The verb and the verbals (the non-finite forms of the verb)

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THE VERB AND THE VERBALS (THE NON-FINITE FORMS OF THE VERB)

Mammadova N.I.

Azerbaijan University of languages



Abstract

The article deals with the paradigm features of the verb in different languages. It gives some information about the part of speech. The different classification about the parts of speech has been touched upon in the article as well. Especially, the article highlights the classification by O. Musayev According to the article, the verb has taken a special role among the parts of speech. The verb is considered to be the parts of speech denoting an action or a state. In modern English, the verb is said to have the morphological categories such as person, number, tense, aspect, voice and mood. Reading the article, it becomes clear that the verbs in English can be classified according to two principles. They are 1) according to its morphological structure; 2) according to its meaning. According to their morphological structure, verbs are divided into some groups such as simple, derivative, compound, composite. According to their meaning the verbs are divided into the following groups, they are: actional verbs, statal verbs, transitive verbs, intransitive verbs, terminative verbs, non-terminative verbs. All of the classification has been analyzedfully in the article. The basic forms of the verb have also been touched upon in the article. The basic forms of the verbs in modern English are four in number. They are: the infinitive, the past indefinite, the participle II, the participle I. The infinitive is said to be built in two ways: a) The first one is the synthetic present and b) past indefinite forms, c) the present subjunctive, and d) the imperative mood. Parts of speech and their classification are considered to be one of the most pressing issues. From ancient times to modern times, the classification of parts of speech has attracted the attention of linguists and scholars.

Key words: English, verb, verb forms, morphological categories of the verb.



Анотація

verb language musaev paradigmatic

Дієслово і неособисті форми дієслова. Мамедова Н. І.

У статті розглядаються парадигмальні особливості дієслова в різних мовах, дається певна інформація про цю частину мови, також порушені різні класифікації частин мови загалом. Окремо аналізується і оцінюється класифікація О. Мусаєва. Підкреслюється, що дієслово займає особливе місце серед інших частин мови. Дієсловом прийнято вважати частини мови, що позначають дію або стан. У сучасній англійській мові дієслово має морфологічні категорії, такі як особа, число, час, вид, застава і нахил. Дієслова в англійській мові можна класифікувати за двома підставами: 1) за морфологічною будовою; 2) за змістом. За морфологічною будовою дієслова діляться на кілька груп: прості, похідні, складові, фразові. За своїм значенням дієслова поділяються на дієслова дії, дієслова стану, перехідні дієслова, неперехідні дієслова, модальні дієслова, дієслова каузатівние, деякі безособові дієслова, службові та дієслова-зв'язки, граничні і ненасичені дієслова. У статті розглянута вся класифікація. У статті також порушені основні форми дієслова. Основних форм дієслів у сучасній англійській мові чотири: інфінітив, герундій, дієприкметник I, причастя II. Відомо, що інфінітив може бути побудований двома способами: a) The first one is the synthetic present і b) past indefinite forms, c) the present subjunctive, і d) the imperative mood. Частини мови та їх класифікація вважаються одними з найбільш актуальних питань. З давніх часів і до наших днів класифікація частин мови привертала увагу лінгвістів і вчених. Під час класифікації частин мови важливо вивчити взаємозв'язок між значенням слова і його морфологічними особливостями, такими як синтаксична позиція із значенням, морфологічна ознака і синтаксична позиція. Як відомо, смисловий принцип заснований на угрупованні частин мови.

Ключові слова: англійська мова, дієслово, форми дієслова, морфологічні категорії дієслова. 

Introduction

Parts of speech and their classification are considered to be one of the most pressing issues. From ancient times to modern times, the classification of parts of speech has attracted the attention of linguists and scholars.

In the classification of parts of speech, it is important to study the relationship between the meaning of the word and its morphological features, such as the syntactic position with the meaning, the morphological feature and the syntactic position. As is well known, the semantic principle is based on the grouping of parts of speech.

The morphological principle takes into account the change of words according to their forms, while the syntactic principle takes into account the functions of words in a sentence.

The classification of parts of speech in modern English was also studied by O. I. Musayev. The parts of speech that exist in modern English differ in their role in language and speech. The parts of speech that exist in modern English can be divided into three groups:

1) the main parts of speech;

2) auxiliary parts of speech;

3) free parts of speech [Musayev et al 2009, p. 22].

