Lexical-semantic and structural-functional peculiarities of lexical reduplicates in English

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Lexical-semantic and structural-functional peculiarities of lexical reduplicates in English

Shumenko O.A., PhD in Philology, Associate Professor; Kostriukova V.O., Student at the Germanic Philology Department of the Sumy State University

Summary

The article considers to the study of lexical reduplication in the English language as an important component of the linguistic picture of the world. In the field of our study is their semantic load and functional characteristics. The article focuses on the peculiarities of the semantic content of the revisions influencing the translation of data of linguistic units, as well as on the models of the formation of lexical reduplicates of the English.

Key words: lexical reduplicates markers, model, and semantic load, reduplicative.

Анотація

Стаття присвячена вивченню лексичної редуплікації в англійській мові як важливого компонента мовної картини світу. У полі зору нашого дослідження - їх семантичне навантаження та функціональні характеристики. У статті фокусується увага на особливостях семантичного наповнення редуплікатів, що впливають на переклад цих мовних одиниць, а також на моделях утворення лексичних редуплікатів англійської мови.

Ключові слова: лексичні редуплікати, маркери, редуплікат.

Аннотация

Статья посвящена изучению лексической редупликации в английском языке как важного компонента языковой картины мира. В поле зрения нашего исследования - их семантическая нагрузка и функциональные характеристики. В статье фокусируется внимание на особенностях семантического наполнения редупликатов, влияющих на перевод данных языковых единиц, а также на моделях образования лексических редупликатов английского языка.

Ключевые слова: лексические редупликаты, маркеры, редупликат.

Introduction. The study of this topic is associated with the emergence of a large number of different word-building models. The article focuses on the coverage of certain similarities and differences in these models, paying attention to the structure of the word, the lexical and semantic load of models in English.

An important condition for the existence of any language is its continuous development, which is expressed in the emergence of new words. Knowledge of the world, the emergence of new terms and concepts in the language, constant changes in the social life of man, progress in science occurs permanently and continuously. Consequently, the language has the ability to be replenished with non-interrupted new formation, that is, new lexical units, grammatical forms and stylistic variants. That is why the field of our study is word formation.

The urgency of the topic is determined by the tendency of modern linguistics to in-depth systemic study of various types of word-formation, system-functional parameters of language units; little research of lexical reduplication.

The object of the study is the English lexical reduplication, the subject of the study - their functional, structural and semantic characteristics.

The purpose of the article is to identify the groups of lexical reduplicates, as well as to identify and emphasize the surface and depth structures, and to study their semantic role. In accordance with this goal, the following main tasks are fulfilled:

to consider and identify the structure of the lexical system of contemporary English;

to select groups of reduplicates that are available in modern English and describe them.

Research methods. Execution of the tasks envisaged in the work necessitated the complex application of various methods. Component and contextual analysis methods are used to inventory the lexical-semantic group and to clarify the semantic structure of the studied reduplicates.

The material of the study served as text examples from the works of English literature. The total volume of the studied units is about 150 words.

Every language is in daily progress, and many factors are affected by this. There are so-called intra-linguistic and external extra-linguistic factors [1]. The essence of the development of any language is twofold: on the one hand, the language changes in accordance with its internal principles, which are laid down in it, which make it possible to change in one direction or another, and on the other, not all possible changes can be realized. Extra-linguistic social factors, that is, the extra-linguistic context, tend to affect the language not directly, but indirectly, through the carrier of the given language.

In linguistics, as a rule, distinguish the following most important ways of creating new words in a grammatical way: fixation, conversion and word formation, and one of the most effective form of word formation in almost all languages of the world is the reduplication, which consists in the combination of components [2]. At present, in linguistics there is a discussion issue on the development of reduplication, as a separate method of word formation.

