Trends in translating english terms in russian tourism industry

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FEDERAL STATE AUTONOMOUS EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION

FOR HIGHER PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION

NATIONAL RESEARCH UNIVERSITY HIGHER SCHOOL OF ECONOMICS

School of Foreign Languages

BACHELOR'S THESIS

TRENDS IN TRANSLATING ENGLISH TERMS IN RUSSIAN TOURISM INDUSTRY

Field of study: Linguistics

Degree programme: Foreign Languages and Intercultural Communication

Amiryan Liza

Moscow 2020

Оглавление

• Introduction
• 1. Theoretical Part
• 1.1 Terms and their peculiarities. Terminology
• 1.2 Methods of translation of terms. Non-equivalent vocabulary
• 1.3 The notion of borrowing
• 1.4 Tourism industry in Russia: modern situation
• 1.5 English terminology of tourism
• 1.6 Russian terminology of tourism
• 2. Practical Part
• 2.1 Methodology of the research
• 2.2 Results
• 2.3 Methods of translation
• 2.4 Suggestions
• Conclusion
• References
• Appendix

Introduction

In recent decades, due to the scientific and technical progress and globalization, tourism industry has steadily developed. The quality of personalized service has improved and the flow of tourists from the Russian Federation to foreign countries is growing every year.

In accordance with the Border Service of the FSB of Russia, in 2018, the TOP 10 foreign countries, which the majority of Russians visited, included Turkey, Germany, Thailand, Italy, Spain, UAE, Cyprus, Greece, Tunisia and Vietnam. These TOP 10 countries account for 71.62% of the total number of Russian tourists, travelling to the countries of the far abroad (except for the Border States) or 47.5% of the total flow to foreign countries, except for the post-Soviet States (Statistika vyyezda rossiyskikh grazhdan za rubezh v 2018 godu).

Moreover, according to the Federal state statistics service Rosstat, in 2018, the number of tourist trips from Russia increased by 5.8% (or 2 million 335 thousand) to 41 million 964 thousand from 39 million 629 thousand in 2017 (Turstat, 2019).

Consequently, the high rates and the need for a decent level of service contribute to the opening of new hotels and travel companies. In addition, the role tourism plays in people's lives and the need for acquaintance with other cultures, including foreign, is increasing. Some scientists suggest that tourism is one of the means of intercultural communication, including oral and written manifestation (Stoyanova R.S., 2018). There are 2 principal issues within this context, both of which arise because of cultural differences: misunderstanding and miscommunication (Gutareva N. YU., 2015). Words can be understood in a different way and the terms of communication vary among cultures. It is necessary to interpret the terms, used in tourism industry, with the objective of mitigating these problems.

The urgency of the paper is also explained by the fact that tourism terms lack studying (Sakaeva L.R., Bazarova L.V., 2018). Therefore, they need to be reviewed and streamlined, that may make the translation of the terms more professional and correct.

For the most part, the previous studies on this research topic are characterized as descriptive. There are papers on the following research topics: the development of tourism terminology and methods of translation of these terms (Denisova G., Drozd A., Romanovich R., 2011); problems of touristic translation (Korolkova S.A., Novozhilova A.A., Sheiko A.M., 2017); description of types and factors of the appearance of English borrowings in the Russian language (Vinnikova M.N., Kornilova E.D., Pavitskaya Z.I., 2018). However, there are scientific articles of a more investigative nature. For example, the topic of logical-conceptual and structural analysis is researched in the papers of Vinogradova L.V. (2010), Sakaeva L.R., Bazarova L.V. (2018). Consequently, it is evident that Russian and English terminology of hospitality industry and tourism has been studied over the last decades. There has been an increasing interest to this analysis but not much can be concluded about what number of English borrowings in the sphere selected exists in the Russian language and how this may affect the interpretation of those terms in the society.

Therefore, English and Russian terminologies of hospitality and tourism have been investigated. In particular, the paper contains a comparative analysis of the peculiarities of formation, development and functioning of touristic terms in the English and Russian languages. This way we focus on the dominant method of translation of English tourism terms into Russian and we have an ability to suggest the potential reasons for this.

The following hypothesis can be formulated: An increasing number of borrowings are observed in the Russian terminology of tourism because the majority of terms are translated by means of transcription or transliteration, and this contributes to intercultural communication.

The purpose of the work is to compare and contrast terms, which are used in the English and Russian tourism spheres, in order to identify the number of English borrowings and their role.

In order to gain the above-outlined aim, our research pursues the tasks that are listed below:

· to define the concept of terms, terminology and methods of translation;

· to investigate touristic terms and identify its features;

· to examine the professional dictionary of hospitality and tourism terms and conduct a continuous sampling of term, translated by the means of borrowings;

· to reveal the frequency of translation of the terms selected by means of borrowing from the English language into Russian.

The following methods are used: description, quantitative method, qualitative method, the method of continuous sampling, classification, identification of the method of translation and comparative method.

Consequently, the research results can be used in the study of the English lexicology, in compilation of professional dictionaries of hotel and tourism terminology. The data obtained can be implemented to translate hotel and travel companies' websites from English into Russian.