E. Hajiyev is one of the linguists conducting research on the classification of parts of speech in modern English. He wrote an article on the classification of parts of speech and explained in detail the problem of classification of parts of speech [9, p. 100]. E.Hajiyev's division on parts of speech is based on O. Musayev's division. He concludes that O. Musayev's classification is more in line with the nature of language and its function. The verb differs greatly in its special place among the main parts of speech.

In return for the action he expresses, the verb plays a key role in the conversation and takes an organizing position. In different systematic languages, the verb can appear at the beginning and end of a sentence, and this does not affect its leading position. For example, in English, a verb can be used in the middle or at the beginning of a sentence, depending on the type of sentence. Let's look at examples:

/He (subject) goes (predicate) to work every day// (O, hor gun i§o gedir).

In this example, the verb is used after the clause.

Let's look at other examples that show the place of the verb in English:

1. /Time flies// (Vaxt u?ur).

2. We will try. (Biz cohd edocoyik).

3. The Aliyevs have returned. (Oliyevlor ailosi qayidib).

4. She has never driven before. (O, avvallar hey vaxt avtomobil surmayib).

5. We will try harder next time. (Biz novbati dafa daha ciddi cahd edacayik).

6. These kinds of birds sing beautifully. (Qu§larin bu novu gozal oxuyur).

7. He has not returned from the store. (O, hala dukandan qayitmayib).

8. My sister flew a helicopter in Ankara. (Manim bacim tayyara ila Ankaraya uydu).

9. My mother took our dog for a walk. (Anam itimizi gadirmaya apardi).

10. Our school cafeteria always smelled like stale cheese and dirty socks. (Bizim maktabin yemakx-anasindan hami§a kuflanmi§ pendir va yirkli corab iyi galirdi).

In English, depending on the type of sentence, the information can also be processed at the beginning of a sentence. For example:

/So wore the day away// (Belalikla, gun batdi).

Thus spoke Mr.Aliyev. (Belalikla, canab Oliyev dani§di).

Now was the moment to act. (indi harakat vaxtidir).

As can be seen, in these examples, the word order is distorted and the information precedes the principle.

In German, the predicate is often used in the second place [Palmer 1975, p. 90]. For example:

Ich (mubteda) sehe (xabar) die Sterne (direct object). (I see the stars; Man ulduzlari goruram).

Du (subject) bist (verb) mude (objective). (You are tired; San yorgunsan).

Wir (subject) lesen (verb) den Text (direct object). (We are reading the text; Biz matn oxuyuruq).

In German interrogative sentences, the subject goes to the beginning of the sentence. For example:

Sehe Ich (mubteda) (xabar) die Sterne (direct object)?

Bist du (subject) (verb) mude (objective)?

Lesen wir (subject) (verb) den Text (direct object)?

In Turkish, the subject comes at the end of the sentence. For example:

/Man har gun dostuma zang ediram// (I call my friend every day).

For similar reasons, in many European countries, linguists call the verb “living” part of speech, and other words “dead” parts of speech [10, p. 100].

The importance of the verb is often associated with its semantics. For example, L. Tipping writes that the power expressed by the verb, that is, the power of the sentence, determines its perception as the central nucleus, which is related to its semantics [Tipping 1964, p. 98]. I. Rahimov et al writes about it: `Through which objects can show their existence. For example, trees, meadows, forests, etc. with the process of greening can reflect reality in speech' [12, p. 99].

Linguistic research in recent decades has focused on the study of textual problems. As it is noted, “... although this field is a young field of research, in fact, with its development, it can shed light on the solution of many obscure problems in other fields of linguistics. As we penetrate the depths of textual linguistics, we become aware of the secrets of a particular sentence and its final parameters, the principles of behavior of a particular word within a sentence” or “a text is a syntactic complex that it eliminates its relative infinity from the point of view of meaning, certain semantic imperfections”. Our opinion is valid here: “Although language remains in the center of attention, it is treated differently. ... it (language) is explored in everyday communication as a discourse in which conclusions are drawn in relation to the intended information”.

