance. Especially for different climatic conditions, design strategies are often different, or even the opposite. But also to adapt to the local climate, reduce dependence on local energy.

The use of color and the surrounding harmonious color, you can use the ground green and plant walls, green roofs and other buildings will be integrated into the natural environment, from the inside to the outside from the virtual to the real can convey the natural ecology, environmental protection and energy saving message.

(5) the choice of materials. Visitor center materials should be made of natural materials, such as plants, natural stone, and environmentally friendly materials, so as to avoid the use of natural materials from different environments, so as not to affect the local ecological system [4, p. 5].

The use of materials modeling, color, texture, etc. must be integrated into the local environment, to not undermine the local style as a principle.

Conclusion

With the development of China's tourism industry, the increasing number of tourists, the role of visitor center is more and more important, but China's scientific planning and architectural design started late in the ecological field is just getting started so eco-design on the visitor center is not too Many of the research theory and design experience. Most of the forest park visitor centers in China are simply to provide tourist information, exhibitions and other functions, the planning and design does not take into account ecological problems, Bring great pressure.

Energy costs are increasing, making the ecological design will become the mainstream of the future development of architectural design. With the aging of the old buildings and the increasing number of visitors, there will be a lot of visitors need to be renovated or redesigned. Hope that this article summarizes the ecological design principles and methods of visitor centers will be helpful.

References

1. Roy Applenan. A History of the National Park Service Mission 66 Program; http://www.cr.NPS.gov. -- 1998. -- 1 p.

2. Yimeng Zheng. Gong yuan xiu qi she shi yu bao yu gong cheng ying yong sheng tai gong fa zhi yan jiu; China, shui tu bao chi xue bao. -- 2003. -- 16 P.

3. Chen Hua. Feng jing qu you ke zhong xin de she ji yan jiu; China, Shen Dong Nan Da Xue. -- 2007. -- 45 p.

4. Xiawen Hou. Qu cun-tian ma kao gu yi zhi gong yuan zhong xin jian zhu she ji; China, Paper of master degree. -- 2014. -- 5 p.

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