Transformations in the work of Maugham "Theatre"

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Министерство образования и науки Республики Казахстан

Костанайский социально технический университет

имени академика З. Алдамжар

ДИПЛОМНАЯ РАБОТА

Transformations in the work of Maugham “Theatre

специальность 5В 020700 - «Переводческое дело»

Аскар Самат Аскарулы

Научный руководитель

М.Г.Зима

ст.преподаватель

Костанай 2014



Introduction

Translation activities in the modern world is becoming a large scale and increasing social importance. Translation Profession become popular, and many countries have established specialized schools that train professional translators. In one form or another engaged in translation and in many other professions. Translation issues interested general public. Based on numerous studies, a new scientific discipline - contemporary translation studies. [4; 9-10]

Problems of translation, and even literary translation itself is not new. Foreseeable its origins date back to ancient Rome; Cicero formulated the words in the translation should not count, and weigh, and, therefore, had already solved the problem of fidelity to the original, - one of the cornerstones of the practice of translation issues over the next two thousand years. [13; 8]

Translation issues can be viewed from different perspectives. The subject of the study may be the choice of the translated material in terms of its content, its cognitive and artistic value, its specificity for that literature to which the script. [28, 13] translation linguistic maugham communication

Thus, we found that face the problem of translation of a work of art from one language to another, and therefore the relevance of research determined by the need to consider more fully and comprehensive study of translational transformations used in the translation to achieve adequacy.

Relevance of the chosen themes are also due to the fact that the translator in the translation faces the challenge of compliance and the adequacy of the translation to the original.

Theoretical basis of the study is the essence of the concept translation and classification study of translational transformations proposed by such well-known linguists as L. Barkhudarov, AD Schweitzer, JI Retsker, VN Komissarov, RK Mignard -Beloruchev, AV Fedorov, and many others. The theoretical significance of the work lies in the integrated treatment of translational transformations in the product Maugham "Theatre."

Material for the study served as text works Maugham "Theatre."

The subject is the translation of lexical and grammatical transformations.

Thus, the goal of our work is to analyze the translational transformations in translation of the artwork.

The purpose of the study identified the following tasks:

1. write about the concept of translation;

2. identify the nature of translational transformations;

3. classification result of translational transformations;

4. found in the translated text translation viewed transformation;

5. explore the complex nature of translational transformations;

6. used to produce a quantitative analysis of translational transformations of the analyzed examples taken from the works S.Moema "Theatre."

To solve the problems in the course of the thesis, we used the following methods:

1. method of observation;

2. method to extract the necessary material (search method);

3. method of comparative analysis (benchmarking comparison of the translated text with the text of the original);

4. descriptive;

5. method of quantitative calculations.

The practical significance of this work is determined by the ability to use research material translational transformations in courses on the theory and practice of translation, and the conclusions and results can be used as a lecture on linguistics, stylistics English and Russian languages, intercultural communication, language theory and practice in teaching English .

The purpose and objectives of the study determined the following structure works: This thesis consists of an introduction, three chapters, conclusion and bibliography.

In the introduction the choice of the topic, its relevance, specified methods of research, formulate goals and objectives of the study, as well as a brief description of the structure of the thesis.

In the first chapter are different definitions of "translation" from the viewpoints of different authors and discusses the process of translation as a phenomenon of communication.

In the second chapter defines the essence of translational transformations and their classification proposed by linguists V.N.Krupnovym, IS Alekseeva, AD Schweitzer, L.S.Barhudarovym, VN Komissarov, and many others.

The main objective of the third chapter is to review the works of an author's style "Theatre" U.S. Maugham, as well as a comparison of the translated text with the original text in order to identify and use a variety of translational transformations, their combination with each other, their complex and comprehensive nature.

In conclusion summarizes the results of the research and conclusions of the work done.

References includes works by local and foreign authors dealing with the problem of the study; a list of dictionaries and study materials.