The following paper consists of the introduction, the theoretical part, the practical part, the conclusion, and the references.

The Introduction shows the relevance of the research, stating the current trends in tourism and presenting some information on the previous studies. It describes the purpose of the research, its object and subject and the research questions. The methods of the research and the structure of the paper are also clarified in the introduction.

The Theoretical part presents the key notions of the current topic, which form the basis for the research. The section defines the notion of term and terminology, translation and methods of translation, and it investigates trends in modern tourism. The current condition of Russian and English tourism terminologies is also described. The part is divided into 6 sections, in accordance with the notions mentioned.

The Practical part comprises 3 parts. The first part is the methods that have been applied for data collection and analysis. The second part includes the description of the obtained results and potential reasons for them. The third part provides suggestions on how to change the results with the aim of decreasing the number of borrowings in the Russian tourism terminology, formulated by the author of the paper.

The Conclusion summarizes the results, obtained in Theoretical Part and Practical Part of the paper.

Lastly, The References presents the list of the sources, used in the paper.

term tourism borrowing english

1. Theoretical Part

1.1 Terms and their peculiarities. Terminology

Terms constitute the core of lexical supply of any professional language, including the scientific one. The notions of term and terminology are pivotal for science; the term provides precision, clearness and understanding of a scientific thought. However, there is no commonly-acknowledged definition of the term, grammatical expressiveness, and requirements to a term are discussed, etc. (Zagorovskaya O.V., Lantyukhova N.N., Litvinova T.A., 2013).

Nowadays, the notion of the term has diverse interpretations in accordance with different points of view in linguistics. It is necessary to begin with one of the most prominent Russian linguist and terminologist Vladimir Moiseevich Leychik, who presents a thorough analysis of terms. In his book, headlined “Terminovedenie. Predmet, metody y struktura” (2009), it is stated that there is no commonly acknowledged definition of the notion of “term”. This statement is followed by the examples of scientists B. N. Golovin and V. P. Danilenko, who provide 7 and 19 definitions of a term in their papers, published in 1970 and 1977, respectively. V. M. Leychik explains that term is an object of a large number of sciences and those sciences strive for highlighting their own significant peculiarities of a term. This is what makes the process of defining of the term more complex.

According to V. M. Leychik, there are 2 approaches to define a term - philosophical-epistemological and logical. The first approach is based on the feature of a term as a sign (Leychik, V. M., 2009). This definition implies that results of cognition in special spheres (science, production, economy, culture, sport, etc.) are fixed in corporeal form. In other words, terms are the elements of scientific theories and concepts that describe those fields of knowledge and activity, as well as, other means of cognition (proper names, symbols, indexes, etc.). Moreover, in this case, terms perform the function of discovering new knowledge. Consequently, the term is a dynamic notion, which is born, formulated, developed during the cognitive process, transition from concept, cogitative category, to the verbalized concept, correlated with a theory or conception, conceptualizing a field of knowledge and (or) activity. Leychik highlights that in connection with the historical nature of the process of cognition and fixation of knowledge, term is also defined as a verbalized sign, which can have a number of options, depending on the theory selected and the depth of knowledge.

The second approach focuses on the correlation between term and notion. It is important to understand that notions are also categories, the most common, basic notions, typical for all ways of theoretical thinking. Terms are connected to the notions of a particular theory or conception, related to the time period given. In this case, terms have connection with notions, as term explains the abstraction of an object of a special sphere in the form of a lexical unit of natural language. Therefore, terms name notions and in some cases express them (Leychik, V. M., 2009).

In general, all definitions of terms can be divided into 2 groups. The first group implies that terms are special words in lexical supply of natural language (Leychik V.M., 2009). The definitions of the second group are based on the idea of G.O. Vinokur, suggested in 1930s, supposing that terms are not special words but words with a special function (Vinokur G.O., 1939). Any word can become a term, undergo a transformation from simple lexical unit into a term - terminologization (Leychik V.M., 2009). Similarly, the process of determinologization takes place when a certain theory is considered to be untrue and terms lose their function in the sphere given.

In Linguistic Encyclopedic dictionary, it is possible to find the following definition of a term: term is a word or word-combination, which characterizes a notion of a special field of knowledge or activity (Yartseva V.N., 1990).

Similarly O.S. Akhmanova defines a term as a word or word-combination of special (scientific, technical, etc.) language, formed (accepted, borrowed, etc.) for precise expression of special notions and denotation of special subjects (Akhmanova O.S., 1968). It can be observed that both 2 definitions mentioned above follow the same approach and thus, belong to the first group. The reason is the scientists highlight the specific character of a word and its appearance for special purposes in the language.

Taking into consideration the ideas about terms above, V.M. Leychik formulated the following definition of a term: term is a lexical unit of a certain language for specific purposes, meaning common - precise or abstract - notion of a theory of a special field of knowledge or activity (Leychik V.M., 2009). Most probably, this definition can be referred to both groups suggested by V.M. Leychik. Any word can become a term, if it denotes an object of special field or activity. At the same time, this word will then automatically become a lexical unit for special purposes.

