Legal Regulation of Sea Towage Contracts in the EU Countries
Аnalysis of the main features of the legal regulation of the sea towing contract in such common law countries as the United Kingdom, the United States and Canada and some EU countries. Development of various standard forms of sea towing contracts.
| Рубрика | Государство и право |
| Вид | статья |
| Язык | английский |
| Дата добавления | 10.09.2022 |
| Размер файла | 37,8 K |
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Conclusions
The towage services can be performed either under a towage contract or as salvage services. The importance to distinguish ordinary towage from salvage action lays mostly in the payment, since as a rule ordinary towage is less risky and accordingly less expensive. A salvage is performed under dangerous circumstances such as sudden violence of wind or waves or other accidents. However, in some cases a towage contract can be transferred into a salvage agreement. For example, if the tug rescues the tow from some unforeseen and extraordinary peril, the tug shall be additionally remunerated under conditions of a salvage.
The technologies in towage services influence legal nature of a towage contract in various common law and continental law countries differently. To illustrate, the tow can be manned or unmanned that leads to different legal outcomes in different countries.
In common law countries regardless of whether the tow is manned or unmanned, the towage regulations are regulated under contract for services. The Court in UK, USA and Canada have rejected strict liability of a tug because the towage contract is not deemed to be a contract of bailment. As a result, the tow must prove that the tug breached obligations of good care and skill while performing towage. The burden of proof lays with the tow. However, in common law the owners of cargo are not bound by any contract of towage made by the owner of the tow on which the cargo is laden. Accordingly, the owners of the tow do not have authority to bind the cargo carried or the owners of such cargo by any such contract of towage.
In contrast to common law countries, Germany has taken a different approach and based on the circumstances whether the tow was manned or was unmanned (e.g. a dumb barge) the towage contract can be recognized either as a contract for services or a contract of carriage. If the tug was only delivering services by pulling or pushing the vessel (e.g. in harbour maneuvers by docking) the contract is to be qualified as a contract for services under German law and in case of an accident and damages to the tow, the tow must prove that it was fault of the tug. However, if the contract of towage is to be qualified as a contract of carriage, the tug must prove that the tow was damaged because of force majeure or on circumstances which did not depend on him. The qualification of a contract as a contrast of carriage would also have other impacts of right and duties of the parties, such as liability limitation.
In addition, in Germany the contract of towage is not qualified as a separate type of contract but can be recognized either as a contract to produce a work ' Werkvertrag', a contract for services 'Dienstvertrag' or a contract of carriage 'Frachtvertrag', in other continental law countries - Lithuania and Poland - a towage contract is codified as a separate type of a contract with specific regulation. The incorporation of legal norms, that regulate a towage contract, into one single act should be seen as positive because it allows the contracting parties to define their rights and obligations more clearly, especially when there are not so many national case laws.
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