1. Translation as an object of linguistic research

1.1 Categories and the essence of the translation process

Different people invest in the concept of "transfer" a different meaning. For neperevodchikov is primarily text; for translators - primarily process. Or, writes Anthony Pym (Rum, p. 131, 149-150) for "external" observer translation - this text, and for the "internal" - activities (aimed at the creation of the text). [22; 12] Translation - it is an intellectual activity that requires creative solutions to problems in a constantly changing text, social and cultural conditions. Translation can be regarded as outside the eyes of the customer or other user of translation, both internally and externally, through the eyes of an interpreter. [22; 53]

Cultural differences, experience gained in their study - the phenomenon is much more complex than it might seem translator who just wants to translate into English the expression "word wrap" and the deeper translator looks into these differences (including confrontation of cultures and genders) , the more he will succeed professionally. [22; 54]

Translation - is a complex multi-faceted phenomenon, some aspects of which may be the subject of study of various sciences. [5; 34]

Translation process or transfer in the narrow sense of the term is an action to create an interpreter translated text (proper translation). [5; 158]

Translation is a subjective interpreter implementation of objective relations. [5; 38]

J. Munen convincingly shows that translation - is not a simple substitution of words in one language instead of words in another language, it is always associated with certain transformations, depending on the ratio of languages. [5, 22]

Translation - is a complex multi-faceted phenomenon, some aspects of which may be the subject of study of various sciences. [5 and 34]

Translation is a creative intellectual activity, the implementation of which requires the translator of the whole complex of knowledge, skills, ability to make the right choice, given the totality of linguistic and extra-linguistic factors. [5 36-37]

Translation - the process of converting speech product (text) generated in one language to the text in another language while preserving the content plan and replacing the expression plane, ie language units. [1; 156]

Translation - the process and the product, the object and purpose of research, creativity, and its result. [24; 60]

Translation - a very broad concept, accommodating a variety of scoring levels: from literary translation with the complex creative process, to the literal translation of certain pieces of information. [24; 64]

Translation - the conversion messages in the source language into the target language message. [6 122]

Accurate translation, by definition, can not have due to the fact that different languages differ in their grammatical structure, and on the simple word count, not to mention the cultural differences that may also have an impact on the method and the results of the translation. [6, 130]

Translation - a type of speech activity. Its purpose is to transform the structure of speech product, which resulted in, while keeping unchanged the content plan, changing the plane of expression - one language is replaced by another. [30 31]

Translation is considered as a kind of transformation, in which the semantic invariant remains unchanged, ie the original content, and the form of its expression - the surface structure - can be changed. [11; 4]

Translation issues can be viewed from different perspectives. For example, AV Fedorov argues that the range of activities covered by the term "transfer" is very broad. Translated from one language to the other poems, fiction, scientific and popular books of the various areas of knowledge, diplomatic documents, etc. With all the originality requirements interpreter in some form of translated material and tasks of the work, with all the difference in the degree of talent, to the extent and nature of information required in a particular case, common to all types of translation work are two positions:

1) The purpose of the transfer - as close as possible to acquaint the reader (or listener), not knowing the language of the original, with the given text (or content of speech);

2) translate - it means to express fully and accurately means a language that is expressed by means of another language in the indissoluble unity of content and form. (In the completeness and accuracy of the transmission - Unlike rework the translation itself, retelling, breviary, from all sorts of so-called "adaptation"). [28, 7]

The translation process includes at least two stages: clarification of the translator of the original content and the choice of a translation option. As a result of these steps, the transition from the original text to text translation. When this action is often intuitive translator and interpreter are often not aware of what he was guided in choosing a particular option. This, however, does not mean that such a choice is completely random or arbitrary. It is largely determined by the ratio of ways to construct messages in Linguistics and PCOS. [5 158]

Translation - socially determined phenomenon, i.e. the process and result of translation influenced by social factors. [23; 76]

According O.S.Ahmanovoy, translation - a "transfer of information contained in this work of speech, by means of another language." (23, 85)

Translational product is a cross between a hybrid. Translation - the work is not monolithic, it interpenetration, a conglomerate of two structures: on the one hand, there is the content and formal features of the original, the other - a whole range of artistic traits associated with the language interpreter. In both of these product formation, or rather interacting qualities are in constant tension, which can lead to a contradiction. Contents of the translated works transferred from the foreign media, as his language - native. The reader is aware of this contradiction only if there is a sharp conflict between the locale and language inherent reader means of expression. It happens that the best translation solution is a compromise, by which it is impossible to hide from the end reader contradictory translation work. [13; 99]

Translation can be defined as the form of linguistic mediation, in which the text is created by PYA communicatively equivalent to the original, and its communicative equivalence is evident in his identification Receptors translation of the original in a functional, meaningful and structurally. To transfer using it around takes the original, it is a full-fledged representative. In the definition of the translation proposed by VN Komissarov, attention is drawn to the absence of any regulatory requirements to be met by the target text. This definition will match any translation process and, consequently, a translate any. This is the undoubted advantage of this definition, which can rightly be regarded as the definition of "translation in general." From this definition it follows that the purpose of the translation is to create a text that would act as a full replacement of the original. [13; 92-93]