As the definition of the term is closely connected with a word, it is necessary to distinguish accurately between terms and other units of a language. That is why, it is of primary importance to develop special features and requirements to a term. From his point of view, the term needs to be analyzed in comparison with a word, a pivotal lexical linguistic unit. The linguist states that the term is included into the common class of lexical units and is compared to commonly-used lexical units. Thus, he highlights 9 characteristics of a term (Grinev-Grinevich, S. V., 2008):

1) specificity of use;

2) accuracy of meaning - precision;

3) limitation of a term;

4) presence of a definition;

5) independence from context;

6) unambiguity;

7) stylistic neutrality;

8) conventionality - purposeful nature of its appearance in language;

9) nominative character.

In this perspective, the term is defined as a nominative special lexical unit (word or word-combination), used for precise naming of notions (Grinev-Grinevich, S. V., 2008). In its turn, this definition belongs to the first group, as the core idea is the special character of the word, in comparison with general lexical supply of a language.

Besides this, the linguist compiled a list of requirements for the term that are typical only for special vocabulary. These requirements can be divided into 3 groups, according to form, meaning and specific requirements, determined by the features of using the term (Grinev-Grinevich S.V., 2008):

1. Requirements to meaning:

- Semantic consistency (absence of inconsistency between lexical meaning of a term as a word and its meaning in the terminology given);

- Unambiguity;

- Full meaning (the minimum number of features, sufficient for identifying the notion implied);

- Absence of synonyms;

2. Requirements to form:

- Correspondence with language norms (elimination of professional jargonisms, phonetical and grammatical deviations from norms; substitution of forms, unusual for literal language; compliance with language norms);

- Briefness (lexical - absence of tautology; formal - preference to the terms with a shorter form);

- Derivational capacity;

- Invariance (stability of form);

- Motivation (semantic transparency, allowing to imagine the notion, named by the term, e.g. systematic character - the place of a notion in system);

3. Special (pragmatic) requirements:

- Integration (general acceptance by specialists, scientific society or usage of a term);

- International character;

- Modernity (outdated terms should be displaced);

- Euphony;

- Esotericism (deliberate inaccessibility of a term).

It is important to note that S. V. Grinev-Grinevich emphasized that the requirements mentioned above are followed to a greater or a lesser extent. Potentially, the reason is that if a certain term does not correspond to some criteria but its necessity is determined by the development of a specific field of knowledge, it can be introduced in a language.

As far as a word has undergone the process of terminologizaton, it begins to perform a number of functions. V.M. Leychik suggests that function of a term should be understood as a role, performed by a term as means of denoting a common special notion. It is possible to focus on functions of words, as terms are based on lexical units of language. The linguist distinguishes 7 principal functions (Leychik, V. M., 2009):

1. Nominative/representative (terms name notions);

2. Significative (function of denotation, sign);

3. Communicative/informative (way of transmitting information about content and style);

4. Teaching (special knowledge is transmitted within time during scientific communication and teaching);

5. Pragmatic (correlation between the language sign and participants, conditions and sphere of communication);

6. Heuristic (discovery of new knowledge and the truth, participation in scientific cognition);

7. Cognitive (term is a result of a long process of cognition of subjects and notions in objective reality and internal life of a person).

After that, the terms that possess similar functions and relate to one and the same field are arranged into more complex structures. They become the elements of terminologies which are defined as sets of terms, used in a particular field of knowledge (Grinev-Grinevich S.V., 2008). It is important to note that terminology needs to be structured because there is inconsistency between it and the corresponding system of notions, due to borrowings of terms from other languages. As a consequence, the main goal of terminologists is to investigate development of terminologies and formulate recommendations for their improvement and effective use. Terminology remains a successful example of organizing terms in systems.

Therefore, on the basis of the points described above, the following can be inferred: there is no single correct definition of the notion of term. The reason is that there are a large number of approaches to definition of term, a number of peculiarities and requirements. Moreover, terms are multifunctional and are a part of diverse sciences and professional spheres.

1.2 Methods of translation of terms. Non-equivalent vocabulary

Translation should be defined in a way that describes the goal of conversion of one text, written in one language, into another. According to Komissarov V.N., translation means language mediation, entirely oriented at the original text (Komissarov V.N., 1990). Consequently, the aim of translation is to provide such a type of interlanguage communication, in which the target language presents not only the full communicative substitution of the original text, but is also equated with the latter in function, structure and context. Meanwhile, translation is defined as the activity that implies the differentiated reformulation, recoding of text in one language into another language, realized by a translator (Alekseeva I.S., 2004). The translator creatively selects an option, depending on variable language resources, type of translation, aims of translation, the text type and taking into account own individual nature. In addition, translation is both process and result of the activity stated above (Alekseeva I.S., 2004).

