Mykhailo Hrushevsky in reflection of Czech historiography at the end of XIX - beginning of XX century
Study of historical phenomena and processes through the prism of life and creative heritage of certain outstanding representatives of the era. Reconstruction of Czech reception of diversified activities of M. Hrushevsky during the late XIX - early XX.
| Рубрика | История и исторические личности |
| Вид | статья |
| Язык | английский |
| Дата добавления | 17.09.2021 |
| Размер файла | 65,6 K |
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After the first Russian revolution of 1905, M. Hrushevsky paid more and more attention to the need to develop the cultural and scientific life of the Dnieper Ukrainians. Since then, the scientist was struggling to unify the Ukrainian lands scattered by the Zbruch border, and was torn apart between the Dniester and the Dnieper, in his words: «living in two houses». The student of the Lviv historical school Ivan Krypiakevych mentioned those years of his teacher's life: «All this time he was like a flying bird, being in G alicia, then over the Dnieper. And all this time he was alone in his mind, thinking of spreading his activity in all parts of the Ukrainian lands» (Krypiakevych, 1992).
The period of 1906-1914 was marked by the active propaganda of the Ukrainian question, an attempt to unite the disparate Ukrainian movement on the platform of the territorial-national autonomy of Ukraine while maintaining the federal structure of Russia. The proclamation of political liberties in the Romanov empire gave him the hope that the situation in Ukraine could be changed in a better constitutional way. The scientist made every effort to bring Ukrainians of Galicia and Dnieper closer to each other, making Kyiv a true center of political and cultural life for compatriots. M. Hrushevsky launched an active scientific-organizational and publishing work - initiated the founding of the Ukrainian Scientific Society and its periodicals: «Notes of the SSS» and the magazine «Ukraine». This activity was quite quickly responded to in the circle of the Czech observers of Ukrainian life, who were genuinely interested the activity of the Lviv professor and noted the high level of scientific journals he founded («Zacal vychazeti», 1909).
The little-known page in the biography of M. Hrushevsky is that for a long time in Kyiv, he settled contacts with representatives of the Czech community in the city. He wrote about those new acquaintances in a diary. In particular, he referred to the name of Vaclav Vondrak from Volyn, an entrepreneur, a lawyer, a member of the Czech cultural and educational societies in Kyiv (the head of the Kyiv sports club Sokol, a member of the Janus Amos Comenius Charitable and Educational Society) V. Vondrak was the founder and editor-publisher of the magazine «Rusky cech» - the edition named after Jan Amos Komensky, dedicated to the Czech interests in Russia, which was publishing in Kyiv from October 17, 1906 to June 27, 1908, initially as a weekly edition, and then it was issued twice a week. Since the beginning of the First World War, V. Vondrak was a member of the Kyiv Victims of War Committee. The Ukrainian scientist repeatedly traveled to St. Petersburg with him, when the Duma began its meetings in the capital.
A high recognition of the achievements of M. Hrushevsky in the study of the history and culture of the Slavic peoples by the Czech academic community was the election of him as a member of the Czech Academy of Sciences in 1911. It was firstly reported by K. Kadlec. The author of «The History of Ukraine-Rus», and both his relatives and colleagues treated this news with a significant upsurge as an evidence of the recognition of many years of scientific work and considerable efforts to popularize the achievements of modern Ukrainianity. However, the joy turned out to be premature, as the political intrigues intervened: given the emperor's status of the Academy, the approval of this appointment was delayed. In the last pre-war years, the opposition to the Ukrainian movement, Polish journalism, consistently created the image of M. Hrushevsky as a separatist, which made the choice of the Czech academic community completely vetoed by. This decision was treated by M. Hrushevsky, as evidenced by his letter to Alexei Shakhmatov, as the next manifestation of the repressive policies of imperial power against Ukrainians».
As a compensation for this refusal, the Czech intellectuals chose M. Hrushevsky as a member of the oldest scientific institution - the Czech Scientific Society, which did not need any governmental approval for its choices. The initiator of this election, L. Niederle informed Ukrainian scientist in his letter of January 8, 1914: «I have the honor to inform you that the Czech Scientific Society (Ceska kra lovska spolecnost nahk) has elected you yesterday as a foreign member taking into account your enormous and outstanding activity in Slavonic science» (Naulko, 2006, p. 638). Later, M. Hrushevsky received an official announcement signed by Joseph Zubaty, in which he said: «The Royal Scientific Society of the Czech Republic, recognizing your merits to science, has decided to elect you as our current member».
It should be noted that M. Hrushevsky himself repeatedly initiated the election of Czech humanitarians, whose works concerned the history and culture of the Ukrainian people, as members of scientific institutions headed by him in Lviv and Kyiv. For example, only during 1914 he attributed the SSS membership to Jin Polivka, and K. Kadlec was elected to the SSS.
Conclusions
Summarizing the research on the Czech Hrushevsky studies at the end of the XIX - early XX centuries. we can say that the Czech science in its evaluations of M. Hrushevsky's creative activity was objective and generally quite favourable. The benevolence and objectivity of Czech scientists when referring to the scientific works of the author of «History of Ukraine-Rus» are particularly noticeable when compared with the emotional assessments of his work by Russian and Polish colleagues. The lack of mutual historical claims, the difficult experience of imperial oppression, the traditionally strong Czech-Ukrainian cultural relations, the personal friendly relations of the scientist with the leading representatives of the Bohemian scientific world created a favourable atmosphere for the construction of a rather harmonious inter-ethnic historiographic dialogue. Despite the sceptical attitude towards the anti-Normanism of the author of «History of Ukraine-Rus» and some reservations about his historical modelling, Czech scientists were quite appreciative of the diverse cultural activities of their Ukrainian colleague, closely monitoring the appearance of his scientific works. Czech scientists especially recognized scientific and organizational work of M. Hrushevsky, who, in their belief, legitimized Ukrainian studies as an important field of Slavic studies. In this context, the Czech scientists traditionally compared M. Hrushevsky with Czech historian F. Palacky as they both were prominent for the historiography of their countries. Therefore, it is no coincidence that M. Hrushevsky received his greatest academic titles - one of a foreign member of the National Academy of Sciences - in the Czech Republic. Czech historiography also has the biggest amount of Hrushevsky studies publications: special publications dedicated to M. Hrushevsky reproduced the image of a prominent Slavic scientist, a tireless worker in the field of Ukrainian culture, a fundamental defender of national interests.
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