Teaching Paleography at Lviv University during Soviet Period: Contribution to Development of Special (Auxiliary) Historical Disciplines in Ukraine in the Second Half of the 1940s - the First Half of the 1980s

An interesting page in the development and teaching of special (auxiliary) historical disciplines and, in particular, Paleography at Lviv University was an attempt by its lecturers to prepare several corresponding training materials and textbooks. The need for such publications was clear to everyone who taught those disciplines.

Due to the absence of a single Ukrainian-language textbook - as it's known, it appeared only in the early 1960s, and it was not possible to use educational literature by foreign authors because of the language barrier and ideological reasons, the indicated lacuna was filled, but only partially, with some Soviet Russian publications. After all, they had very little precisely Ukrainian material. It came as no surprise that in the decision of the Republican meeting on the development of auxiliary historical disciplines in the Ukrainian SSR, which took place in Kyiv on May 14-15, 1959, there were direct calls on preparing such textbooks and training materials as 'Ukrainian Sphragistics', 'Ukrainian Paleography', 'Ukrainian Heraldry', 'Ukrainian Metrology.' В. С. Республіканська нарада з питань розвитку допоміжних історичних дисциплін // НІБ АУ. 1959. № 2. С. 114-115.

The question of the need to write similar publications was also risen at other similar meetings of that time. In particular, the urgent publication of training material on auxiliary disciplines for the history faculties of Ukrainian universities was specified in the resolution taken at a meeting 'On the State and Tasks of the Development of Auxiliary Historical Disciplines' held in Lviv in January 1959 in the Institute of Social Sciences Целуйко О. Нарада у відділі історії України Інституту суспільних наук АН УРСР «Про стан і завдання розвитку допоміжних історичних дисциплін» // Вісник Львівського університету. Серія історична. Вип. 50. Львів, 2014. С. 516.. Lviv University lecturers repeatedly expressed their wish to prepare such publications. A significant part of similar projects was not implemented, although some were really brought into being.

As far as Paleography is concerned, the first attempt to compile a corresponding educational publication in the post-war period at Lviv University dated back to the late 1940s. As mentioned above, it was then that Ye. Yatskevych allegedly prepared either a reference-album or a textbook on Old Rus Paleography. How it looked and what it contained is unknown, as that publication was never published. However, the fact that Ye. Yatskevych's interest in Paleography was not casual, the experience gained in the process of teaching that discipline and the materials prepared for publication were not wasted was evidenced by the scientific report on the peculiarities of the development of Gothic writing in Halychyna which he made during the aforementioned meeting in the Institute of Social Sciences in January 1959 Ibid. С. 509-511..

A better fate awaited another textbook on Paleography published by Ya. Kis. However, it had come rather a long way to his reader. We assume that the scholar thought about prepararing such an educational publication back when he started teaching Paleography, that was, from the turn of the 1940s - 1950s. As with Ye. Yatskevych, in the process of teaching that discipline, Ya. Kis had a natural need for a book that would contain both a theoretical part and a selection of texts for reading. In addition, Ya. Kis no longer had the educational base provided by the Institute of Auxiliary Historical Sciences in the interwar period. The departmental Museum of Numismatics and Sphragistics, established in the post-war years, could not completely replace it. The fact that it was just in the 1950s that Ya. Kis began to implement a number of archeographic projects, he was familiar with the funds of Lviv archival repositories and libraries, and therefore could choose appropriate illustrative material to compile an educational publication on Paleography.

It was in 1959 that Ya. Kis, for the first time, announced his plans to publish an educational publication on Paleography. Initially, it was said about a methodological guide on Ukrainian Paleography with a volume of 8 printed sheets, which was planned to be published already in 1962 SALR. Found Р-119. List 17. File 375. P. 12.. Ya. Kis's work on that publication was also mentioned in the meeting records of the Department of History of the Ukrainian SSR in the following years. At the same time, a new deadline for the completion of work on it was announced - November 1, 196 1 Ibid. File 424. P. 58. ^{Ibid. File 449. P. 8.}. Actually, the long-range development plan of the Faculty of History at Lviv University, prepared in the fall of 1961, mentioned another scholar's textbook, entitled 'Ukrainian Paleography and Diplomatics', and which, in an unchanged volume of 8 printed sheets, Ya. Kis planned to submit for publishing only in 196853.

We can assume that the work on the mentioned educational publication was difficult, and therefore at the meeting of the department in the spring of 1963, Ya. Kis, answering the questions of his colleagues, did not even try to predict when the process of its preparation would be completed and what that book would look like. As it became clear from his report, there were two reasons for a delay in writing that work:

1) unwillingness to repeat the material that a reader could find in the publications of Russian authors and the textbook of Kyiv scholars published the same year, and

2) insufficient working out of certain issues in Ukrainian Paleography by domestic scholars. As Ya. Kis pointed out, that it made no sense for him to repeat commonly known things Ibid. File 487. P. 58.. However, he continued to collect materials for that publication (it was mentioned, in particular, in the working documents of the Department for 1964 Ibid. File 520. P. 36.), paying more attention to preparing another textbook - on the Chronology of the History of Ukraine.

Neither a textbook on Paleography nor on Chronology was published then. At that time, the scholar focused all his attention on writing and publishing a doctoral monograph, and therefore educational literature receded into the background Ya. Kis mentioned the work on the textbook on Chronology at a meeting of the Department in January 1965 (Ibid. File 551. P. 46), and later in 1967., and he resumed the work on a textbook on Paleography only at the end of the 1960s, and it was published by the 'Vyshcha Shkola' publishing house at Lviv University only in 1975.