Translation is related to words, as well as to terms. Accurate translation of terms is necessary and it is explained by two principal reasons. First of all, it contributes to the precision of translation of the whole text of a special sphere. Secondly, it is possible to minimize misunderstanding by potential readers that is the main goal of all specialized translators. At the same time, while translating, unqualified people face difficulties in understanding of terms (Volgina M.Yu., 2013). This may result in the selection of inappropriate units in the target language or confused situations in intercultural communication. Translators should pay special attention to terms, taking into account the context and the common view of it in source language.

In order to organize the translation process effectively and choose the right approach, methods of translation should be considered. Primarily, it should be stated that terms can be translated in two ways: direct (literal) and indirect (Volgina M.Yu., 2013). Direct translation implies that a message in the source language is transferred easily into the target language, when the messages are based on parallel categories (structural parallelism) or parallel notions (metalinguistic parallelism). However, it does not always happen like this, as there can be gaps that need to be filled or substituted by equivalents to save the original sense. In particular, this may concern terms, which can be presented in one language but have not still been developed in another country, or other cultural realities. This leads to the occurrence of borrowings in a language that will be described below. Moreover, some stylistic effects cannot be transmitted without adjusting sequence of elements or even changing lexical units (Volgina M.Yu., 2013).

As this paper focuses on translation of terms, it is necessary to consider non-equivalent vocabulary and the notion of borrowings. Tourism terminology of the English language is characterized by the presence of non-equivalent lexical items. As a term, non-equivalent vocabulary means the absence of equivalent of a particular lexical unit in the vocabulary of another language. However, it does not mean that such vocabulary cannot be translated. The absence of equivalent in the lexical supply of another language makes it possible to explain the notion, using other linguistic means translate the term (Barkhudarov L.S., 1975). There are several ways of transmission of a certain meaning, applied for non-equivalent vocabulary:

1. Transliteration and transcription. Transliteration implies the transmission of the graphical form of the original word, while transcription - its sound form. Both ways are used for foreign proper nouns, geographical names, etc. Additionally, transcription is also applied for national realities, especially in description of life and events that happen abroad. Thus, bilingual dictionaries quite frequently apply this method for non-equivalent vocabulary, as a rule, providing further explanation;

2. Tracing implies substitution of elements of non-equivalent lexical items, such as morphemes and words, by their direct lexical consistencies in the target language;

3. Descriptive translation. The meaning is conveyed by means of extended word combinations in the target language. In other words, it means providing a definition of a lexical item. However, one drawback of the method is its massiveness and complexity;

4. Approximate translation (translation with the help of analogy) is defined as selection of a lexical consistency for a certain word that is the closest in meaning. It is used when the original word has no exact equivalent in target language. Such approximate equivalents can be called “analogies”. It is crucial to consider that the method sometimes can provide partly correct or unclear representation of the object or notion. Consequently, it is necessary not only to make an analogy, but also to give a clarification;

5. Transformational translation is the rearrangement of syntactic structure of a sentence and/or lexical substitutions, involving entire change of meaning of the original word, what is called “lexical-grammatical translation transformations”. In his turn, Komissarov defines translation transformations as means of translation, used for overcoming typical difficulties.

Despite the existence of 5 methods and potential appropriateness of several approaches in one case, it is necessary for translators to consider the target audience and to prioritize the method, which provides a better understanding. This deliberate choice helps to fill the lexical gaps effectively.

To express it more scientifically, the means of transcription, tracing and descriptive translation create occasional translation equivalent, word or word combination, not included in the lexical supply of target language and used as a potential lexical unit (Barkhudarov L.S., 1975). In case of selecting an occasional consistency for non-equivalent unit, it is possible to use lexical substitutions (Komissarov V.N., 1990).

Therefore, it is observed that the lack of direct equivalents does not necessarily mean impossibility of translation from the source into the target language. The translator has a right to apply any of 5 methods mentioned above, taking into consideration resources of both languages.

1.3 The notion of borrowing

Some methods of translation for non-equivalent vocabulary (transcription and transliteration) lead to the increasing number of borrowings, appearing in target language. Due to the globalization processes in the modern world, borrowings have entered the majority of spheres, including the tourism industry. Features of culture, sciences and professional spheres are shared between countries, and thus, states improve their development and position in the world, and in the market. As a result of this process, terms are borrowed into the scientific domain and various professions (specialists in the sphere of tourism, translators, etc.) in the Russian language, in order to fill lexical gaps. The notion of borrowings is defined as addressing the lexical stock of other languages, in order to express new notions, further differentiate already existing objects and denote unknown things (Akhmanova O.S., 1968).

Words that come from English into the Russian language are usually called “anglicisms”. “Anglicism” is “the feature of English, transferred into another language” (Brokgauz F., Efron I., 2006). On the one hand, if “Anglicisms” appear in the language in large numbers, this does not correspond to Russian linguistic norms. Exactly, the features of word formation and wording, typical for the source language, are observed in the target one. This way the word-order “attribute + defined word” is taken from English and transferred into Russian, e.g. English breakfast - “Angliyskiy zavtrak”, family suite - “femili s'yut”, etc. (Vlasenko, S. V., 2009).