Speaking about the central problem of translation - equivalence, ie about the specific relationship between the texts, suggests a text translation of another, we can not ignore the premise of equivalence - transferability. Transferability called the principal possibility to translate the text. [1; 139-140]

II Revzin and VY Rosenzweig argue that the object of translation is the process of translation, in which the transition from one system to another and characters that can be described in terms of the semiotic. [20; 21] These authors carried out a fundamental distinction between the translation process and the result of the translation. They proceed from the fact that the science of translation traditionally constructed as a normative science, whose main objectives were to establish the result of the transfer and development of criteria for assessing the quality of translation. Normative theory of translation was based empirically on the basis of a comparative analysis of originals and translations. Theoretical positions with borrowed from lexicology, grammar, stylistics and literary criticism. In this approach, according to II Revzin and VY Rozentsveyna, theoretical understanding of the translation process can not be achieved.

Science that seeks to describe the translation of how the process should not be normative and theoretical, that is, it should not describe what should be, and what is the nature of the phenomenon.

From this point of view expressed disagreement AD Schweitzer, who believes that such a sharp contrast between normative theory approaches hardly justified. The exclusion of the results of the translation process unduly narrows the subject of the theory of translation and hardly conducive to revealing its essence. According to AD Schweitzer's translation is a purposeful activity, meet certain requirements and standards and focused on achieving a specific result. These rules reflect the value orientation of an interpreter, without which one can not satisfactorily explain the logic of translation solutions. [32; 7]

Thus, AD Schweitzer includes subject of the theory of translation as the process of translation, and the result of the translation process.

It seems that researchers translation, trying to identify the subject of translation theory is not fully taken into account the fact that the translation - is a complex, complex phenomenon, which is influenced by many factors, the most heterogeneous. Understanding this fact largely achieved in the work of VN Komissarov, who rightly observes that oppose the process of transferring its translation result represents that directly observable reality, based on an analysis which can indirectly judge about how the translation process proceeded, inaccessible to direct observation. [23 67-72]

IS Alexeyev said: what is the "translation" in our everyday, non-professional understanding, perhaps, no need to explain. Any instance where the text created in one language perevyrazhaetsya means of another language, we call transfer. The term "text" is understood very broadly, refers to any oral statement and any written work instructions from the refrigerator to the novel. However, there are limitations: our discussion, we will be limited to verbal texts in the living human languages.

If we assume that the language - a kind of code, ie, an arbitrary designation of objects and phenomena of reality by means of symbols, the translation can be called transcoding, since each of the symbols is replaced with another iconic sign translation system.

So there perevyrazhenie translation or recoding. However, this is not an objective recoding natural process, it provides people. The man has a personality and ability to be creative. These two factors allow it when transcoding choose from several or many possible transfer your. So sometimes even talk about the heuristic nature of the translation process [29; 175], which refers primarily freedom of choice. But this freedom of choice is not absolute. Shouting "Eureka!" (Greek: "Got it!"), The translator can not offer when transcoding is any option that he liked. Freedom of choice for the translator and, accordingly, the result is limited variability Variability language resources (ie, the fact whether it is possible in principle, options), type of translation and the type of text. Speech variability, in turn, depends directly on the common system of language patterns of existence, which has self-protective mechanism - linguistic redundancy, ie, the presence of excess, spare coding options.

However, the activities involved translator factor independent of intralanguage and external, situational factors. This individuality of the interpreter. That gives it a special, unique shade of creative search options. Translator can nourish a passion for certain words, others prefer one designs subjectively perceive the specificity of the text. But if the translator is a professional and kept the framework of professional ethics, these individual predilections never outgrow in voluntarism.

