Rhetorical relations of contrast in the blog text: marking means, semantics, functions (eng)

· interpretative method in the analysis of the pragmatic nature of the cohesive means in the blog text;

· contextual method for the analysis of the linear sequences of the virtual text segments;

· method for modeling the contrast rhetorical structures in the aspect of linkage of the blogger's simulative message and the readers' reactive comments.

Results

The texts generated within the blogosphere reveal the rhetorical nature, as they are based on the verbal interaction between the interlocutors, which is reflected systematically in the virtual text communicative purposes.

The goals appear to be incentives for expanding all communicative processes, which, therefore, appear phenomena of rhetorical nature. The communicative event purpose is “attached” to the typified context.

The rhetorical structure theory gives the opportunity to explore the following problematic nodes in the blogosphere texts:

· pragmatic and cognitive analysis of the text generation specifics;

· identifying the semantic structure of the relationships that are formed between the text segments, the integrity degree and the formal manifestation of these relations.

The rhetorical nature of the blog texts determines the two implications which are constructive for our research:

1) cohesive means at the junction of the original message and the reactive statements is a clear indication of the realization of communicative goals of the virtual text jointly generated by the interlocutors;

2) the blog texts as the particular genre of the virtual communication predetermine the dominance in the joint work ofcertain semantic structures and linguistic characteristics.

Understanding the language and speech structures and the pragmatic patterns of their combination is considered as an important problem of multivariate analysis of language as a social activity.

Focusing on the functioning of the language and speech phenomena within the blogosphere texts, we analyze such rhetorical structures that are frequent in this type of text when the virtual communication participants solve the non-linguistic tasks. Our observations indicate that such structures are primarily those that form the relationships of the contrast.

Discussion

The communication in the framework of blogs is asynchronous in nature, i.e. there is no need for the bloggers and the readers to be «online» for exchanging the relevant information (Annushkin 2016, Shaklein 2011, Shaklein, 2013). In other words, between the initiated message and the reactive response (comment) there is a temporal lag, largely associated with the segmented nature of the jointly created text and, however, the text semantic integrity. The recipient generally has the capability to respond to the blogger and other readers' messages which are listed in the archive.

In this regard, the virtual texts show a tendency for potential expanding: over time the initial utterance «overgrows» with the responsive messages, which, in turn, are supplemented/specified by the subsequent reactions. The joint text, thus, acquires the radial-chain coherence, the individual stimulus and reaction form the immediate context of interlocutors' interaction, and therefore they can be considered as the unique speech work (utterance-text), since the reaction is introduced directly with the cohesive means, involves the elimination of already known information.

The rhetorical structure theory explores the specificity of text functioning in the real communication context (Mann, Matthiessen, and Thompson 1992), is considered to be the descriptive linguistic approach to a wide range of phenomena that are associated with text organization in the aspect of the semantic relations established between the text segments. This theory explains the pragmatic nature of speech work integrity based on the hierarchical relations between the text segments. It is postulated that each segment performs the specific semantic function, connecting with the subsequent segment.

The text coherence (“discursive relationship”) is determined by the relationship within the speech work, involves the identification of the intentional use of individual text segment. The hierarchy of these segments, in turn, suggests their correlation on the basis of such concepts as “nuclear”, and “the semantic relation type”. The theory offers the principle of compositionality: the two text segments are connected with the rhetorical relations that occur between the two essential components, that is the nucleus and its subsidiary relationships. As a constructive the opposite pattern is also interpreted: in the process ofbuilding a scheme of the text rhetorical structure the discourse relations between two of its important segments occur when these relationships are traced within these two segments (Marcu 1996).

The analyzed theory also traces what underpins the text hierarchical structure organization in the process of creating its coherence, whether the connected text segments manifest the integral propositional content. The source of the text coherence, its integral unfolding is the speaker's intention to impact the recipient. The semantic relations and hierarchy of these relations between the segments form the text rhetorical structure, model its coherent nature.

