Communicative applications in the oral and written language

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UDC 378

COMMUNICATIVE APPLICATIONS IN THE ORAL AND WRITTEN LANGUAGE

V. HOPPNEROVA

We often encounter these expressions in everyday communication, they are familiar to everyone. They are constantly repeated in certain situations of everyday life. They are reproduced from the memory, they are largely automated. At the welcome we say hello, how are you ?, at the show May I introduce you? and before the test we want a broken neck! or Toi, toi, toi! Although these fixed expressions are very common in everyday communication, linguistics began to deal with them relatively late - only since the 1980s. W. Fleischer calls them communicative formulas [11, p. 130], H. Burger pragmatic idioms [cit. in 11, p. 132], F. Coulma's Routine Formulas [3, p. 4], J. N. Afonkin's Conversational Formulas [1, p. 3]. In the present study, I choose for her the clear term communicative phrases to differentiate them from other linguistic means of thematic conversation and idioms.

Their importance for the communicatively oriented foreign language teaching is undisputed, because they are an integral part of the speech acts that are constantly repeated in everyday communication.The present contribution sets itself the goal

- to investigate the function of communicative phrases in everyday language,

- to indicate their affiliation to different strata of style,

- to look closer at their semantics and syntax,

- briefly outline their position in the field of phraseology.

1. Function of communicative turns in everyday language

The most important achievement of these expressions is their communicative function in the interaction. Therefore, it is the focus of attention of the phraseology researchers, the different, for. T. subjective criteria different groups of communicative turns.

It is z. (Eg, sorry, forgiveness!), Surprise formulas (What you do not say! So what!), Congratulations (Happy Birthday! A Happy New Year! Merry Christmas !), Negation formulas (I do not think so, no way.), Appointment formulas (are you planning something tonight, when will we meet again? v. a.

The number of groups varies from author to author. In my Modern German textbook [13], 8-10 situational communicative expressions together with Czech equivalents are part of each of the 30 lessons and are subsequently also practiced.

Communicative phrases and frequent phrases of certain communication areas are recorded for educational purposes and assigned to them mother-tongue equivalents. This concerns z. B. subject-specific components of commercial correspondence, frequent twists and turns of the sales dialogues, turns in Gaststattenwesen, constantly repeating sentences when telephoning, important twists in the presentations, in moderating conferences u. a.

These teaching materials, which are important for foreign language teaching, mainly contain phrases and phrases that are inextricably linked to certain situations. So the following expressions occur in corresponding situations: On Wiederhoren! (when calling), please pay! (in the restaurant), please grab! (at dinner), Congratulations on the happy event! (at the birth of a child), The Lord be with you! (at the service), My deep condolences! (in case of death), get well soon! (in case of illness), Any other wish? (while shopping).

Communicative expressions are just as the vocabulary constantly in motion. New formulas are created, some are divorced from use. Today, young unmarried women are no longer addressed as women, but as a woman. The ringing formulas Hello! or hi! have spread today not only among the youth very much. Really? do the youngsters use real ones? The farewell greetingshot! is far from farewell, especially among relatives and good acquaintances [4], but just under half of the Germans prefers Tschuss or Tschau to the formerly most widespread goodbye! before (wikipedia.org/wiki/Thus last accessed on 10/31/2017). Even TV presenters say goodbye to TV viewers with Tschuss, do it well!

Some crypt formulas are also territorially different: Greetings God! or hello are used in South Germany or Austria, Gruezi! in Switzerland. Also certain professional groups have their crypt formulas: Gluck on! the miners groaned, with Waldmann's salvation! the hunters and with Peter Heil! the fishermen.

These examples vividly document the pragmatic, communicative power of the phrases. It is not the calling function that is in the foreground, but the communicative: we talk to them, say goodbye, express joy, doubt, anger, distrust, warning, approval, rejection, recognition, reproach, consolation, and much more. With the question How are you? In most cases we do not inquire about the personal well-being of our partner (15, p. 444), but only open the conversation. J. Korhonen formulates it aptly: its actual meaning mostly recedes in favor of the communicative function [14, p. 406].