That educational publication had its structure according to the scheme typical for such textbooks: first came the theoretical part, followed by reproduced texts for reading. The presentation of the material in the first part of the textbook was quite simplified and was mostly based on several known to Ya. Kis Russian educational publications. At the same time, it also contained information about the complex of auxiliary historical disciplines, their purposes, and objectives, and provided the basics of the classification of written sources, etc Кісь Я. Палеографія... С. 4-7..

In addition to Cyrillic, the work contained information and literature for those who wished to learn Latin Paleography - the need for that arose because in Ukrainian, especially Lviv archives, there were some corresponding written artifacts; it included brief information on the development of the Cyrillic writing in Ukrainian lands. The Ukrainian context is of particular interest in that textbook. Unfortunately, there was not so much of it on the pages of the publication, and it could not be found in one place, but throughout the whole text.

The information about the development of Ukrainian Paleography as science was presented rather unemotionally and succinctly. The author dated its first steps to the second half of the 19^th century, associating its formation with the Paleographic studies of Ivan Kamanin (1850-1921). On the other hand, there was no mention at all of the work done by his predecessors in that field, in particular, D. Zubrytskyi from Lviv. In the section dealing with materials for writing, the information on Ukrainian paper and filigree was taken from the works of Orest Matsiuk (1932-1999) References to the work: О. Мацюка. Папір та філіграні на українських землях (XVI - початок XX ст.) (Київ, 1974), can also be found in the textbook.. A broader digression into the history of the development of writing in Ukraine was made in the part of the work that told about cursive writing. There, the contemporary research of Kyiv historian V. Panashenko was very helpful for the author. A number of the latest Ukrainian-language publications were included by Ya. Kis in the list of references at the end of the textbook.

Ya. Kis's textbook was not exclusively Ukrainian in nature (it also could be seen in its title, which was different from the one more than once announced before) and evidenced the current state of Ukrainian Paleography development at that time. Considering the level of erudition and experience of the author, the information content of the textbook could have been more complete. The printing quality of the publication also left much to be desired. Despite that, for almost two decades, Ya. Kis's textbook had been the basis for the study of Paleography at the Faculties of History at many Ukrainian higher educational institutions.

Another educational publication, which was being prepared by the scholars of Lviv University, was supposed to contain the Paleography section. In the early 1980s, a group of authors was gathered at the Faculty of History and was going to write a textbook entitled 'Auxiliary Historical Disciplines', the volume of which was supposed to be 11 printed sheets. Ya. Kis also joined that group. The publication, despite the declared high level of its readiness, was never published. However, its long-range plan was preserved. It allows us to point out that the section on Paleography, which was supposed to be written by Ya. Kis, generally repeated his previous textbook. It was again about the history of the origin and development of the Slavic writing system, its certain types, scribe tools, writing implements, writing techniques, and paleographic features of handwritten artifacts of the 12^th - 18^th centuries. In addition, in the planned publication, the author wanted to provide information on Neography (or, as it was specified in the plan, on the peculiarities of writing in the 19^th - 20^th centuries), Diplomatics, and Textology - for such disciplines no separate section was provided in the textbook.

By the way, a separate section on Epigraphy for the mentioned edition was prepared by I. Lisovyi. That section would have contained information about archaeological written sources, the history of epigraphic discoveries and publications, epigraphic artifacts of the states of the Ancient East, ancient times, and, separately, written artifacts of ancient Rus, which, as we assume, would have been partly analyzed in section prepared by Ya. Kis. However, it is impossible to say how much the textbook would have ultimately corresponded to that plan. Due to the death of Ya. Kis and the left of the University by a number of other authors, the textbook had never been completed, and the publication itself remained an unrealized project.

So,as we can see, the practice of teaching Paleographic courses at Lviv University has had a long tradition, and from the last third of the 19^th century was of a stable nature. They were added to the educational programs of this higher educational institution because of the need for professional training of researchers of the history of the Middle Ages and early modern times and the employees of archival and museum institutions. Until 1939, most Paleographic courses were taught by Polish scholars, and the object of their close attention was Latin Paleography. Separate courses in Cyrillic Paleography, which could be attended by students of Lviv University, were given at that time by Ukrainians M. Hrushevskyi and I. Svientsitskyi.

After the beginning of the Sovietization, the teaching of special (auxiliary) historical disciplines and, in particular, Paleography, was stopped for a while and was resumed only in the second half of the 1940s. Several Ukrainian researchers played a decisive role in that (Ye. Yatskevych, I. Starchuk, Ya. Kis), who finished secondary schools and graduated from higher educational institutions before 1939 or, under the supervision of Polish and Ukrainian professors in the first years of the Sovietization.

Until the middle of the 1980s, Paleography, both Latin and Cyrillic, was taught according to the scheme traditional for previous times, in which the main attention was paid to the formation of practical skills in reading ancient writing, and the theoretical part was shortened to brief information on its history and brachygraphy. Over time, Ya. Kis enhanced the content of the course with information about other special (auxiliary) historical disciplines, first of all, Diplomatics. Due to the absence of Ukrainian Paleography textbooks, Lviv University lecturers tried to prepare a number of their own publications. However, only one of them appeared in print, and the rest remained in drafts.

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