The rhetorical relations between the text segments reveal the speaker's hidden intention; receive the explicit/implicit marking in the speech work. In this regard, the scholars discuss the problem of actualization of these relations in the interlocutors' cognitive sphere (or they appear the product of the researcher's speculation?). The rhetorical relations and the text coherent nature formation are cognitive phenomena, due to it they are interpreted as the cognitive mechanisms the speaker accesses to for linking the two text segments; the recipient also recognizes the rhetorical relations and the coherence of the segments in the act of the text interpretation.

Let's analyze first of all the specifics of the contrast rhetorical relation interpretation, carried out by the interlocutors, as well as the contrast function in the process ofjoint generating the virtual text. We interpret the contrast rhetorical relations as the pragmatic implementation of the reacting person's intentions to involve a greater number of interlocutors into the jointly generated virtual text, including causing the blogger's a reaction. Within the blogosphere, the conditions are created for the emotional and personal interpretations of the problems under consideration, proceeding from the most diverse information sources (Salikhova 2011, Tarasenko 2012, Shmakov 2011). With the elimination of the known information the contrast is modeled either as explicitly expressed proposition, or as contextually derived from the semantic content of the reactive (i.e. when there are no explicit markers of the relations under consideration).

Cf. (for the convenience hereinafter the blogger's message and the interlocutors' reactions are presented in the form of dialogical replicas):

«-- (1) Mne ochen' hochetsjapozhalovat'sja... Detej u menja net, potomu chto ... muzh ne sposoben ih imef. Vmesto togo, chtoby menja soderzhat', soderzhu muzha ja... Ieshhe, ja uzhasno vygljazhu... Ja nichego ne uspevaju... Gospodi, chto u menjazazhizn'?Pochemu ja vybrala jetogo cheloveka?.. Prosto kakoe-to bezvyhodnoe polozhenie. / I really want to complain... I have no children because my husband is not able to have them. Instead to support me, I support my a husband... And yet, I look awful... I don't have time... my God, what is my life? Why did I choose this person?.. Just some no-win situation.

(2) No imushhestvennye poteri v semejnoj zhizni javljajutsja neizbezhnymi. / But property losses in family life are inevitable.

(3) No Vyprosto boites' ego brosit', zhaleete, na samom dele nekogo zhalet'... / But you're just afraid to leave him, feel sorry for him, there is actually no one to feel sorry for...

(4) Vy prosto dlja sebja reshite: Vy zamuzh vyshli, ili usynovili? Nel'zja byt' Savraskoj, tjanushhej voz. Kupite sebe kosmetiku i veshhi. / You just decide for yourself: are you married or you adopted? You can be Savraska drawing the load. Buy yourself cosmetics and clothes.

(5) Kak zhe Vy sebja ne cenite!Zachem Vam takoj muzh, kotoryjparazitiruet na Vas? Emu komfortno, vse ustraivaet kak est', on ne budet menjat'sja ibo nezachem. Takih ljudej postojanno nado pinat' v svetloe budushhee, ono Vas nado? / How you don't value yourself! Why do you need a husband who is a parasite on you? He is comfortable, happy with everything as it is, he won't change for no reason. Such people constantly have to be kicked into the bright future, do you need it?» (Live Journal).

The blogger's initial statements, a woman who is thirty seven years old, contain the propositions (1), which generate the reactive disagreement of, at least, five (from one hundred and thirty five) readers-interlocutors. The basis for disagreeing are primarily the blogger's attitudes to life. The reactive statements (2)-(5) form the semantic opposition to the stimulating message.

