The comparative aspect of studying statives as a part of speech

Ways to identify common and distinctive features of state category words in each of the languages involved. Familiarity with the features of Slavic stands as a lexical and grammatical category of words against the background of other parts of speech.

Рубрика Иностранные языки и языкознание
Вид статья
Язык английский
Дата добавления 15.12.2021
Размер файла 19,7 K

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The comparative aspect of studying statives as a part of speech

Matorina N. Candidate of Science (Linguistics), Associate Professor, Department of Germanic and Slavonic Linguistics, Donbas State Teachers' Training University

Annotation

In the article words of condition category are studied in comparative and synchronic aspect that provides an opportunity to indicate common and separate properties of impersonal predicative words in each of involved languages, and also get a deeper understanding of Slavic statives features as a grammatic group of words among other parts of speech.Studying a words of condition categories' problem in contemporary linguistic literature gives an opportunity to suppose, that the meaning of condition is a unique categorical sense, but not a special case of feature. It is shown, that a significant contribution into the words of condition category studying was made by Russianists, who, by discovering mentioned phenomenon in Russian language, made it possible to be discovered in other languages.

Key words: words of condition category, impersonal predicative words, statives, comparative analysis, synchrony.

Аnnotation

Зіставний аспект дослідження слів категорії стану як частини мови

Маторіна Н., кандидат філологічних наук, доцент кафедри германської та слов'янської філології Донбаського державного педагогічного університету

У статті станівники досліджуються в зіставно-синхронічному аспекті, що дає можливість виявити спільні та відмінні риси слів категорії стану в кожній із залучених мов, а також глибше усвідомити особливості слов'янських стативів як лексико-граматичного розряду слів на тлі інших частин мови. Вивчення проблеми слів категорії стану в сучасній лінгвістичній літературі призводить до висновку, що значення стану є особливим категоріальним значенням, а не окремим проявом ознаки. Акцентується, що значний внесок у вивчення категорії стану внесли саме вчені-русисти, які, відкривши даний феномен у російській мові, уможливили подібне відкриття в інших мовах.

Ключові слова: слова категорії стану, безособово-предикативні слова, стативи, зіставний аналіз, синхронія.

Аннотация

grammatical speech slavic

Сопоставительный аспект изучения слов категории
состояния как части речи

Маторина Н., кандидат филологических наук, доцент кафедры германской и славянской филологии Донбасского государственного педагогического университета

В статье слова категории состояния исследуются в сопоставительно синхроническом аспекте, что даёт возможность выявить общие и различные свойства безлично-предикативных слов в каждом из привлекаемых языков, а также глубже уяснить особенности славянских стативов как лексико грамматического разряда слов на фоне других частей речи. Изучение проблемы слов категории состояния в современной лингвистической литературе даёт возможность полагать, что значение состояния является особенным категориальным значением, а не частным случаем признака. Показывается, что значительный вклад в изучение категории состояния внесли именно ученые-русисты, которые, открыв данный феномен в русском языке, сделали возможным подобное открытие в других языках.

Ключевые слова: слова категории состояния, безлично предикативные слова, стативы, сопоставительный анализ, синхрония.

Formulation of the problem. Words of condition category as a part of speech have been presenting an object of intent linguists' attention for more than a hundred years already. Contoversity and complexity of approaches to the definition of grammatic status and words composition can be explained by the heterogeneity of the studied object itself, lying on the intersection of word formation, morphology, syntax and lexical semantics.

Analysis of latest publications. Words of condition categories' problem is urgent in compatative aspect. There are almost no works dedicated to this problem can be found. Among the studyings, that we managed to get aquanted with are the works by Zh. S. Sazhinov [17], G. I. Tiraspolskiy [19], A. V. Zubkov [8] etc. Relevance of given article can be defined by the necessity of complex studying of semantic, word formation and grammatic features of words of condition category in comparative and synchronic aspect. Such a research gives an opportunity to define common and separate properties of impersonal predicative words in each of the involved languages and get a deeper understanding of Slavic statives'features as a grammatic group of words among other parts of speech.

Aim of the article is to study status and words of condition category compositions in works of native and foreign grammarians.

Presentation of the basic material. In Russian philology there can be defined following approaches to the words of condition category:

1) philologists deny the existence of words of condition category as an independent part of speech (V. M. Zhirmunsky, A. B. Shapiro и др.);

2) linguists admit the existence of words of condition category, but interpret it (V. V. Vinogradov, N. S. Pospelov, Ye. M. Galkina-Fedoruk, A. V. Isachenko, A. N. Tikhonov, V. M. Panfilov etc.); 3) scientists admit the existence of the condition category only formally, pointing out, that “it would be better to devide it between parts of speech, than to devide parts of speech just because of condition category” (V. A. Trofimov, Yu. D. Apresyan, V. N. Migirin, V. V. Shigurov etc [for more detailed information: 14; 15]. All in all, the majority of modern Russian philologists quite fairly consider the condition category to be an independent part of speech.

We base on the opinion, that condition category exists in Russian language as an independent part of speech that appeared in Russian language as a result of words transposition from one part of speech to another. And we share the opinion of those scientists, who reckon, that the words of condition category is an independent part of speech, that has its own morphological, sematic and syntactic characteristics. These are words that mean static condition and play the role of predicate in impersonal sentences. In other words, condition category is an independent part of speech that expresses common meaning (or esteem) of living creatures, nature, environment in grammatic form of predicate in impersonal sentences: Мне грустно... потому что весело тебе.