An important feature of communicative phrases is their attachment to particular contexts or situations in which they occur. Numerous contrastive studies show that they differ from language to language and are therefore language-specific, underscoring their importance for foreign language teaching. Their ignorance or inappropriate use means that one acts outrageous, gross, insulting or awkward, which can cause unpleasant reactions. How do Czech learners react when they do not understand What? instead of the gentleman please? On an apology they answer with Nothing happened. (Nic se nestalo.) Instead of the usual in German request. In letters again the Czech equivalent for Dear Ladies and Gentlemen is only Vazene damy a panove (= dear ladies and gentlemen!)

At the same time, the last example shows that formulaic expressions are by no means confined to spoken language. When writing, it is important to find the contextually appropriate wording. As Feilke shows with numerous examples, written communication motivates the formation of linguistic routines, which relieves the work of formulation [9, pp. 1-31]. There are a variety of ready-made text patterns such as invitations, thanks, notices u. a. [12, pp. 131-175].

Certain formulaic expressions constitute shorter or longer texts - let us remember the acknowledgments in bachelor's or master's theses, obituaries, invitations, and the like. a.

The knowledge of these formulations or text patterns (greater units than merely communicative phrases) is also important for foreign language teaching. Learners need to be made aware that they can not simply translate similar texts from their mother tongue, but have to familiarize themselves with foreign language wording.

1. Relevance of communicative expressions to different strata of style

Communicative expressions, like other phraseological phenomena, belong to different strata of style. The affiliation to the respective style layer results from the relationship between the communication partners. The knowledge of the appropriate style is important in order to avoid the sound. On official, formal intercourse, phrases suggest, "It is an honor for me to welcome you here. Or: Please accept our congratulations.

However, a great deal of communicative phrases are colloquially colored and testify to a confidential, informal relationship between the partners:

Why did you abandon me? Do not worry. Your dress is class! What went into you?

To the casual, juicy colloquial language: But I had a pig! You can tell that to your grandmother! Damn it!

Strongly expressive z. B. That's howling! That depends on my neck. To hell!

Ironically, formulas sound like: Do you have any idea! And you call that good economics? That's too much of a good thing. And something is called professional! That started well!

A courtly, distanced label to the customer signal in turn: What do the gentlemen want? What's that? May I help you with the selection?

If you engage in the style layer, you can cause negative emotions or insult the communication partner. R. Rathmeyer warns z. For example, "... people of higher social status do not speak with hello and you do not say goodbye to Tschuss" [16, p. 390].

1. Semantics of routine formulas

In the analysis of the semantic and syntactic structure of communicative phrases, I rely first and foremost on my own corpus, collected for years, and on the examples cited in the phraseology of the German contemporary language by W. Fleischer in the section on communicative formulas [11, 130 ff .] as well as the small German textbook "Konversationsformeln" by JN Afonkin [1].

In the corpus analyzed, three semantic types were identified, but their abundance occurrences still had to be investigated:

a) Vollidiome

My goodness! (Amazement), You can take poison on that! (Insurance), Where does the shoe print? (Sympathy) These terms have taken on a completely different meaning.

b) Teilidiome

Happy New Year! Just wait and see. Only in the good room! A part of the phrase occurs in transmitted meaning. One can not agree with Feilke's opinion that the routine formulas are perfectly regular - syntactic and semantic [7, pp. 241-264].

c) Non-idiomatic phrases Nothing to thank. My compliment! But on the contrary. Goodbye and a good day! The overall meaning of these terms derives from the importance of their constituents.

Depending on the context or the situation, however, communicative expressions may take on different meanings. So z. B. the turn That's all sorts! both recognition and disapproval. Similarly, meal can! print out a table formula or a grufc at lunchtime.