Based on the analysis of the theoretical literature, it can be said that coherence and cohesion are inseparable; they represent different aspects of the same event and, moreover, have a complex relationship with each other. Let us add that “one of them is the semantic connection of the components, the other is the structural connection of the components”. The integrity of a text is based on its coherence, but sometimes the text, which is a more highly organized syntactic unit and able to change the semantic and associative structure of its sentence, can be interpreted as coherence due to its integrity. We believe that the text can be considered as a whole “if it is organized in terms of content, is functionally oriented to achieve a certain goal, to solve a certain speech problem”.

Objectives and tasks of the research

The main purpose of the research is to identify and inventory the study of impersonal forms of verbs in English and Azerbaijani texts. To achieve this goal, the following tasks are planned:

- Research of personal and impersonal forms of verbs in different system languages;

- To determine the features of verb paradigms;

- Defining personal forms of verbs in English and Azerbaijani languages;

- Contextual definition of impersonal forms of verbs in English and Azerbaijani languages;

- Research of verb paradigms in English art samples;

- Research of verb research in foreign English studies;



Research methods

The methods used in the research are selected in close connection with the topic. The correct choice of methods provides an objective result ofthe research work. The following methods were used in connection with the topic of our research:

1. Linguistic analysis method;

2. Observation method;

3. Contrastive-typological method;

4. Methods of discursive analysis of English and Azerbaijani literary texts.

The object of research is text-generating language tools in linguistics, and the subject is to determine their participation and role in the formation of the text.

Scientific novelty of the research

The study of the cognitive function of the impersonal forms of the verb in English and Azerbaijani is in itself important. For the first time in Azerbaijani Germanism, the cognition of impersonal forms of the verb was studied as a separate object of study. The work examines the cognitive study of impersonal forms of verbs in comparable languages, identifies their textual functions and attempts to determine the role of cognition in the discovery of their semantic fields.

The usage frequency of the topic

The study of the cognitive function of the impersonal forms of the verb in English and Azerbaijani is in itself important. For the first time in Azerbaijani Germanium, the cognition of impersonal forms of the verb was studied as a separate object of study. The work examines the cognitive study of impersonal forms of verbs in comparable languages, identifies their textual functions and attempts to determine the role of cognition in the discovery of their semantic fields.

In modern English, as in other languages, the verb is distinguished by its complex nature. A.I. Smirnitsky calls the English verb “system of systems”. When he speaks of a verb, he means both personal and impersonal forms [13, p.140].

The English scientist L. Chafe writes that the most important place in syntactic learning belongs to the sentence. The main place in the sentence is occupied by the verb [2, p.115]. Any sentence can be formed due to the predicative element. For example: /The clothes are washed every day//

L. Chafe calls the predicative element a verb and the noun element a noun. He takes a broader approach to the concepts of verbs and nouns. In this regard, L. Chafe writes that the being that surrounds people manifests itself in two main forms. One of them is a verb denoting an action, a situation, and the other is a word denoting an object (in the broadest sense of the word). He mentions the verb as the center of the sentence and the noun as a secondary unit [Chafe 1970, p. 116]. However, linguists disagree on this issue. A.R. Huseynov expresses his opinion on the issue as follows: “It should be noted that it is not right to expect this opinion to be accepted by everyone. In most of our books, the noun, that is, the principle, is accepted as the main factor in the sentence” [6, p. 135].

The verb is the part of speech that has the most grammatical category: person, number, tense, aspect, voice, and mood. There are the grammatical categories.

The verb can be used mainly as a noun, pronoun, but also as an adverb.

The verb is used mainly in the news function in the sentence [6, p. 135].

In modern English, verbs are classified according to the following principles.

1) according to its morphological structure;

2) due to the ability to connect;

3) due to past tense and correction of Participle II form.

4) according to the lexical meaning and function in the sentence;

5) according to the attitude to the category of person [4, p. 135].

V. Fromkin writes that due to their morphological structure, verbs in English are simple, correct, compound and complex [3, p. 97].

Verbs consisting of one word are considered simple. For example: to go, to come, to take, to meet, and so on.

Verbs consisting of a root, suffix or prefix are considered corrective verbs. For example:

Wide - widen, real - realize, large - enlarge, appear - disappear, etc.

