The situation of studying the dangers and risks of anthropogenic transformations in natural landscapes
The presence of great dangers and risks in the transformation of the landscapes of the northeastern slope of the Lesser Caucasus. The current state of the landscapes of the northeastern slope of the Lesser Caucasus. Current state of Azerbaijani forests.
| Рубрика | Геология, гидрология и геодезия |
| Вид | статья |
| Язык | английский |
| Дата добавления | 22.09.2022 |
| Размер файла | 22,7 K |
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The situation of studying the dangers and risks of anthropogenic transformations in natural landscapes
Jafarova Latafat
Dissertation student of the Department of Geography of the Ganja State University, Ganja, Azerbaijan
Abstract
The purpose of the study is to analyze the existence of great dangers and risks in the transformation of the landscapes of the north-eastern slope of the Lesser Caucasus. The study of anthropogenic transformations in natural landscapes is of great theoretical importance. The settlement of the population not only in the favorable plains of our country, but also in the mountain-forest, mountain-meadow belts poses great dangers and risks in the transformation of landscapes. This problem is more dangerous for medium and high mountainous areas, especially for areas with steep slopes and peaks.
Methodology and methods used. Using the most modern methods, that is, the decoding of space materials, the current state of the landscapes of the north -eastern slope of the Lesser Caucasus was determined.
- A medium-scale cosmological landscape map has been compiled for the region.
- The direction of changes in the local landscapes was determined by comparing the information in the maps belonging to 40-45 years ago with the new map. The research used spatial images of various scales, fund and literatur e materials, landscapes and other thematic maps.
The main scientific innovation of the research. A schedule for the development of the erosion process in the study area is currently being prepared. Based on this table, weak, moderate and severely washed soils of different regions that have been subjected to various degrees of erosion have been reported.
Result:
- A map of the modern transformation of the landscapes of the north-eastern slope of the Lesser Caucasus should be developed [8, p.67].
- Pasture areas should be used systematically to protect mountain-meadow landscapes in pastures from soil erosion.
- The use of landscape as a result of the occupation, water pollution, soil erosion, deforestation should be determined.
- The current state of Azerbaijani forests is in a difficult ecological situation, and the problem of its protection must become a national and state affair.
Key words: Lesser Caucasus, landscape, transformation, anthropogenic transformation, erosion.
Джафарова Латафат
дисертант кафедри географії Гянджинського Державного Університету, м. Гянджа, Азербайджан
СИТУАЦІЯ ВИВЧЕННЯ НЕБЕЗПЕК І РИЗИКІВ ТЕХНОГЕННИХ ПЕРЕТВОРЕНЬ ПРИРОДНИХ ЛАНДШАФТІВ
Мета дослідження - проаналізувати наявність великих небезпек та ризиків при трансформації ландшафтів північно-східного схилу Малого Кавказу. Вивчення антропогенних перетворень природних ландшафтів має велике теоретичне значення. Розселення населення не тільки на сприятливих рівнинах нашої країни, а й у гірсько-лісовому, гірсько-луговому поясах таїть у собі великі небезпеки та ризики при перетворенні ландшафтів. Ця проблема більш небезпечна для середньо- та високогірних районів, особливо для ділянок з крутими схилами та вершинами.
Використовувані методики та методи. За допомогою найсучасніших методів, тобто розшифрування космічних матеріалів, було визначено сучасний стан ландшафтів північно-східного схилу Малого Кавказу.
- Для регіону складено середньомасштабну космологічну ландшафтну карту.
- Напрям змін місцевих ландшафтів визначалося шляхом зіставлення інформації карт 40-45-річної давності з новою картою. У дослідженні використовувалися просторові зображення різного масштабу, фондові та літературні матеріали, ландшафтні та інші тематичні карти.
Основна наукова новизна дослідження. В даний час складається графік розвитку ерозійного процесу на досліджуваній території. На підставі цієї таблиці виділені слабо-, середньо-і сильнозмиті ґрунти різних регіонів, що зазнали різного ступеня ерозії.
Результат:
- Слід розробити карту сучасної трансформації ландшафтів північно-східного схилу Малого Кавказу [8, с.67].
- Для захисту гірсько-лучних ландшафтів на пасовищах від ерозії ґрунтів необхідно систематично використовувати пасовищні ділянки.
- Необхідно визначити використання ландшафту в результаті окупації, забруднення води, ерозії ґрунтів, вирубки лісів.