Reduplication (from lat. Re-duplicatio - doubling) is a phono- morphological phenomenon consisting of doubling the initial syllable (partial reduplication: eng. - cocoa) or the whole root (complete reduplication: eng. - gru-gru, hiwi-hiwi). Reduplication as a linguistic phenomenon is a repeat, doubling of units of different language levels through a complete or (more often) partial repetition of the root, of the basis, or of the whole word, sometimes with the help of the affixing method (affix reduplication), without change or with some change in their sound [3], and it is also a model for creating new words, phraseological units, lexical constructions that can carry a combination of grammatical and semantic meaning. This type of word formation can express not only stylistic and lexical meanings [4], but also grammatical, which is reflected in personal pronouns and using the ablaut at the root of the word, which is an indicator of a perfect time form. Also, the use of reduplication is often used as a variation of lexical meaning, for the expression of caress, intensity. An example can be such a phenomenon as ideophonism - the use of words whose meaning is reproduced in the simulation of environmental sounds, onomatopoeia [4], for example: eng. - bow-bow, ding-ding; ukr. - гав-гав, дзинь-дзинь. And also the doubling of the foundation, without its phonetic changes, for example: eng. - bye-bye, or with the change of only the root vowel [4], for example: eng. - pingpong, chit-chat. The linguistic term of the previous model is gradational reduplication.

The next differentiation of the term reduplication is the phenomenon of the speech game [5], which has its manifestation in traditional children's poems, taking certain national-cultural specifics in specific languages, influenced by the peculiarities of a particular language as a whole [5], as well as of each language level.

Lexical reduplicates of the English can be divided into two large groups - complete and partial/incomplete reduplication.

List 1

This indention is based on such a phenomenon as doubling the stems, where in certain cases there are certain changes, and in other such changes does not occur. To describe the reduplication, two concepts are used in linguistics - reduplicate and reduplicative [5]. Reduplicate is the first component, and the reduplicative is the second one. In other words, the reduplicate is an element that needs to be repeated, and the reduplicative is an element that is repeated. Since reduplicate and reduplicative do not always coincide, there are several models of lexical reduplication [6]. The first lexical reduplication model is a complete reduplication, that is, the reduplicate completely repeats the reduplicative, in which such doubling acts, for example: eng. - bye-bye, jaw-jaw; ukr. - великий-великий, далеко-далеко. However, a special group consists of such reduplicates, created by the method of onomatopoeia [6], by a complete repetition of the basis, for example: eng. - ha-ha, haw-haw; ukr. - кап-кап, дзинь-дзинь. In the first case, it is possible to observe the doubling of the basic (variable) parts of the language and accurately follows the purpose of this word formation, which is to enhance the effect of the information produced on the addressee [7]. The logical conclusion is that from practically any word you can create a lexical reduplicate that relates to the notable (conjugated) parts of the languages. Speaking about a case with an onomatopoeia well, there is also a doubling function - to reproduce this or that sound [7].

The second model is a complete or partial reduplication, where the reduplicative changes its appearance [7]. In this regard, it can be stated that this is a more complicated process of classification than the classification of the complete reduplication. Incomplete or partial reduplication is a phonomorphological phenomenon that consists of doubling the word-forming stem with phonetic or morphemic changes. Thus, incomplete or partial reduplication is represented by a divergent and complicated system, which in turn has subtypes:

- divergent, with changes in the sound composition - the change of the vowel sound in the second structural component of the reduplication [8], for example: eng. - shilly-shally; ukr. - тик-так, - change of the consonant's sound in the second structural component of the reduplication, usually the alternation of a voiceless fricative sound with a flap sound, for example: eng. - hurry-scurry; ukr. - тяп-ляп. In addition, in lexical reduplicates of this model, a combination of two consonants may also be found, for example: eng. - slipper-slopper [8].

- complicated - an additional element (suffix and / or prefix) [8] is added to the reduplicative, that is, with additional changes already in either or in any structural component of the reduplication, using affixes, for example: eng. - clinkety-dink; ukr. - цап-царап, - with reduction of the stem of any component of the reduplicate, but more often in the second structural component of the reduplicate, for example: eng. - dollo-dollar, handy-andy; ukr. - баю-бай, улю-лю. For this type of lexical reduplication, the clusters inside the reduplicates, which consist of three consonant sounds, one of which is prone to doubling, is also characteristic of English, for example: eng. - hoddley-poddley, higglety-pigglety.