A. Huseynov writes that in modern English verbs are more widely used [6, p. 136]. Verbs consisting of two words are called compound verbs. For example: whitewash, broadcast, sightsee, fulfill, and so on.

Verbs in English can be effective or ineffective due to their ability to combine. Ineffective verbs are mostly associated with the principle. Ineffective verbs cannot be directed against an object, that is, completeness. For example:

Anar came. (Anar goldi).

She went. (O getdi).

He is sleeping. (O yatir) and so on.

Influential verbs can be combined both in principle and in full. For example:

He took the book. (O, kitabi goturdu).

The boy broke the window. (Oglan poncoroni sindirdi).

They met the woman in the yard. (Onlar qadini hoyotdo qar§iladilar).

L. V. Kaushanskaya writes that in some cases this or that verb can be used as both an effective and ineffective verb [7, p. 75]. For example:

The car stopped. (Avtomobil dayandi). (transitive verb)

The driver stopped the car. (Surucu avtomobili saxladi). (intransitive verb)

A lot of flowers grow in our garden. (Bagimizda goxlu gullor bitir). (intransitive verb)

My mother grow a lot of flowers in our garden. (Anam baggamizda goxlu gullor okir). (transitive verb)

The meeting began at six yesterday. (iclas dunan saat altida ba§ladi) (transitive verb)

The boss began the meeting at six yesterday. (Mudir iclasi dunan saat altida ba§ladi). (transitive verb)

A. Thomson and A. Martinet write that since there are no morphological signs in English that indicate that the verb is personal or impersonal, these meanings become clear only in a given sentence [14, p. 137].

According to their lexical meaning and function in sentences, verbs in English are mainly divided into four groups: 1) basic verbs; 2) auxiliary verbs; 3) connecting verbs; 4) modal verbs [10, p. 38].

1) The main verbs have an independent lexical meaning. F. Palmer writes that such verbs can be used alone in a sentence and the verb acts as a message [10, p. 96]. For example:

Go! (Get!)

He will come tomorrow. (O, sabah galacakdir).

2) According to the lexical meaning and function in the sentence, the second group of verbs is considered auxiliary verbs. Such verbs are involved in the correction of various tense forms. Examples of auxiliary verbs are to be, to have, to do, and so on. can be shown. For example:

She is doing her homework now. (O, indi ev tapsiriqlarini edir).

They have already come. (Onlar artiq galiblar).

He does not go to university every day. (O, har gun universiteta getmir).

I will write to you. (Man tezlikla sana maktub yazacagam).

3) A. Huseynov writes that verbs that have lost some lexical meaning are considered connecting verbs [6, p. 138]. Such verbs act as one of the components of a compound noun message. Combines the second component, ie the predicate with the principle. The verb to be is the most commonly used conjunction. Examples of connecting verbs are to become, to appear, to grow, to look, and so on. can be shown. For example:

He is ill. (O, xastadir).

She looked happy. (O, xo§baxt gorunurdu).

She turned pale. (Onun rangi soldu).

4. Unlike Azerbaijani, verbs called modal verbs in English also exist in a group. Modal verbs have no meaning in isolation [6, p. 138]. They work out the meaning, possibility, prohibition, probability, etc. of the action to be performed. reports. Modal verbs together with the infinitive act as a compound modal verb in the sentence.

Analysis

Verbs in modern English can be classified according to the following rules:

1) According to their morphological structures;

2) According to the ability to unite;

3) According to the past tense and the correction of Participle II form.

4) According to the lexical meaning and function in the sentence;

5) According to the relation to the category of person [1, p. 136].

R. Carter and M. McCarthy write that due to their morphological structure, verbs in English are simple, correct, compound and complex [1, p. 100]. Simple verbs, as is well known, consist of one word. Examples of these verbs are:

Table 1

SOME SIMPLE VERBS IN ENGLISH	THEIR TRANSLATION IN AZERBAIJANI
1. To come	Galmak
2. To do	Etmak
3. To arrive	Galib catmaq
4. To read	Oxumaq
5. To see	Gormak
6. To go	Getmak
7. To hope	Umid etmak
8. To take	Goturmak
9. To break	Sindirmaq
10. To tell	Demak, soylamak