During the discussion of "translation" as a process, it became apparent that the same term we denote the result of this process. Thus, as a working definition of the term "translation" we can adopt the following:

Translation - an activity that is Variability perevyrazhenii, transcoding text generated in one language to the text in another language, carried out by a translator who creatively chooses depending on the language of variant resources, type of translation, translation tasks such as text and under influence of their own individuality; translation - it is also a result of the activities described above. [1, 5-7]

1.2 Translation as a phenomenon of communication

Translation - a special kind of communication, characterized primarily by the fact that it includes at least two codes: the two languages and two dialects. Model of this process should reflect the mutual relations between different communication systems. [24, 13]

Translation - a means to provide an opportunity to communicate (communication) between people speaking different languages. [5; 37]

Translation is an open flexible variativnoj procedure and criteria for evaluating its effectiveness should include the extent to which bilingual competence, knowledge intralanguage switching conditions and knowledge in the subject area to which the subject of communication. [24, 22]

Among the many challenges that modern linguistics studies, occupies an important place to study linguistic aspects of cross-language role activities, which is called the "transfer" or "translation work."

Translation - it's certainly a very ancient form of human activity. Once in the history of mankind formed a group of people whose languages are different from each other, and there were "bilingual" to help communication between the "polyglot" collectives. With the emergence of writing to such interpreters - "Tolmachev" - joined interpreters written, official translations of various texts, religious and business nature. From the outset, the translation has an important social function, making it possible to cross-language communication between people. Dissemination translations opened people access to the cultural achievements of other nations, has made possible the interaction and mutual enrichment of cultures and literatures. Knowledge of foreign languages in the script allows you to read books in these languages, but to explore even one foreign language can not everyone, and no one can read the book at all or at least most of the literary languages. Only translations made available to all mankind works of genius of Homer and Shakespeare, Dante and Goethe, Tolstoy and Dostoyevsky. [5, 6]

Translation as a purposeful activity meets the ever arises the need of communication between people who do not speak a common language, or in other words, people separated Linguo-ethnical barrier. That is, the transfer satisfies the public demand, and the translator is guided by public order prescribed by him. According to LK Latyshev, matching contributions from other types of linguistic mediation, summarizing the requirements for translation into practice, and taking into account the trend of its development, it can be concluded that the transfer is designed to meet society's need for bilingual communication, to the maximum extent close to nature, a monolingual communication. Accordingly, we can talk about the public purpose of translation, composed to provide bilingual communication as far as possible "in the image and likeness of monolingual." Based on this, LK Latyshev gives the following definition Translation - a kind of linguistic mediation, the public purpose of which is to the extent possible, bring a bilingual mediated communication on the completeness, effectiveness and naturalness of communication to the normal monolingual communication. [23 93-94]

AD Schweitzer defines translation as unidirectional and two-phase process and intercultural communication, in which on the basis subjected to targeted ("Translation") analysis of the primary text creates a secondary text (metatekst) replacing the primary in a different language and cultural environment; process characterized by the installation of the transmission of the communicative effect of the primary text, often modifiable differences between the two languages, two cultures and two communication situations. [23; 286-287]

Translation - a means to provide an opportunity to communicate (communication) between people speaking different languages. Therefore, the theory of translation data are particularly important communicative linguistics about the peculiarities of the process of speech communication, the specifics of the direct and indirect speech acts, the relationship expressed and implied meaning in the utterance and the text, context and the impact of communication on the situation to understand the text, and other determinants of human communicative behavior . [5, 37]

Translation is a subjective interpreter implementation of objective relations. Subjectivity of translation is not an obstacle to objective scientific analysis, just as the subjectivity of parts of speech does not preclude the recovery of these objective facts about the system of a language. In some translations of errors can not be distorting the real character of the translation between the relevant units of the source and target, but sufficient test material such errors are easily detected and eliminated. [5, 38]

Unable to play in translating some feature of the original - this is only a particular manifestation of the general principle of non-identity content of the two texts in different languages (and if we talk about "absolute identity", then the two texts in one language, consisting of a set of unequal linguistic units). Lack of identity does not prevent the transfer of communication to perform the same functions for which performance was created by the original text. It is known that the content of the statements are elements of meaning that are not important for the message, and "imposed" he semantics of linguistic units. For example, the message "Good student comes to class unprepared" clearly has in mind not only "students", but also "students", and the masculine word "student" is not relevant to him. However, in Russian (as well as in French and German) language can not consume a noun, not reproducing the kind value, although it would not be necessary for the messages or even contrary to its meaning, as in our example. If translated into English on the genus designation is lost, then in terms of communication is a loss not only essential, but even desirable. Absolute identity of content and translation is not only impossible, but also not necessary for the implementation of the objectives for which the transfer is created.