In the statements (2)-(3) the contrast rhetorical relations are marked explicitly by means of the adversative conjunction no/but; in (4)-(5) the contrast is presented formally, there are no appropriate markers. In the framework of co-generated virtual text the reactive statements are opposed to the stimulating message not only in the structural terms (based on the adversative marker), but also from the point ofview of strengthening the emotive-evaluative component. In the stimulus message (1) the modus component prevails, it manifests the blogger's emotional state at the moment of message generating. Modus is the facts of the virtual communication axiological dimension (Gavrilova 2015: 47, Shaklein, Bozhenkova 2006: 204, Annushkin 2001: 87). Forming the reactions, the readers respond not so much to the blogger's message dictum content, but to her pragmatic attitude to this content, i.e. the message modus component.

The contrast generated in the joint virtual text is pragmaticized primarily as a reaction to the modus incentive: readers' comments are contrasted with the blogger's message on the modus basis, strengthen the modal component inherent in the original message, expand it based on other axiological positions. The exception is the comment (2), in which the contrast is constructed as the dictum reaction to the same dictum content of the blogger's message. Obviously, in this case, the reader expresses an impartial stance in terms of the situation, in which the blogger turned out to be, explaining that in this situation, losses are inevitable. The reactive commenting (3)-(5) appear to be purely modus reactions, affect the scope of the blogger's motivations and necessities. The basis for the readers' contrast responses is the original message modus plane, namely, the woman's dissatisfaction by her husband's inaction. This plan, in its turn, represents the pragmatic mechanism of the subsequent psychological contact between interlocutors. It determines the virtual communication transition from the dictum forms of the extralinguistic reality reflection to the deep affective and situational forms. In other words, the contact between interlocutors, implemented through presentation of contrasting points of view, serve as an indicator of the interlocutors' emotional picture of the world. The connotative categorization of private facts in the stimulus is the focus of the contrast reactions.

We consider the contrasting modus implemented by the reactive comments (3)-(5) as the result of the readers' axiological activity, the reference point for which appears to be the blogger's image, her emotional state at the moment of the stimulating message initiating. The emotive evaluations expressed by the readers are mediated by the stereotypical perceptions of the material and ideal sphere phenomena, which are effective for the given socio-cultural groups. In the reactive statements (2)-(3) there is elimination of the premise, which is implicit in the stimulus statement. These statements are introduces with the cohesive means marking the contrast rhetorical relations. The ellipsis in the joint text is activated due to the following pragmatic reasons: the modus component comes to the fore in the virtual communication, the reacting interlocutor highlights emotionally the life principles in which he/she manifests disagreement with the blogger, not subjecting the expressed idea to the strict laws of the hierarchically organized language system. In this case in the emotional commentator reflects the climactic moments of the entire expression representing the contrast. The contrasting replicas with eliminated components convey implicitly the prevalence of the affective over the rational side of the statements. The basic scheme of the pragmatic effectiveness of the constructions with the eliminated components, introduced by the adversative conjunction no/but is objectified given the fact that the rhetorical structures function and are interpreted in a certain communicative context, the given socio-cultural space, the subjects ofwhich are the virtual communication participants.

These reactive comments are not free from the subjects' emotional experience: the addressee is experiencing the same emotions as the blogger, but in rational terms holds different position which gets the direct reflection in the contrast. The emotions experienced by the reader at the moment of commenting initiation are implied with the emphatic focus on the most meaningful component of the propositional structure of the reactive commenting.

In the absence of explicit contrast markers (the reactive comments (4)--(5)) the readers' responses contain the intensifiers in the form of the deontic modality (nel'zja/ impossible, nado/necessary). These components give the commenting the declarative character: the blogger has to accept the assessment of the current state of affairs which -- from the readers' subjective perspective -- reflects the maximum deviation of the situation estimated from the natural norms of its essential characteristics. Strengthening the reactive commenting modus component is also implemented by introducing an implicit figurative comparison (Nel'zja byt' Savraskoj, tjanushhej voz/Can't be Savraskapulling the load), rhetorical questions (Zachem vam takoj muzh, kotoryj parazitiruet na Vas?/Why do you need a husband who is a parasite on you?,... ono Vas nado?/do you need it), which manifest the ultimate nature of the negative manifestations of the estimated situation essential parameters.