Communicative phrases can not only be ambiguous, but, as we have already seen in Section 3, ironically. W. Fleischer calls this characteristic of communicative turns ironic modification [11, p. 133]. Some phrases are not literal, but ironic, negative to understand. Their original meaning is completely restored: you are good! You are the right person for me! He who believes it will be saved. The tears come to me!

The proportion of colloquial, casual, and expressive expressions is remarkably high. This is due to the fact that the communicative phrases are a characteristic manifestation of the vernacular: get out with you! Well, will it soon? That's what you thought! There we have the mess! Nonsense! You should regret that! communicative expression stylistic phraseological

2. Syntax of communicative phrases

1. Both semantically and syntactically, communicative expressions are heterogeneous - they have different syntactic structures.

2. a) Einwortlexeme

3. Their simplest syntactic form is the one-word lexeme. It comes mainly in Grufcen (Hi! Day! Tomorrow!), Exclamations (Agreed! Of course! Great! Cool!), Salutations (colleagues! Sweetheart! Dear!), Affirmations and negations (Certainly., Exactly. Never. Not at all Excluded) as well as interjections (Pfui! Tja, wow). Especially with emotion-laden exclamations, this form is very popular.

4. b) Incomplete sentences Stereotypical representations, which occur again and again in certain situations, often appear in incomplete, abbreviated form, with the subject and the predicate being left out: (I have not seen you) for a long time! (We wish you all the best! (I'll give you) my word on it. (That is) funny / wonderful! Sometimes adjuncts appear self-explanatory: If you think ... that I'm not laughing! What I wanted to say, ... If need be, .... Some communicative expressions take the form of infinitives or infinitive constructions: stay calm! Do not lose heart! To be brief, ... To be honest, ... Very popular are expressions of modal character with past participle perfect: open / honest / said between us, ... strictly speaking, ....

5. c) Fully Standige

6. d) proposition

7. A large part of the phrases mentioned here are complete sentences, which the speaker does not reformulate, but retrieves as a whole from the memory. They are available to him as "finished parts", he does not change anything with them anymore. In addition to these ready-made formulations, there are also sentences that the speaker also spontaneously reproduces, but which contain a few variable parts: thank you very much for your efforts / your help / your complacency. May / could / could I ask you for something? May I introduce you to my husband / secretary / colleagues? Many variants of these sentences could be formed, but they all have a formulaic character. Sometimes these are just syntactic structures that are filled in lexically (please be so kind / nice / nice / friendly ...). It is not by chance that these formulaic sentences are part of many conversation textbooks because of their wide distribution and their possibilities of variation. Some communicative phrases - apart from their syntactic structure - do not appear isolated, but form pairs that impress the learners as a whole

8. e) have to: make it good! - Do it better! Good Appetite! - Thank you likewise. Many Thanks. - Please, nothing to thank. My name is Meyer. - Very pleasant.

9. 1. Position of communicative phrases in the field of phraseology

10. The question of the position of pragmatic phrases has long been discussed in phraseology research. It is less important for foreign language didactics because foreign language teaching is about giving learners these phrases that are very important for communication, including their proper use in appropriate situations and contexts.

11. The term phraseologism has been steadily expanded since the 1980s, when its central determinants were worked out. While initially his criteria were idiomaticity, semantic-syntactic stability, lexicalization and reproducibility [11, p. 35], the use of linguistic corpora has shown that the idioms are not so fixed but variable and flexible. Today we also include weakly idiomatic phrases (functional verbs and collocations) as well as communicative phrases (routine formulas) in the field of phraseology [8, p. 58]. The main features of a phraseologism are polyhedra (it consists of at least two words), relative strength and lexicalisation (they are a stable part of the vocabulary). Idiomaticity is only an optional feature. The extension of the area of ??competence of phraseology goes even further: As already mentioned in section 2, whole pre-written and exemplary texts (eg birth announcements) are included [12, pp. 131-135]. It can be seen that with the inclusion of communicative phrases the criterion of multi-faceted (polylexity) is extended both upwards to the whole text and downwards (Hi! Cursed!) [8, p. 42].