In English, rhyming combinations are also commonly used with reduplication [9], which is singled out in a separate form of word formation, so-called s (c) hm reduplication and a large number of examples, most often used as slang with negative connotative values, for example: eng. - You should not start out all fancy-schmancy with the stuff you only see on TV; ukr. - Не варто тобі починати зі всіх цих наворочених штук, які роблять тільки по телевізору.

The English language is more inclined to create reduplicates than Ukrainian [9]. As a result of comparing lexical reduplicates based on the parts of the modern English and Ukrainian languages, it was found that most of the English reduplicates are represented by nouns, while the Ukrainian language is exclamations. Also, it is a very important fact that verb stem are often found in the Ukrainian language [9], but they find their application mostly in native language [10], for example: ukr. - дощик кап-кап, песик гав-гав, whereas in English - in spoken adult languages, for example: eng. - to grand-stand; ukr. - вихвалятися, пускати пил в очі; eng. - to flim-flam; ukr. - брехати, обманювати. The number of adjectives in English is greater, because as a result of conversion, a large number of adjectives are used to achieve a communicative purpose [10]. As for the adverbs, it can be stated that the Ukrainian language is richer than English, but there is an exception to the adverbs created by reduplication, such adverbs are found in the vast majority of cases only in colloquial language, since they are formed by means of prefixes, having the corresponding connotate.

Also, you should pay attention to the translation of lexical reduplicates, namely the complexity that arises in this [10]. First, it should be highlighted that the translation of polysemantic lexical units depends on the competence of the translator. Secondly, the context that gives a certain emotional color to the whole text is a very important fact. We can conclude that when translating from English into Ukrainian, parts of the language, which include reduplication, are changing [11]. Reduplicates-nouns occupy one of the most numerous groups in English. This is explained by the fact that during a communicative act we use nouns most often, since they themselves can point to objects of action on objects that are around us [11]. They are presented in all types of reduplication, inherent in the analytic structure of the English language, while the adherence to the part of the language, to the noun, translating into the Ukrainian language, with the scheme for example:

1. eng. - You must get tired of all that horrible ribble-rabble (Holly Seddon, p. 40); ukr. - Ви, напевно, втомилися вже від цього жахливого натовпу.

2. eng. - Her disappearance is such a hugger-mugger (Holly Seddon, p. 256); ukr. - Її зникнення - це загадка.

3. eng. - This entire script is flim-flam! (Alan Titchmarsh, p. 186); ukr. - Весь цей сценарій - цілковитий обман.

List 2

In terms of verbs, it can be said that they represent a smaller group, but despite this, they are also represented in all types of reduplication, and also retain their belonging to a part of the language, to the verb [14], according to the scheme V ^ V The verbs help to express intensity action, more often an object's action, expressed by a noun, for example:

1. eng. - Don't ding-ling please, she is sleeping (Holly Seddon, p. 69); ukr. - Не дзвони, будь-ласка, вона відпочиває.

2. eng. - Well, you should hurry-scurry, before we sink (Kate Tompson, p. 13); ukr. - Ну що ж, вам необхідно поспішати, поки ми не затонули.

3. eng. - Now, Katie, chop- chop (Holly Seddon, p. 41); ukr. - А зараз, Кеті, поспіши.

An unconjugated part of the language, which makes our language brighter and more understandable to others, expressing the state, a sign of action [14]. Adjectives in English consist of a sufficiently large group of words that are used in different language styles and also belong to a part of the language, to the adjectives, according to the scheme. Adj. ^ Adj., for example:

1. eng. - Wait a minute, this is all very airy-fairy (Holly Seddon, p. 276); ukr. - Зачекай хвилинку, це все так чарівно.