(M. Yu. Lermontov).

As researchers mention, in Ukrainian language, the phenomenon of condition can be expressed not only via grammatic category of verb condition, but via independent part of speech-the founder! The founder is a group of irrevocable words with categorical meaning of unprocced condition as the additive in impersonal sentences: Нам було приємно, а господарям приємніше! Сьогодні тепло, а вчора було тепліше. Тихо стало скрізь у лузі. (Lesia Ukrainka).

Ukrainian researchers do not have fixed view on the status and composition of the words of condition category. One type of researchers- м. A. Zhovtobriukh [7], V. O. Horpynych [4], O. O. Selivanova [18] etc. - define the existence of condition category as an independent part of speech, while the other - A. P. Hryshchenko, L. I. Matsko, M. Ya. Pliushch - consider the founders in composition of other parts of speech, although they separate them and call prediactive adverbs etc. [5]

The founder was formed on basement of different parts of speech, but not in every lexical meaning, only in those, that are used as an additive. Among them there are: nouns (пора, гріх, час, жаль, сором, лихо та ін.: Осінь чудова пора. ^noun; Пора мені в путь. ^ word of condition category), adverbs (сумно, тяжко, весело, тепло, холодно etc.: Зелено, барвисто розпускались листя. ^adverb; Зелено, барвисто на лугах і полонинах. ^ word of condition category), modalists (треба, необхідно, можна, варто: Не варто служити химерному світу). But in all cases only words that lose all their other functions and only play a role of main part of sentence in monosyllables are able to become a founder. So, to the founder belong such words as ^ безлюдно, важливо, вітряно, видно, лихо, тихо etc.

In foreign linguistics the issue of adding words of condition category to the independent part of speech has never been discussed erlier. For instance, linguists, who were studying English of both strucrured and traditional directions, were also studying a group of words of mentioned category in English either in the composition of an adjective, or in the composition of an adverb. There is also no systematic explanation of mentioned category words in contemporary English dictionaries, in which they are interpreted either as adjectives, or as adverbs.

Words of condition category in foreign languages were added to the separate part of speech by soviet grammatists, who had begun to study given part of speech as an independent grammatic class influenced by Russian grammatic tradition.

This way, L. I. Barmina consider words like down, up, in, on etc. to be the words of condition category: your son is down with enteric [1]. B. A. Ilyish studies this category not so widely, so, in his opinion, both words with morphological index (a- element), and words, that express condition, but refer to different parts of speech [9] may be included to the words of condition category. Some linguists (for instance, P. I. Shleyvis) limit this group only with -a words [21].

The existing points of view on words of condition category look like this: 1) words of condition category should be attributed to the separate part of speech; this words have their features (semantic, syntactic and morphological), that differ them from other parts of speech; 2) there is no significant difference between words of condition category and adjectives;

3) the third point of view was made up by V. G. Vilyuman [2], who reckons, that given words create not an inpependent part of speech, but a lexical category, because condition is expressed by diffrent parts of speech (nouns, adjectives, participles)

Not so long ago the problem of statives was considered by A. V. Li [12], by giving a detailed analysis of the condition's expression in English, L. L. Lisina touched the issue of words of condition category valence [13].

N. V. Levina described words of condition category as a the core of sematic condition and looked through stages of their usage in English [11]. V. S. Volkov dedicated his dissertation to the description of words of condition category predicate [3].

Talking about English philologists, they used to use term “condition” or “stative” to define a special verb category in Jewish language. Only

O. Jespersen in his “Grammar philosophy” mentioned the issue of words of condition category origin, however, he attributed them to adjectives or verbal adjectives too, hat is common for foreign grammar [6].

In German language words of condition category are not separated to the independent part of speech, even though there is a row of words, that expess condition and in the function of definition their usage is limited. [16]. So, N. G. Kozinskaya defines following types of adjectives: a) those, that have different semantics in attributive and predicative functions (15 слов);

б) those, that do not have a function of prepositive definition (56 слов);

в) with limited attributive usage (10 слов) [10]. The researcher reckons, that both in German and other languages the expression of condition in time plays the role of common lexical and grammatic meaning of condition category. There are a lot of words, that mean person's condition and play the role of subject in sentences. According to author's opinion the following words may be refferd to the mentioned ones: ansichtig, eingedenk, gram, imstande, schuld, wach, willens и др.

Many Romanists (O. I. Bogomolova, N. M. Vasilieva, JL. P. Pitskova, Ye. M. Wolf, V. G. Gak, A. A. Zaliznyak, M. D. Potapova, K. Kh. Rekosh, Ye. A. Referovskaya, A. K. Vasilieva, Yu. S. Stepanov,

N. M. Shteinberg etc.) study items, that express condition. However, their studies do not go beyond admission of the existence of items, that express condition, or come down to studying only one constructuion, for instance, there is a research by T. N Cheltsova, that is dedicated to studying the construction «noun + etre + adjective» in logical and syntactic theory [20].

Conclusions and recommendations

So, a significant impact on studing the condition category was made by Russianists, who, by discovering this phenomenon in Russian language, made possible to make the same discovery in other languages. Studying of words of condition category problem in modern linguistic literarure gives an opportunity to suppose, that the meaning of condition is a special categorical item, but not just a special case of feature. Words of condition category take an active part in many languages development, enrich the vocabulary, that gives ground for fresh thoughts in the linguistic literarure.

References

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