Translational activity is by definition an intermediary character, since its purpose is to make it accessible to readers message translation made by the author of the original in another language. In other words, it is possible by the transfer of communication between people speaking different languages, the possibility of cross-language communication. To create a full translation the translator must take into account the characteristics of the author (source) and the recipients (receptor) of the information for which it was intended message, their knowledge and experience, the recorded message reality, nature and characteristics of the perception of people who addressed translation and all other aspects of interlingual communication, influencing the course and result of the translation process. Therefore, considering the linguistic theory of translation translation within the broad framework of interlingual communication and exploring all its aspects and determinants of language itself as well as external to the language, but directly or indirectly influencing the choice of language units in the translation process.

The ability to share thoughts through speech is the most important property rights. Without this ability, it would be impossible the existence of homo sapiens - «Homo sapiens", as the human mind can only develop by obtaining a variety of knowledge about the world and about the man himself - the knowledge that it inform other people through speech. Without speech could not be created no civilization, because civilization is not created by a single person, but a social collective, society, and society can exist only under the condition that its members are able to communicate with each other through speech, to carry voice communications. Without verbal communication unthinkable organization of production, science, culture, and life itself.

In any act of speech communication takes place between the source of information (speaking or writing) and its receptor (listening or reading). Although the presence of all necessary conditions it is possible to retrieve all messages from the information contained in it, every single receptor retrieves messages from a different volume information based on his knowledge, the degree of interest in the message and the purpose that it sets itself, participating in communication. Each message as it exists in two forms, which are not identical: the message transmitted by the sender (the text for the speaker) and the message perceived by the recipient (the text for the listener).

For the theory of transfer of particular importance is the fact that these forms of the same message are interconnected in communication equivalence relation which is expressed as follows:

1. Between them potentially a high degree of generality, since they consist of identical linguistic units that represent mainly the same information for all members of a linguistic community.

2. Between them, actually there is a sufficient degree of generality, to provide the necessary understanding in the specific conditions of communication. (If this understanding is not reached, the communicants can exchange more information, increasing the accuracy of the perception of the message.)

3. Both forms are combined in the act of communication into a single unit, and the differences between them are irrelevant for communication participants who are unaware of these and diversified, considering that the received message is what is transmitted and vice versa. Thus, for communicants actually exists one single text, the content of which can in principle be available to all speak the language with which the message is transmitted and received.

Verbal communication can be performed between the communicants and speaking different languages. In this case, there will be a cross-language (bilingual) communication. Since the receptor is unable to extract information from text, spoken or written in an unknown language, it is cross-language communication is an Intermediary character. Prerequisite of communication between the "polyglot" communicants is the presence of an intermediary performing linguistic mediation, i.e. transforming the original message in a linguistic form, which can be perceived by receptors (in other words, to convey this message to the receptor language). Linguistic mediator must extract information from the original text (the "original" or "original") and transmit it to another language. Therefore, this role can perform only person with the necessary degree of bilingualism, ie bilingual.

In addition to its mediating role in the process of cross-language communication, the translator sometimes performs communicative functions beyond linguistic mediation. Typically, this takes place in the process of interpretation, the interpreter communicates directly with the participants of cross-language communication. In this case, the translator can be forced under the terms of communication or at the request of one of the communicators to act as an independent source of information, giving further explanations, drawing conclusions from the original content, pointing to possible errors, etc. Both orally and translator can combine their duties with the activities informant editor or criticism of the original, etc.

Transmission of the information contained in the original text, the language may be a mediator in various forms and with varying degrees of completeness, depending on the purpose of cross-language communication. This goal can be defined as communication partners, and by linguistic mediator. There are two main types of linguistic mediation: translation and adaptive transcoding.

Translation is considered as a foreign language, a form of the message contained in the original. Interlingual communication, implemented through translation, to the greatest extent reproduces the process of direct verbal communication, in which the communicants are in the same language.

Just as in the process of verbal communication in one language texts for the speaker and hearer recognized communicative equivalent and combined into a single unit, and the translation is recognized communicative equivalent to the original text. Translation task - to ensure this type of cross-language communication is created and the text in the language of receptors (for "target language" - IL) could act as a complete replacement of the original and communicative identified Receptors translation of the original in the functional, structural and meaningful relationships.