Thus, the responsive comment modus components, constructive the contrast with the stimulating message, inevitably entail the effect of the invasion into the inner sphere of the blogger's “Ego”, and consequently the emotive impact on her emotional state with the aim to change the current state of affairs. The modus components -- along with the dictum content -- of the contrasting comments provide the readers with an opportunity to emphasize the power ofpersuasion, appeal to the blogger's ratio, establish and continue to support the phatic contact with her. As a result, the blogger, interpreting the “grammar” of the impacts, expresses the agreement with the readers' contrast views.

It is interesting to note that, designing the contrast rhetorical relations, the reader- commenter, compared to the blogger mostly opposes himself/herself as a more rational person, and therefore, the contrasting comments, as a rule, are accompanied by an explanation of why the subject of the comment expresses the contrast (see reactive messaging (3)--(5)). In other words, the reader represents his/her personal contrasting awareness of the situation, in which the blogger turned out to be. Moreover, this situation from the readers' point of view is in urgent need of the positive resolution with support for the most radical measures. Such justification puts forward previously “mounted” contrast rhetorical structure in the strong semantic position ofthe responsive commentaries.

In the aspect of rhetorical analysis we reveal that the incompatibility between the segments of the virtual text is markedly enhanced if the reader's eliminated message initiated with the adversative conjunction no/but provides an explanation of the contrast appropriateness. In this case, the contrast rhetorical relations are realized within a single utterance-text, jointly generated by the blogger and the reader.

Analyzing the reader's rhetorical actions in the context of the current virtual communication, we note that the contrast relations, amplified with the reactive comment explanatory segment are used as the pragmatic means of persuading the blogger in the unreasonableness of her life attitudes. In the utterance-text presented in the Diagram 1 the contrast functions as the pragmatic format of the two perspectives representation. The first perspective belongs to the blogger and is interpreted as the emotive reflection of the unjust state of affairs. The second perspective is expressed by the reader and contains the emotionally-critical assessment of the blogger's inactivity. Based on this rhetorical combination the commenting reader actually declares the potential incompatibility of the proposed approaches, provides this incompatibility in the form of clarification of one of the poles of the utterance-text manifesting the contrast rhetorical relations.

In the virtual communication the contrast is treated as the blogger's problematic position, which potentially suggests an urgent resolution in the subsequent course of communication, i.e., receives expression in the blocks of the subsequent reactive remarks, which, in turn, are the basis for such communicative actions as finding solutions for the problematic situation. The wider context of the virtual collaboration, the involvement of the blogger and readers' discursive activity emotional and evaluative factors, and the role of such activities in the blog text constructing gives an opportunity to shed light on how the readers' next moves serve for justifying their contrasting positions.

Diagram 1. Rhetorical contrast structure in the blog text (1)+(3)

In the rhetorical structure theory, the relations of the joint search for solutions suggests that one of the text blocks detects the problematic situation and the situation itself, manifested in another block, is treated as the complete or partial solution of the problem (Mann, Matthiessen, and Thompson 1992: 72). Despite the fact that this theory does not reflect the contrast rhetorical relation reasoning as a model that is activated in the problem situation manifestation and finding a resolution to this situation, it stresses that the problem scope includes conditions that have an unfavorable parameters, in particular, frustration (Mann, Matthiessen, and Thompson 1992: 73). According to our observations, from the point ofview of implementation in the virtual text, the frustration entails potentially the refutation of the blogger's expectations. The contrast appears to be a way of expressing the problem situation, which does not meet the blogger's expectations. The ways out of the problematic situations that accompany the contrast in the readers' reactive actions, indicate that the interlocutors interpret the contrast in this way.