- Нинішній стан азербайджанських лісів перебуває у складній екологічній ситуації, і проблема їх охорони має стати загальнодержавною справою.
Ключові слова: Малий Кавказ, ландшафт, трансформація, антропогенна трансформація, ерозія. transformation landscapes caucasus
Problem statement. The study area is located on the northeastern slope of the Lesser Caucasus in the western part of the Republic. The territory of the region is bordered on the north and east by sloping plains surrounding the foothills of the Lesser Caucasus Mountains, and on the south by the Karabakh Range. From the west and south-west, the border of the region crosses the administrative border of our country with Armenia.
As the number and density of the population in these mountain ranges increase, the risk of landscape transformation also increases. The urgency of this problem is growing every year in the region we study. Therefore, all the consequences of the vertical distribution of landscapes should be studied systematically. Systematic control measures should be developed for areas with high ecological stress, where anthropogenic loads are high. First of all, these measures should include the proper and efficient use of land and water resources, and the involvement of new landscapes in the production cycle while maintaining the balanced development of the environment. Software projects are being developed that support the systematic application of anthropogenic loads and scientifically substantiate it based on the norms corresponding to the existing natural potential of landscapes [4, p.86].
Analysis of the resent research and publications. An analysis of the problem on the basis of recent publications on the subject shows that special attention is paid to the study of this problem in all regions of Azerbaijan. In this direction, projects are being developed to study the problem, and not only ecologists and geographers, but also project developers and participants of various professions are involved in its implementation. Spreading, development and control measures of soil erosion in all natural zones of the republic were carried out by K.A. Alakbarov [1961], Kh.M. Mustafayev [1975], G. Sh.Mammadov [1976, 1985, 1995, 2000] and other specialists. Relief, climate, geological and geomorphologic structure of the area, chemical composition of the bedrock, the nature of the vegetation also have a significant impact on the formation and development of the process of soil erosion in the territory of the Republic of Azerbaijan [5, p.406].
The purpose of the study is to analyze the existence of great dangers and risks in the transformation of the landscapes of the north-eastern slope of the Lesser Caucasus.
Statement of the basic materials. 36.4% of the land cover of Azerbaijan has been subjected to various degrees of erosion. Different degrees of erosion processes have developed depending on the natural conditions and intensity of anthropogenic impacts in different regions of the Republic of Azerbaijan. 14.1% of it is weak, 10.7% medium and 11.6% heavily washed soils [1, p.127].
Soil erosion is widespread on the north-eastern slopes of the Lesser Caucasus and has a negative impact on the fertility of soils spreading vertically. Soil erosion has a serious impact on the loss of fertility of cultivated areas, as well as a decrease in crop yields. In addition to natural factors, the role of active economic activity of people is great, despite the widespread use of soil erosion in the study area.
One of the main reasons for the prevalence of erosion processes in the mountainous areas of the Lesser Caucasus is the intensive grazing of pastures and grazing areas due to the high pasture load in those areas. Deforestation and deforestation in the plains and lowlands of the region and unsystematic plowing of certain areas have intensified the process of erosion in the lands of the region (Table 1).
Table 1: Development of erosion process in the north -eastern slopes of the Lesser Caucasus
|
Regions |
Common area Area /% |
Area not subject to erosion |
Eroded areas |
Weak |
Middle |
Severe |
||
|
1 |
Gazakh |
69229 699 km2 |
27794 40,2 |
41435 59,8 |
18085 43,6 |
9370 22,6 |
13980 33,7 |
|
|
2 |
Agstafa |
150370 1504 km2 |
116497 77,5 |
33903 22,5 |
19258 56,8 |
7595 22,4 |
7050 20,8 |
|
|
3 |
Tovuz |
194209 1942 km2 |
123664 63,7 |
70545 36,3 |
31255 44,3 |
10750 15,2 |
28540 40,5 |
|
|
4 |
Gadabay |
123298 1290 km2 |
39113 31,7 |
84185 68,8 |
27515 32,7 |
21780 25,9 |
34890 29,6 |
|
|
5 |
Shamkir |
165678 1657 km2 |
101561 61,3 |
64117 38,7 |
34556 54,0 |
11284 17,6 |
18277 28,5 |
|
|
6 |
Dashkasan |
90323 1046 km2 |
28198 31,2 |
62125 68,8 |
22185 24,6 |
14605 16,2 |
25335 40,8 |
|
|
7 |
Goygol |
93776 1030 km2 |
55621 59,3 |
38155 40,7 |
16455 43,1 |
9830 25,8 |
11870 31,1 |
68.8% of the surveyed area was eroded. The area of severely eroded lands in Gadabay region covers 29.6% that is about 60% of the region's territory. In Dashkasan region, this figure reaches 40.8%. As the area of highly eroded areas is regularly grazed as summer pastures, the number of eroded lands continues to increase from year to year (Table 1).