It is assumed that the translator accurately conveys the structure and order of the content in the original, does not allow himself to change anything, delete or add from myself. The number and content sections and other units of the text in the original and the translation must be the same. If the original idea was expressed by some in the beginning of the second section, and then translated it should be found in the same place, etc. If the interpreter and allows himself some retreat to private details of the structure of the text, it is only in order to better convey the contents of the original. Thus, the transfer can be defined as a kind of linguistic mediation, in which the text is created by PYA communicatively equivalent to the original, and its communicative equivalence is evident in his identification with the original translation receptors in the functional content and structurally. To transfer using it throughout replaces the original, it is a full representative. Communicative approach to translation - a guiding principle of the modern theory of translation.

How and when dealing with a single language, the translation process interlingual communication is achieved by combining the two forms of the act of communication messages that are considered as communicants communicatively equivalent. However, it is also a very significant difference. In the process of "monolingual" invariance communication sent and received messages provided by the fact that both communicant enjoy the same linguistic system, with the same set of units with a more or less stable value, which they interpret the same. In translation this is more difficult. Here, as a quasi-identical forms (incarnations) of the same act texts messages that are based on different linguistic systems of units that do not match, either in form or content. Therefore, the discrepancy between these essences is due not so much individual differences communicants many differences between languages. Of course, individual differences also exist, but they are on the back burner. Therefore, the possibility of the transfer and patterns are determined, first of all, the ability to multi-lingual texts act as communicatively equivalent in the communication process. [5 39-47]

The role of language in translation - the same as he always plays in society and with such clarity that indicate language definition given by the classics of Marxism-Leninism. "Language is as old as consciousness; - Say Marx and Engels 'The German Ideology' - the language is precisely the practice that exists for other people, and thus only exists also for myself the actual consciousness, like consciousness, only arises from the language needs of the urgent need to communicate with other people. " Lenin said that "language is the most important means of human communication." On language, as a means of communication, detail says Stalin in his work on linguistics, giving the following wording:

"Language is a means, a tool with which people communicate with each other, exchange thoughts and mutual understanding. Being directly connected with thinking, language registers and fixes in words and compound words in sentences results of thinking, cognitive achievements of humans and thus makes possible the exchange of ideas in human society. " And further: "... language, being an instrument of communication, however, is an instrument of struggle and development of society."

This applies, of course, and to use language translation. Here we are dealing with the transfer of ideas originally expressed in one language and tells the reader or listener who speaks a different language. And since the "bare free thoughts language material available on the language" natural matter "- does not exist" and "the reality of thought is manifested in language."

From this position for translation practice - activities for translators - can be made and specific conclusion - a conclusion about the necessity of such an expression of thought in the original translation, which would be its denunciations to the reader with all the clarity and completeness of its expression inherent in the original. This however is the need to comply transfer rate nation-wide language into which the translation is made. This is the first condition for clarity of translation, it remains accessible to the reader.

Original content translated directly and intimately linked to the forms of the language in which it is created. The reader, whose native language is another, and which is not sufficiently fluent in the language of the original, but can still read it, all thoughts, all the images caused by the original, inevitably switched in the plane of its native language. Such a conclusion to be drawn with regard to the translation of Stalin's works on linguistics, fully consistent with the well-known remark of Marx: "... a beginner who has learned a foreign language always translates his thoughts into their native language." Translator, especially professional translator, is usually a different type, another degree of foreign language - that when, in the words of Marx, "the spirit of the new language" already learned and when you can "do without mental translation." But regardless of the degree of proficiency in a foreign language interpreter, by the very nature of their work, all the time switch "from one language to another.

Translation process, no matter how he was psychologically complex, can not cause "stripped" of thought, ie, does not allow any of its intermediate state, when she allegedly separated from the linguistic form of the original and has not yet embodied in the form of another language, there would be "itself" as a kind of ethereal essence.

Of course, in the mind of the interpreter is not immediately appear quite distinct and coherent sentences or phrases of his native language, which would reflect the original. The translation process may take a number of stages, the last of which will be achieved complete clarity and coherence processing of thoughts and images caused by the script. But regardless of the degree of clarity, these thoughts and images at any stage of the translation process have linguistic character.

"Ideas do not exist in isolation from the language." Small wonder that in any case, when it is required to disclose more precisely the point made in the native or foreign language, interpret it or to indicate the incorrectness of its understanding, to an error in its transmission (in particular, the translation error), we will resort to the linguistic means. These linguistic resources fully and meet the requirements, ie, they are not only the only suitable for making this happen, but it is absolutely sufficient, nutritionally adequate.