On the other hand, the translators usually follow language innovations, introducing borrowings, which contributes to the semantic development of the special field of knowledge. It can be concluded that the Russian lexical supply is replenished by the English units, especially in tourism (Stoyanova R.S., 2018). The Russian terminology is characterized by a large percentage of “Anglicisms”, which is explained by the development of tourism in Russia. As a result, new borrowings require their nominations to complete gaps in the language word stock (Gureeva A.A., Sidorovich T.S., 2016). Thus, the notion of borrowings is one of the major features of the Russian terminology of tourism, as it helps to express as many terms as possible in the Russian tourism sphere. This will be observed further in the paper.

“Anglicisms” perform a number of significant functions in the Russian tourism terminology (Stoyanova R.S., 2018):

1. They substitute the terms by more recent units, which are considered to be more prestigious, e.g. “двухместный номер” - “твин” (twin), “заезд” - “чекин/чек-ин” (check-in), etc.;

2. They introduce borrowings to fill the lexical gaps for new national realities, e.g “оказание взаимопомощи в поиске ночлега в путешествии” - “каучсёрфинг” (couchsurfing), “центр здоровья и красоты” - “велнесс-центр” (wellness center), etc.

It should be mentioned that together the functions of the English borrowings above make the Russian tourism more beneficial and actively developed, as the quality of the services provided and the Western orientation are highlighted. As the terms of international recognition enter the Russian language, they tend to maintain the European character and thus, enhance intercultural communication.

In addition to this principal role, “Anglicisms” serve as a source of synonymy of Russian terms because the borrowing occurs for 3 specific purposes (Stoyanova R.S., 2018). Firstly, they help to denote the notions in Russian tourism, in order to show their interconnection with the English language and make the terms more expressive (e.g. “букинг” (booking) - “бронирование”). Secondly, some terms are borrowed to provide maximally accurate translation. This is relevant for the notions or concepts that seem to be similar but have slight differences in Russian (e.g. “трансфер” - “доставка”). Thirdly, borrowings contribute to a single-component structure, as the Russian tourism terminology is characterized by multicomponent terms (e.g. “твин” (twin) - “двухместный номер с раздельными кроватями”), what makes the degree of precision higher.

Another significant note should be made about the constructions with borrowings. These are called hybrid terms and imply the combination of a Russian lexical unit and a borrowed word (Stoyanova R.S., 2018). The latter is not necessarily translated by means of transliteration but it can be presented in the original form of the source language. For example, spa-industry has 2 options for translation: with transliterated word “спа” and with its native form. It can be suggested that in such cases, both lexemes, forming the hybrid term, are taken from English and as a whole, the combination is a complete borrowing in Russian. The same situation concerns “шатл-сервис” - shuttle-service, but in the combination “Spa-курорт” - SPA-resort) the given definition of the hybrid terms is fully observed.

As a consequence, the problem of terms translation deserves special attention in the study of language and is investigated by many modern scientists. V.N. Komissarov writes that the aim of translation is the provision of equivalence, as similarity of content in the source and target languages (Komissarov V.N., 1990). It is important to note that non-equivalent vocabulary should be addressed carefully, applying the methods mentioned above. Moreover, though during specialized translation it is practically impossible to transfer the whole meaning of the text given, terms need thorough analysis. In this context, professional approach is vital, as sometimes it is possible to introduce a new unit in a language without borrowing the terms in the way they are presented in the source language. A high level of borrowings can have both positive and negative consequences.

1.4 Tourism industry in Russia: modern situation

Before shifting to the terms in the sphere of tourism, the current condition of this field in Russia should be investigated to justify the necessity of their translation. Officially, tourism means that a person, who is a tourist, should leave its permanent location on a temporary basis and go to another location or country (Birzhakov M.V., 2006). In general, tourism is considered to be the principal element of the world economy, as it constitutes the major part of financial incomes of both well and less developed states (Costa J., 2017; Inkson C., Minnaert L., 2012; Mason P., 2015). In the modern world, tourism options are diverse in conditions and destinations. According to Sheresheva M., Kopiski J., “a lot of different resources and competencies are needed to provide tourists with a combination of experiences, and, thus, to make a destination attractive” (Sheresheva M., Kopiski J., 2016).

There is a more comprehensive term “tourism industry”, implying a set of private and other means of accommodation, transport, objects of public food service, entertainment, education, business, health, sport and other objects, tour operators and agencies, and also organizations that realize excursions and provide service of tour guides and translators (Federal Law of Russian Federation №12-FL of 5 February 2007). Tourism industry consists of the following parts: industry of hospitality, service, entertainment, accommodation, nutrition and tour operators (Lazarev V.A., 2012).

In Russia, the development of tourism experienced some challenges in 2014-2018, causing negative consequences for the national economy. Substantial depreciation of the ruble, bankruptcy of the majority of tour agencies, airlines and limited travel opportunities for Russian citizens, related to Egypt and Turkey have been the major reasons for changes (Gudkov A., Dedkova E., Dudina, K., 2018). Sales in the tourism segment of the market decreased dramatically and thus, tour agencies and operators incurred losses. Despite this, the rates of domestic tourism were improved and remained high until 2018. As a result, new various travel options appeared on the market in Russia, especially within the country (Bystrov, S.A., 2016). Obviously, the country fell behind in development of the industry but together with Russian tourists, it took proactive steps and improved the domestic situation.

