Borrowing in English
Etymological survey of the word-stock of a language. Borrowed words, their kinds and peculiarities. Assimilation of borrowed words. International words as loan words. French, Russian and Turkic borrowings in the English language, contemporary literature.
| Рубрика | Иностранные языки и языкознание |
| Вид | курсовая работа |
| Язык | английский |
| Дата добавления | 16.11.2016 |
| Размер файла | 158,5 K |
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Kletterschuh, climbing shoe (mountaineering)
Rucksack (more commonly called a backpack in U.S. English)
Schuss, literally: shot (ski) down a slope at high speed
Turnverein, a gymnastics club or society
Volksmarsch / Volkssport, non-competitive fitness walking
Volkswanderung
Wunderbar
Blьcher, a half-boot named after Prussian General Gebhard Leberecht von Blьcher (1742-1819); also a hand in the British card game Napoleon.
Dummkopf, dumm = dumb/not intelligent + Kopf = head; a stupid, ignorant person
Ersatz, replacement; usually implying an artificial and inferior substitute or imitation
Gemьtlichkeit, coziness
Gesundheit, literally: health; an exclamation used in place of "bless you!" after someone has sneezed
garden, day-care centre, playschool, preschool
Kitsch, cheap, sentimental, gaudy items of popular culture
Kraut, a derogatory term for a German, literally means cabbage in German
Spanish terms commonly used in English
adiуs from Spanish "goodbye"
amigo from Spanish and/or Portuguese amigo, "friend"
ord - Arabic "ba' nana" fingers
bandolier from Spanish bandolera, = "band (for a weapon or other) that crosses from one shoulder to the opposite hip" and bandolero, ="he who wears a bandolier"
barbecue from the Chibcha word barbacoa
barracuda from barracuda
bolero from Spanish bolero
burrito from burrito, = a dish originally from Northern Mexico, literally "little donkey"
burro from burro, = "donkey"
caballerofrom Spanish caballero = "knight/gentleman", from caballo, ="horse"
cabana Spanish cabaсa or Portuguese cabana
cafeteria from cafeterнa, "coffee store"
calaboose from Louisiana French calabouse, from Spanish calabozo
California place name first seen in print in 1510 Spanish novel 'Las sergas de Esplandiбn' by Garci Rodrнguez de Montalvo
camarilla from caudillo
chayote from Spanish, from Nahuatl chayotl
chicha from Spanish chicha, from Colombia native American language chichab, = "maize"
chile from Spanish chile, from Nahuatl chilli
chipotle onquista="conquest"
coquina from coquina, dim. form of "concha" = seashell; a sedimentary rock of NE Florida
cordillera from cordillera
corral from corral
hombre from Spanish "hombre" same as man and he-man: macho or very strong, tough, and masculine man
hurricane from Spanish huracбn, from Taino hurбkan; akin to Arawak kulakani, thunder
Inca from Spanish inca, from Quechua
incommunicado from incomunicado
iguana from Spanish iguana from Arawak
key from Spanish cayo, from Taino (this is English 'key'/'cay'/'quay' as in an island, reef or a linked series of them, not the 'key' with which you lock/unlock)
llama from Spanish llama, from Quechua llama
loco from loco, =mad, crazy
Lolita from the diminutive for Lola, short for Dolores
Montanafrom montaсa, a mountain
piccadill from picadillo
piсa colada from Spanish piсa = pineapple and colada, which means strained, from the Spanish verb colar (to strain)
ranch from rancho, a really small rural community, smaller than a town.
rodeo from rodeo and verb rodear (to round up)
rumba from rumba
saguaro from saguaro, from Piman
salsa from salsa, = "sauce"
tango from Spanish tango.
tuna from Spanish atъn, from Arabic tun, from Latin thunnus, from Greek иэннпт, thynnos (= tuna fish)
turista from turista ="tourist"
vanilla from Spanish vainilla, diminutive of vaina,= "pod"
Zorro from Portuguese/Spanish zorro, a fox, originally "smart"
Appendix B
The list of pseudo-French words
This list of pseudo-French words adopted from French and adapted in such a way into English that their original meanings are no longer readily recognised by indigenous French speakers due to the new circumstances in which they were being used in English:
Several such French expressions have found a home in English. The first continued in its adopted language in its original obsolete form centuries after it had changed its morpheme in national French:
· double entendre -- still used in English long after it had changed to "double entente" or, more often, "double sens" in France, and ironically has itself two meanings, one of which is of a sexually dubious nature. This might be classed a kind of "pseudo-Gallicism".
· bon viveur -- the second word is not used in French as such, while in English it often takes the place of a fashionable man, a sophisticate, a man used to elegant ways, a man-about-town, in fact a bon vivant. In French a viveur is a rake or debauchee; bon does not come into it.The French bon vivant is the usage for an epicure, a person who enjoys good food. Bonne vivante is not used.
· Entrйe in French on a restaurant menu does not have the meaning of "main course" that it does in American English (in French that is "plat"), but instead refers to the course preceding the main course, namely the first course in a three-course meal, or what in British English is also called a "starter" and in American English an "hors d'oeuvre". Thus a three-course meal in French consists of an "entrйe" (first course), a "plat" (the main course) and "dessert". [Source: universal French menu usage and Larousse "Grand Dictionnaire Franзais/Anglais - Anglais-Franзais": s.v. entrйe (7): First course, starter: "je prendrai une salade en entrйe -- I'll have a salade to start with.
· Rendez-vous -- merely means "meeting" or "appointment" in French, but in English has taken on other overtones. Connotations such as secretiveness have crept into the English version, which is sometimes used as a verb. It has also come to mean a particular place where people of a certain type, such as tourists or people who originate from a certain locality, may meet. In recent years, both the verb and the noun have taken on the additional meaning of a location where two spacecraft are brought together for a limited period, usually for docking or retrieval.
Appendix C
The percentage of modern English words derived from each language group
According to surveys, the percentage of modern English words derived from each language group are as follows:
|
Latin (including words used only in scientific / medical / legal contexts) |
~29% |
|
|
French |
~29% |
|
|
Germanic |
~26% |
|
|
Others |
~16% |
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