In the stimulating massage the blogger poses the problematic situation, reacting recipient realizes the contrast, in his/her opinion, supported by the optimal way out of the problem situation in the blogger's life. In the rhetorical context of the communication the ways of resolving the problem situation take the form of explaining that the problem being discussed by the interlocutors appears contrary to the preliminary expectations. Cf.:

«-- (1) Ja znajupro depressiju vse... Chuvstvuesh', vot ona, priblizhaetsja, ponimaesh' golovoj, chto nuzhno srochno svernut', vernut'sja naposlednjuju razvilku i pojti drugimputem, no... ne mozhesh'. Tebja kak budto okutyvaet lipkojpautinoj. Ieshhe interesno, chto chem bol'she ty o nejgovorish'.., stremjas' “dokopat'sja dopravdy”, chem bol'she ty vertish'sja, tem bol'she tebja okutyvaetjetapautina... ja sejchaspishu, ipodvergaju sebja strashnomu risku provalit'sja v jeto zlovonnoe boloto apatii, leni i polnejshej podavlennosti... / I know all about depression... I feel here it is, approaching, understand the idea that we need urgently to roll back to the last fork and go the other way, but... I can't. You as if enveloped in a sticky web. And it is interesting that the more you talk about it..., trying to “uncover the truth”, the more you twist, the more you are enveloped in this web... I'm writing, and put myself at terrible risk of falling into this fetid swamp of apathy, laziness and utter depression...

(2) Umenja tozhe chasto byvajut depressii... No dlja menja depressija -- indikator “povyshenija chuvstva sobstvennoj vazhnosti”, takajaprocedura ochishhenija dushi... A vy poprobovali v situacii depressii polnostju otkljuchat'sja ot svoej lichnosti i nachinat' nabljudat' zazhiznju bezocenochnym nabljudatelem, uderzhivat'vnimanie “zdes'isejchas”nakakih- toprostyh veshhah?..

I am, too, often in depression... Butfor me, the depression is the indicator of “increasing the sense of self-importance”, such a procedure ofpurification of the soul... And have you tried it in a situation of depression to completely disconnect from your identity and begin to observe the life like an unbiased observer, to hold the attention “here and now” on some simple things?..

(3) Depresnjak tozhe chasto byvaet, no mysli o syne i mame vsegda spasajut. Dumaj o blizkih,... govori sama sebe, chto ty ne “trjapka”! / The depression is too often, but the thought of son and mom always save. Think about loved ones... tell yourself that you're not a sissy!

(4) A mne kazhetsja, stoit najti interesnoe zanjatie / hobbi, chtoby zhizn' zaigrala novymi kraskami. I grustit' budet nekogda» / And I think you should find an interesting occupation / hobby, make life sparkle with new colors. There will be no time to be sad» (Live Journal).

In the reactive message (2) contrast is modeled as expressing some different understanding of the discussed problem. Implementing the request if the blogger uses specific types of activities to exit from the problem situation, the reacting reader, in fact, offers her own solution to the current situation. Focusing on the solution (in the form of interrogative utterance A vy poprobovali/have you tried..?), the recipient offers the personal interpretation of the contrast as a speech method of the problem situation actualizing, finding a solution which appears to be optimal in the virtual interaction current context. In her reaction the reader reveals consistently the contrasting segment and the segments indicating the way out of this problematic situation.

In reactions (3)-(4) the contrast and the indication of the decision for the problem faced by the blogger, are manifested with the same utterance: the contrast position is seen by the reacting readers in the blogger's inaction, and the readers offer specific measures for preventing possible worsening of the internal problems in the future. In the reactive utterance (3) these measures are then duplicated in the form of the direct imperative acts (dumaj..., govori.../think, say...), emphasizing the urgent and immediate nature of the proposed solution, the negative evaluation of the blogger's inactivity. In (4) the addressee's constructive suggestions are expressed in a milder form through the indirect imperative act (stoit najti./it is necessary to find...), which reduces the categoricalness of the utterance.