Analyzing the official data on the situation described, in 2017, Rosstat stated the number of Russian tourism trips, including both inbound and outbound ones, tended to fluctuate (Russia in Figures, 2017). Over the period from 1994-2003, the number of arrivals exceeded departures. In contrast, during the next 9 years, departures from Russia were frequent and in 2013, accounted for unprecedented 54 million. Subsequently, after one year, the situation returned to the previous condition - departures began to decline.

Already in 2015, the figure equaled 36 million Russian tourists. In particular, the figure still remains higher this year than in 2010 in Russia. At the same time, Asian representatives replaced European tourists in Russia, but in 2016-2017, the situation was vice-versa (Sheresheva M., 2018). As for the year of 2017, 2 sides of inbound tourism can be observed: football lovers, coming during the FIFA Confederations Cup Russia 2017; other people, coming from abroad in advance, as they were not inspired by football (Sheresheva M., 2018).

Taking into account the financial opportunities of Russian tourists and the data presented above, it is also possible to add that people do not lose the interest to international travel and acquaintance with other cultures (Sheresheva, M., 2018). On the contrary, they strive for travelling and learning about its various potential forms. For example, wellness tourism is a constantly developing segment and gastronomic tours are paid special attention to (Bjцrk P., Kauppinen-Rдisдnen, H., 2014; Gheorghe G., Tudorache P., Nistoreanu P., 2014). As a result, hotel industry is being developed in order to correspond to personal tastes and needs and contribute to the increase in tourism among Russians and all people, in general. In addition, effective communication, involving representatives of diverse cultures, is necessary to provide tourists, who travel to a certain destination, with high-level services and memories (Baggio R., 2011; Cabiddu F., Lui T.W., Piccoli G., 2013; Della Corte V., Aria M., 2016).

Consequently, some measures to be taken are already initiated by the Government of Russia (Sheresheva M., 2018). The cluster approach, the application of which started in the last decade is not rejected but is going to be combined with improving public-private partnership (Alexandrova A., Vladimirov Y., 2016). Furthermore, the government of Russia intends to coordinate the process of tourism development plans. In particular, the idea implies 5 principal aims: the suggestion is to put the emphasis on 5 types of tourism during a six-year period (2019-2025). The selected types include cultural, health, active, cruise and ecotourism (Alexandrova A., Vladimirov Y., 2016).

To summarize, the development of the tourism segment of the Russian market has not passed without facing challenges. As tourism is one of the major incomes of economy, it needs improvements and amendments. The Government of Russia should participate in this market sector that is what is already planned to be realized. In this case, the translation of tourism terms presents professional and academic interest because to improve means to increase the quality. It is also connected with new services that are well-developed abroad or have already entered the tourism terminology.

1.5 English terminology of tourism

Tourism, like any professional domain or science, has its own special terminology. The tourism industry has not been paid significant attention in scientific sphere, as its rapid development began in the last century (Denisova G., Drozd A., Romanovich R., 2011). The historical impact of tourism can be considered as an extra linguistic factor. There are 3 main stages: 1) from the travel of Moses to the Promised Land and the trip of Marco Polo to China in 1200 until the end of the 19^th century; 2) the “Golden Age” of tourism from the end of the 19^th century until the middle of the 20^th century; 3) from the middle of the 20^th century to the present time (Denisova G., Drozd A., Romanovich R., 2011).

The first stage brought into the English language the following terms: trip, inns, Pilgrimage journey. Moreover, spa tourism is not a new term, though it has become widespread today. In the 19^th century, in the Hungarian city of Spa, healing springs were discovered. Spa was also used as a common name for healing springs. The “Golden Age” is connected with the development of transport. For example such terms, as air travel reservations, international travel appeared. The third stage was correlated with the modern technologies (e.g. computer reservations system) and the connection of tourism with other areas (e.g. interline agreements) (Denisova G., Drozd A., Romanovich R., 2011).

Currently, the English terminology of tourism is in the most active period of development `boom' (Denisova G., Drozd A., Romanovich R., 2011). In other words, existing terms are assigned new meanings and new types of tourism are revealed. As a result, terms to denote the types appear in the language: adventure tourism, cultural tourism, ecotourism, etc.

Focusing on the analysis of the English terms, it is possible to differentiate between 4 categories (Denisova G., Drozd A., Romanovich R., 2011):

1) Goods, services, equipment and systems provided: boarding pass, coupon, check-in, tour program etc.;

2) Types of tourism: business tourism, mass tourism, etc.;

3) Employees of tourism sector: travel agent, front desk clerk, etc.;

4) Organizations, agencies and programs: DIT (Domestic Independent Tour), etc.