12. Much more important than adhering to all the features of phraseology is its pragmatic, communicative function for communicative expressions. In contrast to the nominative phraseologisms, they can usually be described not by word equivalents but by whole sentences [11, p. 131].

Literatur

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2. Beckmann, S./Konig, P.-P. Pragmatische Phraseologismen. In: Cruse, D. A./Hundsnurscher, F./Job, M./Lutzeier, P. R. (Hrsg.) Lexikologie: Ein internationales Handbuch zur Natur und Struktur von Wortern und Wortschatzen. - Berlin, New York: de Gruyter, 2002. - S. 421-428.

3. Coulmas, F. Conversational Routine. - The Hague, New York: Mouton, 1981.

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7. Feilke, H. Textroutine, Textsemantik und sprachliches Wissen. In: Linke, A./Ortner, H./Portman, P. R. (Hrsg.) Sprache und mehr. Ansichten einer Linguistik der sprachlichen Praxis. - Tubingen: Max Niemeyer Verlag, 2003 (Reihe Germanistische Linguistik 245). - S. 209-299.

8. Feilke, H. Kontext-Zeichen-Kompetenz Wortverbindungen unter sprachtheoretischem Aspekt. - 2003. - S. 41-64.

9. Feilke, H. Was sind Textroutinen? Zur Theorie und Methodik des Forschungsfeldes. In: Feilke, H./Lehnen, K. (Hrsg.) Schreib- und Textroutinen. Theorie, Erwerb und didaktisch-mediale Modellierung. - Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang, 2012. - S. 1-31. (Forum angewandte Linguistik 52).

10. Fillmore, Ch. J. The Case for Case. In: Bach, E./Harms, R. T. (Hrsg.) Universals in Linguistic Theory. - New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1968. - S.1- 88.

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Annotation

Conversational routines are an important and fixed part of not only spoken, but also written communication. They are repeated standing in certain situations of everyday live. We produce them automatically from the memory. We use them for greeting, excusing, presentation, complaint, we express with them our request or demand, our thanks and so on. Also our emotions are expressed by conversational routines: joy, doubt, anger, distrust, warning and further more. The most important performance of the conversational routines is their communicative function in interaction. For the communicative oriented teaching process they are very important. We must learn und practice them, if we want to communicate adequate and expected in certain type of situations, because these routines are different in different languages. Native speakers appreciate their knowledge and the foreign speaker finds easier contact to them.

Keywords: communicative expressions, the bulk of the vocabulary, communicative partner, phraseological system, oral and written communication

Комунікативні вирази - це сталий елемент не тільки усної, але також і письмової комунікації. Вони постійно повторюються в певних ситуаціях повсякденного життя. Ми використовуємо їх, коли ми вітаємось, вибачаємось, представляємось, скаржимось, за їхньою допомогою ми висловлюємо наші бажання, прохання, подяку та багато іншого. Також наші почуття висловлюються за допомогою комунікативних виразів, які пов'язані з передачею відчуттів та емоцій: радість, сумніви, гнів, недовіра, застереження тощо. Їх потрібно вивчати та тренуватися у їхньому вживанні для того, щоб поводитися належним чином у відповідній ситуації, зокрема розрізняти ці вирази у різних мовах. Носії мови цінують знання таких виразів, тому іноземці знаходять простіший контакт з ними. Вони як весь словниковий склад мови перебувають постійно у русі. Деякі вирази територіально різні. Досліджується їхня приналежність до різних стилістичних пластів. Беручи до уваги, вони також аналізуються з погляду їхньої семантики та стилістики. На завершення дискутується їхнє розташування у фразеологічній системі.

Ключові слова: комунікативні вирази, словниковий склад мови, комунікативний партнер, фразеологічна система, усна та письмова комунікація