L. V. Kaushanskaya writes that corrective verbs are considered to be verbs consisting of root and suffix or prefix [7, p. 120]. The following are examples:



Table 2

SOME DERIVATIVE VERBS IN ENGLISH	THEIR TRANSLATION IN AZERBAIJANI
1. Wide (sifat)	Widen (feil)	Genis-genislandirmak
2. Real (sifat)	Realize (feil)	Haqiqi - hayata kecirmak
3. Large (sifat)	Enlarge (feil)	Genis-genislandirmak
4. Appear	Disappear	Peyda olmaq - qeyb
(feil)	(feil)	olmaq

Observations show that there are two-word verbs in modern English. In such verbs, the first part consists of a verb that has a basic meaning, and the second part consists of a word-forming element that gives the verb a new meaning. Different words and adverbs can act as the second element in such verbs. For example, take the verb /look/. /Look/ means baxmaq in Azerbaijan. New meanings can be created by adding different words to this verb. Let's look at some verb forms in the Oxford English Dictionary:

Table 3

THE VERBS	THE DEFINITIONS OF THEM	THEIR TRANSLATION IN AZERBAIJAN
1. Look	To turn your eyes towards something or someone so that you can see them	Baxmaq
2. Look forward to smth	To be excited and happy about something that is expected to happen	Sobirsizliklo bir isin olmasini gozlomok
3. Look for	To try to find someone or something	axtarmaq;
4. Look after sb/smth	To take care of someone or something	Qaygisina qalmaq;
5. Look through	to look for something in a pile of papers, a drawer, etc.	Nozordon kecirmok;
6. To look up to sb	To admire and respect someone	Kimoso moftun olmaq vo hormot etmok;
7. To look ahead	To think about and plan for might happen in the future	Golocoyo umidlo baxmaq; golocoyo umid etmok;
8. To look out for smth/sb	To try to notice someone or something	Kimiso, yaxud noyiso gormoyo calismaq



Let us now consider the forms of another verb:

Table 4

THE VERBS	THE DEFINITIONS OF THEM	THEIR TRANSLATION IN AZERBAIJAN
1. Turn	To move your body so that you are looking in a different direction	Donmok; cevirmok;
2. Turn in	To tell the police where a person who is believed to be a criminal; to give a piece of work you have done to a teacher;	Cinayotkann yerini poliso soylomok; yerino yetirdiyin isini muollimo toqdim etmok;
3. Turn off	To use the controls on something to make it stop working;	Sondurmok; bir seyin islomoyino son qoymaq;
4. Turn away	To not allow someone to enter a place	Bir yero daxil olmaga icazo vermomok; bir yero girmosino daxil olmaq;
5. Turn against	To stop liking or agreeing with someone or something, or to make someone do this;	Bir kosi, yaxud bir seyi xoslamamaga baslamaq; sevmomok vo s.

It should be noted that verbs in modern English are widely used.

Verbs consisting of two words are called compound verbs [3, p. 90]. Let's look at an example:

Table 5

SOME COMPOUND VERBS IN ENGLISH	THEIR TRANSLATION IN AZERBAIJAN
1. To whitewash	Agartmaq
2. To broadcast	Yayimlamaq; radio ilo xobor yaymaq;
3. To sightsee	Gormoli yerloro getmok; gormoli yerloro baxmaq;
4. To fulfill	Yerino yetirmok

N. Gerald and S. Greenbaum write that effective and ineffective verbs that exist in modern English are usually distinguished by their ability to combine [5, p. 38]. Ineffective verbs are mainly associated with the principle, ie their development does not focus on completeness. Let's look at an example:

Brown came - Braun goldi.

She left - O yola du§du.

The baby is sleeping now - U§aq indi yatir.

Indi iso numunolordo tosirsiz feillorin i§lonmosini izloyok:

She put the book - O, kitabi qoydu.

The child broke the plate - U§aq bosqabi sindirdi.

We met her - Biz onu qar§iladiq.

As the examples show, transitive verbs can be combined both in principle and in completeness.