Another important group of terms is related to the non-equivalent vocabulary, defined earlier in the paper. Basically, there are 2 classes of such vocabulary items in English: proper names and culturally specific vocabulary. As the current paper is concentrated on common nouns, the group of terms that is special for a particular culture is of greater interest. Such terms represent national features and rarely have exact consistencies in other languages, which creates an issue for translators (Sakaeva L.R., Bazarova L.V., 2014). In addition, the terms, denoting things that appeared abroad earlier due to the faster development of tourism are also considered to be non-equivalent and thus, are subjected to analysis in the paper.

As far as the structural features of the English terminology are considered, attributive use of nouns is typical for word combinations. Word combinations frequently have transparent inner form, which helps to understand the meaning in most cases (Retsker Ya.I., 1982). Additionally, the majority of terms are formed by combining 2 or more words (full board, boarding pass, etc.). It is necessary to highlight that if the number of words in a combination increases, it is more complicated to perceive the meaning. Another effective method of word-formation is assignment of extra meaning to existing terms (e.g. shoulder season - period between high and low seasons). A number of terms are formed by the means of word-composition (e.g. motorcoach). In order to understand the meaning of such terms accurately, the translator should analyze their components (Denisova, G., Drozd A., Romanovich R., 2011).

1.6 Russian terminology of tourism

Taking into consideration the Russian terminology of tourism, the terms are divided into 3 groups (Vinogradova, L. V., 2010). Firstly, tourism cannot operate effectively without organizations:

1) Participants and organizers of tourism: “принимающая сторона” - host, “автотурист” - motorist, “ритейлер” - retailer, etc.;

2) Types and forms of tourism: “тур «все включено»” - all-inclusive tour, “ознакомительный тур” - familiarization tour, etc.;

3) Organizational processes: “бронирование” - booking, “туристский маршрут” - itinerary, etc.;

4) Tourist documentation: “агентский договор” - agency agreement, “купон” - travel coupon, etc.;

5) Realization, promotion and advancement of tourist product: “туристический каталог” - travel catalogue, “туристическая брошюра” - tourist brochure, etc.

Secondly, accommodation has always been one of the most significant needs of tourist:

1) Means of accommodation: “апарт-отель” - apart hotel, “смежные номера” - connecting rooms, etc.;

2) Hotel processes: “регистрация” - check-in, “поздний выезд” - late check-out, etc.;

3) Hotel services: “обслуживание на этаже” - floor service, “поднос багажа” - porterage, etc.

4) Types of accommodation: “размещение без питания” - accommodation only, “размещение и завтрак” - bed and breakfast, etc.

Lastly, the core stage of a trip is transportation. Consequently, the following groups of terms are distinguished:

1) Air transportations: “авиаперевозчик” - air-carrier, “посадочный талон” - boarding pass, “внутренний рейс” - domestic flight, etc.;

2) Overland transportations:

- car: “аренда автомобиля” - car rental, “туристский автобус” - coach, etc.;

- railway: “круизный поезд” - cruise train, “спальный вагон” - sleeping car, etc.

3) Water transportations: “круизная линия” - cruise line, “внешняя каюта” - outside cabin, etc.

Based on this classification, the English tourism terminology has a more generalized classification of the terms. Potentially, this is due to the higher complexity of the Russian language. Despite this classification, it is necessary to pay special attention to the fact that only 63% of Russian tourist terms have complete or partial equivalents in English (Vinogradova L.V., 2010). Most of all, this is explained by the peculiarities of formation of terminologies. Thus, many terms, taking into account their non-equivalence in English, were brought into the Russian language during the Soviet period. The following terms can be cited as examples: “гусятник” (meeting tourists in a city after the trip); “дневка” (one complete day in trip), “радиальный маршрут” (route which as a rule, has one constant stay) (Vinogradova L.V., 2010).

It should be noted that Russian terminology of tourism regularly strives for introducing new terms or filling the existing gaps by the means of borrowing. For example, a recently emerged in the international market term for special type of tourism - glamping (glamorous camping) is already in active use in Russia and is called “глемпинг” (Vinogradova L.V., 2010). Furthermore, the terms “couch surfing” («каучсёрфинг») or “hobby tourism” («хобби-туризм») also exemplify the idea described.

As for the structural features of the Russian terminology of tourism, the most commonly used terms are word combinations, and adjective-substantial model prevails (e.g. “туристская индустрия” - tourism industry, “гостиничный комплекс” - hotel complex, etc.). Moreover, complex terms (e.g. “апартамент-люкс” - luxury apartment, “вагон-буфет” - buffet car, etc.) and terms formed by the means of abbreviation (e.g. “туроператор” - tour operator, “авиарейс” - flight, etc.) are considered to be the most widespread (Sakaeva L.R., Bazarova L.V., 2018).

As it was mentioned above, Russian tourist terms also tend to be borrowed from other languages. Some scientists suppose that “anglicisms” help to transmit the specificity of new notions for Russian society. It is accepted that international lexical units can be used in official communication, as it allows to minimize misunderstanding. For example, it is appropriate to use abbreviations, which denote types of food in the description of accommodation (e.g. HB (HalfBoard) - breakfast and supper) (Vinnikova M.N., Kornilova E.D., Pavitskaya Z.I., 2018). However, “anglicisms” create an issue because sometimes they are used to make the speech more “prestigious”. This is related to both employees and tourists, who want to demonstrate the Western orientation (Vinnikova M.N., Kornilova E.D., Pavitskaya Z.I., 2018).