In most subalpine and alpine summer pastures of the republic, mountain-meadow soils have been eroded as a result of unsystematic and excessive grazing of cattle. As a result, much of the area has become unusable rocky areas. As a result, the productivity of meadows has decreased or pastures have been completely destroyed. In the region we are researching, the above-mentioned unusable areas are more common in Gadabay and Dashkasan districts [5, p.410]. Studies show that soils used for agricultural purposes are more susceptible to erosion.
Inefficient use of land on the slopes for many years, failure to apply soil - protective agro-technical measures, washed away the topsoil and significantly reduced its fertility. Irregular, excessive and non-seasonal grazing of cattle in the mountainmeadow zone has led to erosion and degradation of soils in that zone. The formation of organic matter in the soil is due to plant residues that enter it every year. Plant remains, along with the biomass of microorganisms and soil fauna, are considered the starting material for the formation of humus.
The quantity and quality of plant residues entering the soil in the form of humus is one of the factors determining the direction of these processes, forming the basis of the processes taking place in the soil. In eroded soils, first of all, the soil profile is shortened, the morphological structure is disturbed, the amount of humus is sharply reduced, and the water-physical and agrochemical properties of the soils deteriorate. The process of erosion, in addition to reducing the amount of humus, also has a negative impact on its composition and nature [8, p.108].
Improper deforestation in mountain massifs, dragging of felled trees along the slopes develops surface erosion and washes the soil on the slopes. Therefore, deforestation is deteriorating. As a result of intensive and overgrazing of cattle in high mountain meadows, the claws of animals trample the grass layer on the slope. As a result, paths of different sizes are formed on the surface of the soil. Thus, pasture erosion occurs
Pasture erosion is widespread in the Goygol Reserve, located in the north -eastern part of the Lesser Caucasus, due to improper grazing rules in the mountain -meadow zone. As a result of unsystematic and overgrazing, the condition of hayfields and pastures has significantly deteriorated.
The rich fodder base of the summer pastures of the north -eastern slope of the Lesser Caucasus has changed dramatically due to years of unsystematic use and its natural potential has been significantly reduced. Currently, the region's summer and winter pastures, hayfields and year-round pastures are used uncontrolled and unplanned. Therefore, the productivity of natural biocenoses of pastures and hayfields around rural areas is reduced, as a result of which the balanced development of natural landscapes is disturbed. These natural biocenoses belong to the most important natural resources of our republic and have been thoroughly studied by various qualified researchers for many years.
Lands and landscapes belonging to this category have different characteristics according to their characteristics and legal regime. Summer and winter pastures are kept in state ownership and provided to individuals and legal entities for short-term and longterm use. Rural pastures and hayfields, which usually have smaller areas, are kept in municipal ownership by public use.
In general, the total area of summer and winter pastures in Azerbaijan is 2,049,500 hectares. As a natural forage area, it has the ability to feed 2 million head of animals without damaging the natural structure of plant formations and limiting its ability to regenerate. As a result of the long-term control of the pastures and hayfields of the Lesser Caucasus by the Armenian occupiers, the pastures and hayfields of the Greater Caucasus were overloaded. After the liberation of the region, the process of its development and settlement began with special state support. No matter how much our country pays attention and care to this area, most of the pastures and hayfields located in the occupied zone are mined by the Armenian occupiers, so their appropriation is still a big problem [2, p.299].
In order to protect mountain-meadow landscapes in pastures from soil erosion, pasture areas should be used systematically, grazing norms should be strictly controlled and the number of cattle grazed in a single area should not exceed the norm set by the Cabinet of Ministers.