The translation process, as he quickly occurred in any individual, particularly favorable or just mild cases inevitably breaks down into two points. To translate, you must first understand exactly understand, interpret himself translated (using the language of images, ie, since the elements of translation).

Next to translate, you need to find, choose the appropriate means of expression in the language that is translated (words, phrases, grammatical forms).

Any interpretation of the original, right or wrong, and attitudes on the part of the translator, positive or negative, the result is - in the translation - the selection of linguistic resources from the popular language. [28 7-18]

The translation process is not a simple replacement of units of one language in another language units. The process of translation as a specific component of communication using two languages is always a human activity, it accumulated problems of philosophy, psychology, physiology, sociology, and other sciences, not to mention linguistics, translation dependence from which there is no need to argue. The translation process itself is included in the communication and not the usual, and in communication with the use of two languages. And although the process of translation is its specificity, its central element, however the science of translation is necessary to study the conditions and the generation of source code and the conditions of perception translated text, and social status of the communicants, and speech situation, and various related phenomena that included communication complex concept using two languages, which is an object of the science of translation. Every same modeling communication using two languages, accumulated knowledge about it are the subject of the science of translation. The more accurate methods of knowledge communication using two languages, and especially the translation process, the more accurate translation theory we have. [14; 6-7]

By the nature of its activities interpreters are among the first and most active participants of comparative evaluation of interacting cultures. That's why they are the most important professional quality must be high culture of dialogue, tolerance to variation of cultural norms and values.

Most likely it can be learned in the direct contact with the culture of the target language. Therefore special significance any personal contact with the medium of language involved in the communication. Direct contact and friendships with colleagues on the other side of the negotiating activity will help you quickly overcome the psychological barrier, which, unfortunately, is still often encountered.

Sharing knowledge occurs through translators and thanks to them. Naturally, translators must be familiar with the processes and phenomena described, and here we are talking not only about knowing the language, but no less and professional knowledge in a particular subject area. Going beyond the narrow specialization, which, unfortunately, is almost impossible to ensure that we should talk about the knowledge of a foreign language interpreter culture. The structure of this phenomenon include the reverse process - expanding horizons in the study of a foreign language deepens the knowledge of their own culture. Finally, there is a mutual understanding and gaining strength solely on the basis of accumulated knowledge and enriching memories.

The adequacy of the translation is determined by its functionality in the communicative process. Adequately recognized contributions corresponding to the original and expressing the same communication setup in the target language, which in its original language environment.

Authentic translation - a translation that has the same legal effect as the original. For example, the text of the agreement can be worked out and adopted the same language, but its authenticity is installed and in other languages.

Returning to the model of translation, you can imagine how improved communication channel with the simplification of the two phases of the input and output. We call this creative communicative link tandem, capturing the semantics of the term in this series-parallel switching state of the complex mechanism of reflection and discussion. Language culture as culture in general and universal culture - the more inherently collective. This is one more argument in favor of collective vitality way of tackling cross-language communication.

Technology tandem translation suggests that the presentation of the translation performed in the native language. Absolute knowledge of the native language is like an inherent characteristic of professionalism. This means that the translator must constantly improve their knowledge of the native language. [25; 104-110]

TA Kazakova said that the communicative method is to choose such a path transmission source information, which leads to the translated texts with adequate exposure to the original recipient. The main object with this method of translation is not so much the linguistic composition of the source text as its meaningful and emotional-aesthetic value. Moreover, unlike the functional communicative translation translation admits no reductions or simplifications of the starting material. In essence, what is often referred to colloquially literature and, in particular, literary translation, in fact it is a communicative translation, taking into account - or programming - pragmatics recipient. This method is optimal for most of the literature, journalism, part popular science texts, etc.

Specific embodiment of communicative translation is most poetic translation as poetic text by nature defies simple semantic, and even more literal translation, except for some samples velibra. Even attempts to translate poetic prose text, adhering as closely as possible its lexical-semantic and grammatical components, do not change the substance of the matter, because this approach does not translate important components of the poem - its phonetic and rhythmic-metric components, it ceases to be a poem a poem and turns a qualitatively different text and can serve only for limited communicative goals. Choosing one or another way to translate, translator in addition to all the other circumstances also guided by the consideration that in the pure form of any of the methods in the real translation process acts rarely usually most difficult texts are translated using different methods, but one of them a presenter and determines the relationship between the original and translated texts in general, and dictating terms of dividing the original text, and the definition of translation units and a choice of translation methods by which the source code is directly converted into a transfer. [6; 15-17]

Communicating through an interpreter is not the only way to communicate through Linguo-ethnical barrier. There are ways to overcome the non-linguistic, language diversity: natural and conventional gestures, international negotiation codes, international characters, mathematical, chemical, and other formulas commonly understood symbols. These methods of communication that do not require an intermediary language, are extremely narrow in scope and very limited communication capabilities.