In this context, it is necessary to highlight that there are more foreign borrowings in the Russian tourism than in English (Sakaeva L.R., Bazarova L.V., 2018). There are mainly French borrowings in the English tourism terminology (e.g. “couchette” - “спальное место”, “tour” - “тур, поездка”, “excursion” - “экскурсия”) (Sakaeva L.R., Bazarova L.V., 2018). Notably, this is the evidence of the later development of Russian tourist terminology, in comparison with the English one. As a consequence, it can be suggested that professional negotiations in the tourism sphere in Russia were more productive, as international contacts contributed to the presence of many borrowed lexical units (Sakaeva L.R., Bazarova L.V., 2018). Foreign borrowings contribute to business communication, as they are usually the terms that are internationally recognized.

Taking into account the current stage of development, typical for the terminology of tourism, the number of terms increases. In general, multicomponent terms dominate in the terminology of tourism (Sakaeva L.R., Bazarova L.V., 2018). They are defined as complex semantic and structural formation, implying different combinations of term components (Imamutdinova E.T., 2005).

The lexical supply is advanced by the following means (Sakaeva L.R., Bazarova L.V., 2018):

1) Borrowing from other languages (e.g. “вагон-бар” - wagon-bar);

2) Affixes and morphemes (e.g. “оформление билетов” - ticketing);

3) Word-composition (e.g. “судно на воздушной подушке” - hovercraft);

4) Word-combination (e.g. “разрешение на постоянное место жительства” - residence permit).

Despite active development of the terminology given, the field of translation, especially of tourism sector, faces the problem of an increasing number of people, learning foreign languages. On the one hand, it is a positive driver because tourists can get acquainted with representatives of the country visited in their native or foreign language. On the other hand, professional duties of translators lose their core; as such people think that if they have learnt the language, they can translate written texts. As a result, there are texts that actually do not mispresent the sense but practically, are not professional translation, because functional-pragmatic information is lost. Additionally, both recipients and addressers get used to the low text quality (Korolkova S.A., Novozhilova A.A., Sheiko A.M., 2017).

Having analyzed Russian and English terminologies of tourism, it is possible to conclude that they have classification of terms but in English, it is narrower and more general. The Russian tourism terms mostly have a multicomponent structure. As a whole, these features indicate the complexity of the Russian language. Moreover, the Russian terminology includes a large number of borrowings from the English language, which can be positive and negative at the same. Borrowings contribute to strong international contacts but are also connected with pretending to represent Western culture and used to sound more “prestigious”.

2. Practical Part

2.1 Methodology of the research

The study combines quantitative and qualitative methods. The data of the research has been collected through a large professional glossary of tourism terms, compiled by Moshnyaga E.V. (2008). This dictionary is used, because:

1. It comprises 2 parts, namely, English-Russian and Russian-English equivalents. Thus, if necessary, it is possible to check whether some terms possess more than one meaning in one of the languages;

2. There are more than 10.500 terms, presented in the dictionary, which tries to cover the whole industry of tourism, including hotel services;

3. The author has managed to transfer the meanings into Russian, without using English borrowings, and vice versa. Thus, it helps to understand, whether a certain tourism organization in its glossary has used a Russian equivalent, simply provided a definition or introduced a borrowing.

While selecting the terms, the method of continuous sampling was applied. It means that we focused on all spheres of tourism (e.g. booking, hotel service, etc.). Thus, having estimated the frequency of the appearance of the dictionary terms on the Internet, we have chosen 43 lexical units in the dictionary (Appendix 1). These terms are semantically related to the topic of tourism and they have had the largest number of online references. Afterwards, 5 glossaries of 5 various tourism organizations (4 tour operators and 1 booking website) have been consulted, in order to find the consistencies.

1. The glossary of TEZ TOUR. The tour operator is considered to be the top leader in tour trips from Russia to the countries of CIS. It was founded in 1994. There are 124 terms presented in the glossary to date, which are formed in 10 groups, namely, information in airline tickets; in hotel (2); accommodation types; board types; currency; flight; insurance; entertainment and sport; health service. Except for the group currency, the group Flight includes the smallest number of terms (3 units), while the group in hotel (2) has the largest number (28 units);

2. The glossary of AREAL TOUR. The chain of specialty tour agencies is located in Orenburg, and is also called “Tour club”. It operates with a number of widely famous Russian tour operators, such as Anex tour, Mouzenidis Travel, Pegas Touristik, etc. One of the special features of the company is that it does not only offer tour services, but also has a center of teaching tourism.

Therefore, the glossary can be characterized by detailed explanations of each tour service, notion, hotel service, accommodation, etc. The terms are not arranged into groups on the aspect of tourism, with which they are connected. In total, there are 206 lexical units: 175 terms of diverse tourism services, and a list of 31 principal abbreviations, commonly acknowledged in international tourism. Each of the 2 glossary parts follows alphabetic order;

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