2. eng. - Na, seriously this work is ticky-tacky (Kate Tompson, p. 134); ukr. - Ну справді, це ж просто недоброякісна робота.

The most numerous group among all the researched reduplicates is exclamation and onomatopoeia. There are certain functional differences between exclamation and onomatopoeia doubling [14]. Meanwhile, exclamations, as well as onomatopoeia doubling are morphologically amorphous, independent syntactically and, so called, are on the lexical-semantic periphery [14]. Among the onomatopoeia, there are some certain thematic-connotative groups where the words-reduplicates are found - such as sounds of birds, animals, imitation of sounds of various objects and mechanisms, for example:

1. eng. - Tweet-tweet, I've heard going to the garden (Holly Seddon, p. 308); ukr. - Чік-чірік, я почула йдучи до саду.

2. eng. - I can hear my heartbeat like a thump- thump (Holly Seddon, p. 45); ukr. - Я чую, як б'ється моє серце тук-тук.

Also, in separate thematic-connotative groups one can identify the exclamations - which express the variational emotions, the names of food products, the names of plants and animals, the names of dance styles, reduplication in the field of technology [14]. But it should be noted that the translation of the same part of the language in some cases is not preserved, due to the fact that the English and Ukrainian languages have different systems - analytical-synthetic, another reason is the context [14, c. 123]. Depending on the context, we can refer to such a phenomenon as transposition.

1. eng. - I like this yoo-hoo (Holly Seddon, p. 13); ukr. - Мені це подобається ю-хуу.

2. eng. - There's also King - Kong, too, but he's not really a monster (Kate Tompson, p. 55); ukr. - Також є Кінг-Конг, але він не такий уже й монстр.

3. eng. - The certain species of hod-dod are in danger (Alan Titchmarsh, p. 17); ukr. - Певні види равликів є в небезпеці.

4. eng. - Now, why don't you go-go with this coach? (Holly Seddon, p. 45); ukr. - Чому ти не займаєшся гоу-гоу з цим тренером?

Exploring the belonging of English and Ukrainian reduplicates to the parts of the languages, lexical reduplicates that belong to such parts of languages as the adverb, the adjectival, the pronoun were not revealed. Of course, this is not the fact that they do not exist at all, probably, are used quite rarely [14]. We can conclude that there are a number of lexical reduplicates belonging to the different parts of the language, drawing attention to the fact that the largest group of reduplicates, exclamations and onomatopoeia, has differences (change of belonging to parts of languages) in translation.

It goes without saying that this sample is not complete, since the phenomenon of reduplication is sufficiently variable, which is not always fixed in the dictionaries. The analysis of the belonging to the parts of the language of lexical reduplicates showed that the first place of performance is exclamations / onomatopoeia (50%), the second place is occupied by nouns (33,4%), the third place is verbs (11,4%) and fourth is adjectives (5,4%), that is, the frequency of the use of exclamations / onomatopoeia is quite high, but this cannot be said about other parts of the table that are given in the list. The range of reduplication is wide enough. The researchers agree that the reduplication of the English and Ukrainian languages is a stylistically marked word-formation method, which is, in most cases, characteristic of the deflate style of the language [15], that is, the vocabulary that differs from the literary language and linguistic standards.

Due to the fact that the development of the language is permanent, this topic will increasingly pay attention to the development of the media and advertising. This allows further study of lexical reduplication in various discourses of English.

reduplication language semantic

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Illustrative references:

1. Titchmarsh A. “Only Dad” - Great Britain by Simon and Schuster UK Ltd, 200. 357 p.

2. Seddon H. “Try not to breathe” - Great Britain by Corvus, an imprint of Atlantic Books Ltd., 2016. 372 p.

3. Thompson K. “Secrets of the Sewing Bee” - London N1 9RR by Pan Books, an imprint of Pan Macmillan 20 NewWharf Road, 10^th March 2016. 355 p.

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