There are two types of language communication:

1. dnoyazychnaya of communication - verbal communication, in which a total share one common language.

2. Bilingual communication - communication that uses two languages. In this case, as a rule, the intermediary needs language.

Linguistic mediation - communication multilingual communicators using linguistic mediator, bilingual - opens incomparably greater opportunities for dialogue through Linguo-ethnical barrier.

Combining translation with other types of linguistic mediation, summarizing the requirements for translation into practice, and given the development trends, it can be concluded that the transfer is designed to meet society's need for bilingual communication, to the maximum extent close to nature monolingual communication. Consequently, we can talk about the public purpose of translation, composed to provide bilingual communication as much as possible "in the image and likeness of monolingual." [26 6-7]

The fact that the ideal bilingual communication with the transfer has always been a natural monolingual communication, and shows the development trend of the transfer - widespread interpretation. It eliminates unnatural for monolingual communication gap between the sender and the speech sound perception of its content consumer. Dubbing movies to the fullest extent equalizes the audience of the original films and foreign-language viewers her take. Unnatural for monolingual communication act of translation underlying duplication hidden from moviegoers as well as hidden from readers act of translation of foreign language literature. [26; 10]

So, finishing the first chapter of our theoretical study, we tried to understand what is the translation and that it represents a phenomenon of communication, we can say that the translation is a complex, multifaceted, multi-faceted process, knowledge of which is very important for translators and their professional competence. Translation is always associated with the language and literature, and inevitably involves contact of two languages ??and the transfer of the original means of another language. And also, in this chapter, we looked at some of the most common definitions of translation data known linguists.

The transition from the original units to units of money are using translation (interlanguage) transformations. Translational transformations will be the next chapter of this work.

2. Equivalence translation and methods to achieve it through the mechanisms of translational transformations

2.1 Features of translational transformations

Despite the relatively young age of translation theory and translation studies as a science, currently there are many works devoted to translational transformations. This is not surprising, since this aspect is one of the central, and the knowledge of its theoretical foundations is extremely important in the work of any translator.

However, it should be noted that the experts in the field of translation theory had still not come to a consensus about the very essence of the concept of transformation. This explains the large number of classifications suggested by scientists, differing from each other.

Transformation occupy an important place in the translation and interpreter need to find out possible ways to use them. So put the hypothesis that there are methods of transmitting means transformation of the Russian language.

Since in this paper we will focus on translational transformations, would be to consider this concept and clarify the meaning of that invested in it. There are definitions proposed L.S.Barhudarovym, VE Shchetinkina RK-Belorucheva Mignard, AD Schweitzer, LK Latyshev, VN Komissarov, VG hook YA.I . Retskerom and others. However, the basic definition is considered to be HP Barhudarova because it most accurately reflects the essence of the question. Translation transformation - it interlanguage transformation restructuring elements of the original text, the meaning or operation perevyrazheniya paraphrasing in order to achieve the translation equivalent. The term "transformation" in translation studies is used to show the relationship between the source and target language expressions to replace the one in the translation process other forms of expression, replacement, we figuratively call conversion or transformation. Thus, the operations described below (translation transformation) are essentially Mezhjazykovye operations "perevyrazheniya" sense.

Transformational translation - a translation, using one of the translational transformations. [5, 172]

Transformation - a method of translation, which is characterized by a departure from the semantic and structural parallelism between the original and the translation. [26 162]

The term "transformation" was interpreted more widely, leading to ambiguous use. Another place he assumed sometimes in classifications correspondences. So, T. R. Levitsky and A. M. Fiterman share equivalents for all compliance and transformation and understood by not only lexical equivalents, but also grammatical conformity.

Transformation authors call matching the translation occurring in cases where there is no equivalent; they restrict the grammatical, lexical and stylistic transformation. But the same authors consider himself "translation" as a kind of transformation, thus emphasizing that the term "transformation" can mean not only a kind of conformity, but also the process of its receipt.

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