A number of preventive measures should be taken against erosion in summer and winter pastures in all pastures of the region. Timely and under special control of cattle in summer pastures, periodic resting of pastures, grazing of cattle with circulatory system, control of weeds in pastures and hayfields, clearing of pastures and hayfields from stones and gravel, etc. may relate to these measures. If these measures are implemented consistently and systematically, the washing of the soil will be prevented, the integrity of the vegetation will be restored and the productivity of pastures will increase. In winter pastures, the dates of bringing cattle to the pastures must be determined correctly. Overloading of pastures should not be allowed. In the areas along the Kura, the number of cattle in Jeyranchol sometimes exceeds the existing norm by 2-3 times. In the eastern and central parts of Jeyranchol, the number of small horned cattle per 1 ha is 3-4 times higher than the norm (15-20 head/ha). Summer pastures formed in high mountain meadows are characterized by irregular economic effects. The area includes Goshgar, Karaz, Ayibazar, Garachadir, Pont, Bugdagh and others. The vast majority of landscapes types present in the high mountains are subalpine and alpine meadows. Here, the coefficient of area distribution of meadows is higher than 0.5 and 0.8 coefficients. The existing landscapes here cover a large area [2, p.299]. These landscape complexes are exposed to more anthropogenic pressures during the summer months. The most dramatic changes in the landscape are noticeable at this time. Anthropogenic influences weaken in winter due to extreme climatic conditions in high mountain massifs.
Detailed information about Azerbaijani forests H.A. Aliyev (1993), B.A. Budagov (1972), I. Safarov (1967), G. Mammadov, M.Y. Khalilov (2002), Sh. B. Khalilov (2006) and others given by. The forest resources of the republic make up 11% of the territory of Azerbaijan.
The main factor influencing the forest landscape on the north -eastern slope of the Lesser Caucasus is the spontaneous deforestation for various economic purposes. According to historical materials, the volume of forest resources has increased intensively due to the increase in population and density. Deforestation in the areas has been of varying intensity at different times. At that time, when settlements were relatively weak, anthropogenic impacts in the forests were accidental. At that time, trees in the forests were felled individually or in groups. During this period, the high natural regeneration of the forest did not cause significant changes in the structure of the landscape. In the following periods, the plasticity of the relief on the north -eastern slope of the Lesser Caucasus, the smooth bottom of the wide mountain depressions suitable for agriculture and cattle breeding created conditions for the growth of settlements in the mountain-forest landscape. As a result, deforestation has become intensive. The location of deforestation has been widely used mainly in agriculture and animal husbandry [7, pp.109-110]. This gradually reduced the regeneration of forests, and as a result, mountain meadows and mountain-shrub complexes were formed in the place of forests. During the researches, re-formed forest complexes were discovered in Shamkirchay and Zayamchay basins after mass deforestation.
Unlike other mountainous regions of Azerbaijan, mass deforestation is more common on the north-eastern slope of the Lesser Caucasus. This can be explained by the low fragmentation of the Ganja-Shamkirchay, Zayamchay-Shamkirchay areas in the foothills, low slope and the presence of suitable terrain for agriculture.
Improper deforestation in mountain forests, surface erosion as a result of dragging felled trees along the slope, washes the soil on the slopes and has a negative impact on deforestation conditions. Rapid erosion as a result of deforestation on various slopes of the Lesser Caucasus in Azerbaijan has worsened deforestation conditions and significantly reduced natural regeneration. As a result of intensive and overgrazing of cattle in high mountain meadows, the claws of animals trample the grass layer on the slope. As a result, paths of different sizes are formed on the surface of the soil. Thus, it creates erosion in the pasture, which is a kind of erosion [5, p.314]
The anthropogenic impact of the forest landscape on the north -eastern slope of the Lesser Caucasus has accelerated over the last 10-15 years. On the other hand, as a result of deteriorating natural gas supply to the population and farms, it has created conditions for the use of forests as fuel [3, p.299].
As a result of the expansion of construction in recent years, part of the demand for timber is also met by local forest resources. In this case, the focus is primarily on the felling of healthy flat-stemmed trees in the forest. As a result, the number of old, sick, crooked trees in the forest, which are poorly involved in natural regeneration, is increasing. Increased anthropogenic impacts on the forest landscape reduce its recreational potential.
The settlement of people and intensive economic activity also allowed the development of agriculture in the foothills, plateaus, where there are favorable relief areas. As a result, the forest cover of the area was destroyed and replaced with various agricultural crops. As a result of human-caused deforestation, both its upper boundary falls and its lower boundary rises intensively.
Serious measures should be taken to preserve and increase forest resources, and plans to cut down forests in accordance with the relevant natural conditions, the condition of existing forests, to take serious measures against fire and grazing, and to establish new forests should be further expanded. If illegal deforestation is not prevented in time, our republic may face serious environmental disasters. Thus, the risk of expansion of erosion processes, increase of steppe areas, floods and landslides in mountainous areas, avalanches, drying of springs and rivers may increase. It is important to protect natural forests in our country, to establish new forest areas, especially to increase greenery in areas with semi-desert and steppe climate. One of the most important measures to prevent deforestation is the construction of gas pipelines for large communities in the foothills. - More than half of the 19 state reserves organized in the country, 11 were established to protect forests.
