Libraries of Ancient East

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Libraries of ancient east

Muhammadjon Kholbekov Nurkasimovich

In the ancient East, which was the cradle of the civilization of the world, he paid much attention to librarianship and library studies. Information about these sites of science, which played an important role in the history of Eastern culture, became known after the archaeological excavations in the past centuries. Initially, about 3500 years ago, the collection of written sources and the creation of libraries began in ancient Egypt. The literature in these libraries consisted primarily of papyrus books. The length of books on the papyrus paper, bound to one another in a lenticular form, ranges from about forty to forty-five meters, stored in libraries. Old Egyptian libraries are mainly located in the synagogue building, and the walls of the reading houses have their own catalogs. That is, the names of the books available on the walls are written in alphabetical order in color (for example, "Mathematics", "Astronomy", "Medical", "Pedagogy", "Law"). There are also libraries with calligraphy and sculpture schools, where dozens of calligraphers have been involved in writing books and writing office records. The art of copywriting is a hard work, and the calligrapher requires a detailed knowledge of about 750 ancient Egyptian scripts (picture and illustrated forms - MX). The oldest and largest library in Egypt was Pharaoh Ramses II (16th-13th centuries BC). They called it "The Ophthalmologist of the Heart". There are books, math, astrology, medical, textbooks and books of folklore. For example, they have come up with samples of folklore such as "The Story about Osiris", "The Story about Sinhuket" and "The Wheat Bearer's Song".

It is known that in the XVIII-XIX centuries European tourists were on the land of the ancient Mesopotamia (between the Euphrates and the Tigris rivers - the Greeks of ancient Greeks - "Two river interiors" or Greek "Mesopotamia" - MX). They were interested in the thick hills in the vast valleys. Archaeological excavations have begun in the ancient Mesopotamian territory from the second half of the 19th century. As a result, ruins of the great cities, fortresses and temples found in ancient times were found. Together with the household items, work tools and artifacts that remained in the ruins, there were cuneiform inscriptions on the history of the ancient Sumerians, the state system and traditions. The pillars are thin in the shape of turrets, finely dried in the sun or cooked in the oven to make sure the stems are not cut off.

Launched books have been found in the ruins of Ur Urban ruins. For example, a library of one of the wealthy homes in the city found that hundreds of books, books on history, mathematics, astronomy and medical science were kept in the library. The books on the platters stored in the ancient temple of Nippur also serve as a valuable resource for studying ancient civilizations of Sumerians. This library is located in the 62 rooms of the Nippur Temple, with more than 100,000 bookstores. There were about a thousand forms of cuneiform writing clippings with sharp edges of reed cells, each representing separate letters and words. Scientists have long studied texts written on the primitive cuneiform, and finally discovered the history of people living in ancient Mesopotamia, their past culture, ethnic composition, and state structure. Books on tablets were sorted by label entries and stored in special boxes. In the tabular tablets, such as "History", "Astronomy", "Geography", "Medical" and "Statistics" could be read. Also, the Nippur Library also hosts the school of e-dube, which prepares calligraphers and scribes. librarianship formation palace

The largest library in the ancient East was owned by Assyrian King Ashurbanipal (669-633 BC). The library was located in the capital Nineveh. Shoh Ashshurbanipal (the Greeks called him Sardanapal - MX) was the only child to read and write while in school. His father, Assar, took Hannan from Tigris, to the end of his life, to strengthen the Assyrians, to expand his boundaries, and to beautify the capital city of Nineveh. He has been involved in military operations as neighbors, such as Egypt, Vavilan, Sur and Arvad.

He also made victorious wars with the Persians, the Scythians, the Medes, and the Arab tribes. During the Ashurbanipal reign, the capital of Nineveh became the center of science and culture. Personally, at his request, a large library was set up in Nineveh. There are two huge rooms for the castle, and their entrance doors are guarded by a magnificent lion statue. On the roof of the doors hanging posters with the meaning "Whoever has a book from the Kungrad, the God of Ashshur and Bellit will be angry". Thus, theft of books from the Ashshurbanipal Library in Nineveh was a grave crime.

After the death of Ashshurbanipal, his sons were unable to preserve the former power of the Assyrians. In 612 BC, the barbarians from Babylon and Midian destroyed the beautiful city of Nineveh, conquering Assyria. The Ashshurbanipal Library also falls under the city's ruins. Two hundred years later, the Jewish historian who visited the ruins of the city of Nineveh wrote: "Fine Nineveh could not fix it, and its hands extended to the north, and its ruins faded. In the ruins of the ruins of the city, wild birds have settled down, and birds have settled down. "Thus, the ancient city of Nineveh and the Asshurbanipal horn remained unknown to the earth for some 2,500 years. Only in 1849, the English traveler was able to find the ruins of the ancient Nineveh, digging excavations on the left bank of the Leiden Tigris River. During the excavations Ashshurbanipal palace and its library were found. Books in the library, about 30,000 small bookshelves, are not particularly attractive to him at Leiden. Even so, he sends platters to London. They lie in the London Museum for almost twenty years. When the scholars read cuneiform inscriptions on the platters, it was clear how much these were. On the platters there was a sign of their belonging to the Ashshurbanipal Library. Even their scholars read the inscription "King of Kings, Assyrian King of the Land, God of Nebu (God of Wisdom and Cleric), and Treasure of Science in Ashshurbanipal Palace, the Grand Prix of the Science."

In the booklets of the Ashshurbanipal library, the book deals with the history of Assyria and the Vavilion, the political relations of these states, the state system, the palace activity documents, the bill of accounts, and a set of laws. They also discovered that there were examples of the culture of the Sumerians, the Vavilionians and the Assyrians living in ancient Mesopotamia, and their oral traditions. For example, in the library were found two chapels of the ancient epic of Sumerian heroism "Gilgamesh". According to scholars, even in the three millennium BC, the "Two River Range" - the development of books and geographical science in the high towers - zikkurata (observatories - MX), developed by science in Mesopotamia, maps were also found in the Ashshurbanipal Library.

In summary, the books on the various sources of science found in ancient Oriental libraries testify to the fact that the cradle of human civilization was from the East. Like the sagacious men from the antic world said: "The Light is from the East” (Latin - Ex Orient Lux).

Annotation

This article is dedicated to the field of knowledge and understanding of the historical context of library science and the first libraries in the Ancient East and the history of their formation.

Key words: librarianship, library studies, history of Eastern culture, papyrus books, copywriting, Ashshurbanipal Library, the oldest and largest libraries.

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