Of course, there are verbs in modern English that can be used as both effective and ineffective verbs. Let's look at examples:

The train stopped - Qatar dayandi. (transitive verb)

The driver stopped the car - Surucu avtomobili dayandirdi. (transitive verb)

Many green trees grow in our garden - Bizim bagimizda coxlu ya§il agaclar yeti§ir. (intransitive verb)

My mother grows a lot of trees in the yard - Anam hoyotdo coxlu agaclar yeti§dirir. (transitive verb)

The party began at nine yesterday - Moclis dunon saat doqquzda ba§ladi. (intransitive verb)

He began the party at nine yesterday - O, dunon moclisi saat doqquzda ba§latdi. (transitive verb)

It should be noted that in English there is no morphological indication of whether a verb is effective or ineffective, and therefore the meanings of such verbs are clear only from the meanings expressed within the sentences.

According to A. R. Huseynov, according to the past tense and the correction of Participle II, verbs in English are divided into two parts: 1) regular verbs; 2) irregular verbs [6, p. 137].

The past tense and adjective forms of regular verbs are corrected by adding the suffix-ed. For example, let's give two examples and compare:

He answered the question. (past tense form)

The answered letter is on the table. (verb adjective form 2)

Among the general categories that characterize the verb, the category of person is considered to be very important in terms of the richness of its content and expression plans, and the task of coordinating it with the executor or executors of that action in the action expressed by the verb. A grammatical person exists in English with its own content and means of expression, depending on both the types and forms of the verb and the grammatical meaning, the negative and affirmative, personal and impersonal forms of the verb. This is due to the fact that the action that the verb calls in the language is performed by nouns, in other words, the impossibility of objective actions without the performer. A. Huseynov writes that even the so-called impersonal verbs have such an indefinite, ideal, natural executor. For example: / It snows / (it is snowing), / it rains / (it is raining), / it is snowing / (it is snowing now), / it is raining / (it is raining now) and so on. [6, p. 151].

A. Huseynov connects this with the fact that action is an objective, material part of existence, as well as its existence is objective, material [6, p. 151].

Note that the person is also considered a historical category as an action. That is, the historical origin of the verb, which expresses an objective action, cannot be imagined without the person and the time. Person and time are important forms of existence for both the action itself and the expressive verb. Mankind does not know a language that has not found its own form of language and speech without its actual person and time. The existence and content plans of these two categories for verbs of all languages are universal. G.Finney notes that the manifestation of personal relations in the verb is historically directly related to personal pronouns. E.Benvenist's opinion on this issue is correct. He writes: “In all languages, which are part of speech called verbs, the forms of adverbs are classified according to their relation to the person, hence the number of forms of person is generally descriptive ...” [4, p. 151].

The classification of grammatical figures of ancient Greek philosophers on the structure of personal relations in the verb, the general-universal nature of which is relevant to the attitude of modern linguists to this issue. In this regard, F. Palmer writes: “This classification, developed by the Greeks for the description of their language, today proves itself not only by the facts of language, but also, of course, in the course of events. This classification is combined in three relations that determine the form of the verb. The suitability of the presence of a personal sign in that verb form for any language is known. Thus, there are always three, but only three people” [10, p. 151].



Conclusion

In modern English there are very few categories of person and quantity. At the sentence level, it is important to develop the principle in each case. Even in impersonal sentences, the development of such a formal it pronoun is inevitable. When talking about the category of the verb tense, it is necessary to proceed from the relationship between objective and grammatical tenses. Time is considered a measure. This also means that time for objective time: covers past, present and future tenses. Grammatical time, on the other hand, is a linguistic expression of the manifestation of time in the human mind, which exists in the objective world, regardless of us. Grammar clarifies grammatically when an action or situation occurs through certain signs.

Each concept of logical time finds its expression in different forms, depending on the grammatical structure of a language. For example, the grammatical tenses of the English language are 16. In the Azerbaijani language it is expressed in 5 forms. When talking about time forms, it is necessary to emphasize one issue. O. Jesperson does not accept future tense forms as separate time forms. He writes that the verbs will and shall still retain their modal meanings. However, it should be noted that this idea is not unequivocally welcomed. Traditionally, in modern English, tense forms are presented as 4 + 4 + 4.



References

1. Carter R., McCarthy M. (2005). Cambridge Grammar of English. Spoken and Written Grammar of English. Cambridge University Press, p. 236.

2. Chafe L. W. (1970). Structure and meaning of Language. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press, first edition 360 p.

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