ASEAN in Thailand’s Foreign Policy under the Military Government (2014-2019): Continuity and Change

During World War I, Thailand joined the allies in order to be accepted by major powers, Thailand saw that there would be the change of world order after the war and Thailand did not want to lose this opportunity to participate in the new world order. As a result, Thailand joined as a member of the League of Nations after the war and could restore its sovereignty and freedom of trade from Britain, France and many western countries by abolishing various unfair treaties that had existed since the middle of the 19^th century.

In World War II, Thailand was forced to join the alliance with Japan in order to avoid confrontation. (There was an exchange of fire when Japanese forces arrived on Thailand's territory, but they agreed to cease-fire after that.) Although the Thai government took side with Japan in the war, there were people linked to the Thai government secretly helping the Allied countries named Free Thai Movement, which helped Thailand don't need to pay a large sum of war reparations after the war because the United States considered Thailand was occupied by Japan.

During the Cold War, Thailand also tried everything to survive from threats. The Thai government recognized communism as a threat that would destroy its national security and three fundamental institutions: the Nation, the Religion and the Thai Monarch. Thailand joined the US hegemony in the fight against communism in Korea and Indochina, allowed the US military to build military bases inside the country. Thailand and countries in the region had also cooperated in founding its regional organizations, namely SEATO that focused on security, and the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) in 1967 that aims to bring political and economic cooperation to the region. After the withdraw of US troops and reduce its role in Southeast Asia, Thailand started to balance its relations between superpower states such as China and the US to help Thailand in order to contain threats from the Soviet Union and Vietnam. The Thai government supported Chinese membership of the UN and also showed support to One-China policy, Thailand started trading relations with China until became one of the major trading partners for Thailand in the future. It can be seen that the US and China are one of the factors in Thailand's foreign policy in ASEAN that the Thai government need to consider in its policy.

In the late Cold War, when the tension between states with different political ideologies began to decline, security was no longer the only issue in Thailand's national interests, made the Thai government especially post-military government to focus on regional integration and support ASEAN in helping solve problems in the region. Thailand's foreign policy from this period started to be peacefully and friendly with neighbouring countries even if they have different political ideologies by implementing “turn battlefield into a trade field” policy. It became the conceptual foundation of its policy until today that helped developed the economy and society in the region.

In the Post-Cold War, Thailand still plays a leading role in driving progress for ASEAN cooperation by extending the cooperation beyond to the entire Asia-Pacific region with a new dialogue called ASEAN Regional forum to discuss various issues with countries outside of ASEAN. Thailand also has a role in driving ASEAN Free Trade Area with the objective of increasing regional competitiveness as an important production base to enter the world market and to become the foundation of the establishment a common market in Southeast Asia.

Over 24 years from 1990-2014, all Thai governments had been focused in driving ASEAN integration, it shows support in using ASEAN forum to negotiate with states outside the region such as Asia-Europe Meeting (ASEM), ASEAN+3, BIMSTEC that are promoting the economic cooperation. Thailand created many multilateral cooperation frameworks at both sub-regional and continental levels to strengthen relations and push for Thailand's leading role in various stages, such as Ayeyawady-Chao Praya- Mekong Economic Cooperation Strategy (ACMECS) and a continental economic cooperation framework Asia Cooperation Dialogue (ACD), which is participated by countries from ASEAN, East Asia, South Asia and the Middle East.

In the year 2006, it marked the beginning of Thailand's political crisis in the 21st Century that has continued until today. There were many changed of the cabinets in the Thai government in this period because of the fighting between Thaksin supporters and the Thai loyalists. However, all Thai government still sees ASEAN as a priority in Thailand's foreign affairs. The Abhisit Vejjajiva government during the Thailand's Chiarmanship of ASEAN, had laid the foundation for the ASEAN community in the future, during the 14^th ASEAN summit, ASEAN leaders signed the Cha-am Hua Him Declaration on the Roadmap for the ASEAN Community, namely ASEAN Political and Security Community and the ASEAN Socio-Cultural Community. Prime Minister Abihisit proposed the vision to push the ASEAN community to be “Community of Connectivity” that will expand cooperation to connect the region with physical connections through the creation of networks of land, water and air as well as mental connections through mutual learning based on common civilization as well as an appreciation of each other's history, culture and traditions the infrastructure.

The coup in Thailand in 2014, the civilian government was replaced by the military. The foreign policy governed by General Prayut Chan-o-cha is implemented with a focus on maintaining the security of the state. The change in Thailand's foreign policy under the military government was the use of national agencies to explain the Thai political situation, emphasizing on explaining the legitimacy of the government to create images in various fields, including creating an understanding for the international community in the Thai political crisis. Because in the early year of administration after the coup, many western countries such as the United States and the European Union heavily criticized the action of the Thai military, demanding the military to bring back democracy and respect human rights as well as using sanctions and cutting ties with the military government. The relations between the United States and Thailand became worse both in political and security cooperation. As a result, Thailand significantly improved its relations with China. The military government also announced the 20-Year National Strategy, that is the framework and development guidelines for all government agencies to follow and to achieve the vision within the year 2037, which aims Thailand to be one of the major trading, investment, services and connections centres in Asia.

Thailand in this period still continues to use ASEAN in increasing the country's economic potential, promoting roles and using opportunities in the ASEAN community. Thailand's ASEAN Chairmanship in 2019, the Thai government had worked successfully in developing comprehensive cooperation such as pushing various infrastructure projects that will connect ASEAN and link ASEAN to another region. Thailand has a geographical location as the centre of ASEAN mainland, the military government uses this opportunity to support China's Belt and Road initiative to help Thailand build its infrastructure that is in line with Thailand's Eastern Economic Corridor Project that supports Thailand as the transportation and logistic centre of ASEAN.

In conclusion, it can describe that Thailand's foreign policy is always flexible and adaptable, as appropriate, based on external factors, according to the dynamic international environment. Thailand always has channels for escape from threats because Thailand's foreign policy does not tie, decide or throw one hundred percent with its decisions but always has alternative ways to achieve its national interests.

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