Diagram 2. Rhetorical contrast structure in the blog text (1)+(2)

Indicating the ways out of the problem situation

The reacting imperative replica is characterized by the formal structure of the constative speech act expressing the reader's emotional state. The reader herself evaluates neutrally the lack of the blogger's attempts to change her life situation. Obviously, in this case, the responsive reader does not focus blogger on the contrast as a potential topic of the virtual communication further development.

The pragmatic diversity of speech acts, the proposition ofwhich points to the possible ways out of the problematic situations related with the blogger correlates to the virtual communication variable nature of styles and registers. The basic scheme of their pragmatic appropriateness is modeled based on the fact that the reactive utterances operate in the specific rhetorical context, national-cultural situations. The blogger and her addressees are members of these situations. These kind of contrasting reactions are not free from the interlocutors' emotional experiences and evaluations.

The direct and indirect imperative acts, propositions ofwhich contain the constructive suggestions of ways out of the problematic situations are utilized primarily in order to provide the symptomatic reactions to the blogger's stimulating message. We characterize the responsive utterances as the pragmatic mechanisms on the base ofwhich the addressees implement the optimal control of the processes of virtual communication development. For these actions, the dominant is the basic pragmatic function of establishing and maintaining communicative contact with the blogger.

The direct imperative act found in reaction (3), serves as the pragmatic means of expressing the addressee's emotional state at the moment of responding to the blogger's stimulating message.

The indirect imperative act that occurs in reaction (4), not only captures the emotional state of the reader who is not satisfied with the blogger's state of affairs, but also points out to the fact that blogger (the object of evaluation), her personal characteristics do not reveal the compliance with the norm of the natural state due to her inactivity. commenting reader blog text

Conclusion

In the context of the interlocutors' virtual interaction the contrast is treated as such the commenting reader's position, which primarily involves the resolution in the current course of the interaction, i.e. is reflected consistently in the blocks of the jointly generated text, which, in turn, are the basis for the subsequent communicative action such as explanation of the appropriateness of the contrast rhetorical relation modeling.

In the virtual communications, the joint combination of the contrastive text segments is formalized as the propositions that are opposed to each other, the negation of the modus information published primarily by the blogger. In the scope of the negation is not so much the dictum component of the blogger's incentive message, as the modus of this message. The contrast rhetorical relations contribute to identifying the specifics of the reader's emotional experience in the discussed situation, her characteristic methods of thinking, based on the knowledge of reality.

As shown by our study, the model of the contrast rhetorical relations in the jointly generated blog text includes the following segments:

· the statement about certain life situations in the blogger's stimulating message;

· the reader's contrasting reactive utterance introduced with the adversative conjunction no/but, or not labeled, contextually relevant;

· justification of the appropriateness of the contrast in the current communicative situation or the indication of the reasons why the current state of affairs in the blogger's life turned out to be possible;

· indicating the ways out of the problematic situation faced by the blogger.

The second segment of the contrast rhetorical relations focuses the blogger's attention on the fact that her position in life appears incompatible with the reader's point of view, and the situation established in the blogger's life should be resolved in opposite ways. The ways of resolving the situation (the third segment) forms the basis of justification for the reader's contrasting position, which, in turn, objectifies one more contrast: between the blogger's critical situation and the required state of affairs. The contrast rhetorical relations are interpreted in our article as the pragmatic mechanism based on which the readers manage the process of deployment of virtual interaction with the blogger. The basic pragmatic function of these relations is the establishment and maintenance of phatic contact with the interlocutor while actualizing the modus component.

The contrast reactive utterances capture the national cultural stereotypes that, in turn, determine the material and the ideal sphere of the relevance degree of the recipient's evaluation activities. Realizing this speech actions, the responsive interlocutors take into account not only the cultural scripts of the axiological activities, but also the relevant stereotypes of such activities, which are defined by the language system. The contrast, the rationale for the contrast, indicating the ways out of the problem situations give rise to personal projection ofthe scripts, and stereotypes in the blogger's language consciousness, facilitate the processes of decoding the contrast emotional content and its implicit implications.

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