Conclusions
- A map of the modern transformation of the landscapes of the north-eastern slope of the Lesser Caucasus should be developed [8, p.67].
- Pasture areas should be used systematically to protect mountain-meadow landscapes in pastures from soil erosion.
- The use of landscape as a result of the occupation, water pollution, soil erosion, deforestation should be determined.
- The current state of Azerbaijani forests is in a difficult ecological situation, and the problem of its protection must become a national and state affair.
References
1. Будагов, В.А. (1988), Budagov, V.A. [Modern natural landscapes of Azerbaijan. Baku: Science Publishing House], Современны естественные ландшафты Азербайджана. Баку: Елм.
2. Qaribov, Y.A, (2011), Garibov, Y.A. [Anthropogenic transformation of modern landscapes of the Republic of Azerbaijan; Works of the Geographical Society Baku: Mars Print NRF], Azerbaycan Respublikasi muasir land§aftlarinin antropogen transformasiyasi. Cografiya Cemiyy etinin eserleri, Baki: Mars Print NRF.
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6. Mehdiyev, A.§, ismayilov, A.i. (2011), Mehdiyev, A. Sh, Ismayilov, A.I. [Geographic Information Systems; Baku: Teacher Publishing House], Cografi informasiya sistemleri. Baki: Muellim nesriwati.
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9. Література:
10. Будагов, В.А. (1988), Budagov, V.A. [Modern natural landscapes of Azerbaijan. Baku: Science Publishing House], Современны естественные ландшафты Азербайджана. Баку: Елм.
11. Qaribov, Y.A, (2011), Garibov, Y.A. [Anthropogenic transformation of modern landscapes of the Republic of Azerbaijan; Works of the Geographical Society Baku: Mars Print NRF], Azerbaycan Respublikasi muasir land§aftlarinin antropogen transformasiyasi. Cografiya Cemiyy etinin eserleri, Baki: Mars Print NRF.
12. Qaribov, Y.A, (2012), Garibov, Y.A. [Optimization of natural landscapes of the Republic of Azerbaijan. Baku: ATU printing house], Azarbaycan Respublikasinin tabii landsaftlarinin optimallasdirilmasi. Baki: AzTU matbaasi.
13. Qaribov, Y.A, (2012), Garibov, Y.A. [Natural landscapes of the Republic of Azerbaijan. Textbook. Baku: ATU printing house.], Azerbaycan Respublikasinin tebii land§aftlari. Derslik. Baki: AzTU matbaasi.
14. Mammadov, Q.§, Xalilov, M.Y. (2006), Mammadov, G.S., Khalilov, M.Y. [Forests of Azerbaijan. Baku: Science Publishing House], Azerbaycan meseleri. Baki: Elm nasriyyati.
15. Mehdiyev, A.§, ismayilov, A.i. (2011), Mehdiyev, A. Sh, Ismayilov, A.I. [Geographic Information Systems; Baku: Teacher Publishing House], Cografi informasiya sistemleri. Baki: Muellim nesriyyati.
16. Museyibov, M.A. (1998), Museyibov, M.A. [Physical geography of Azerbaijan. Baku: Maarif Publishing House], Azerbaycanin fiziki cografiyasi. Baki: Maarif nesriwati.
17. Suleymanov, E.S, Abdullayev, i.A, Axundov, R. (1980), Suleymanov, E.S, Abdullayev, I.A, Akhundov, R. [Searches from space. Baku: Elm Publishing House], Kosmosdan axtarislar. Baki: Elm nesriyyati.
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реферат [20,1 K], добавлен 13.02.2015Investigation of the process of translation and its approaches. Lexical Transformations, the causes and characteristics of transformation; semantic changes. The use of generic terms in the English language for description specific objects or actions.
курсовая работа [38,0 K], добавлен 12.06.2015Washington is the northwestern-most state of the contiguous United States. Geographical position, climatе, demographics of the state. Rain shadov effects. History of settling of coast. Washington has the least progressive tax structure in the U.S.
презентация [5,5 M], добавлен 13.06.2010Investigation of the recreational potential of Anapa: sights, famous beaches and health and preventive services. Assessing the current state of tourism infrastructure. Development of the excursion program for 8 days in the resort town of Russia.
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