Scientific disputes regarding the determination of the essence of special knowledge in the investigation of criminal offenses

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Дніпропетровського державного університету внутрішніх справ

Scientific disputes regarding the determination of the essence of special knowledge in the investigation of criminal offenses

Єфімов Микола

доктор юридичних наук, професор доцент кафедри криміналістики та домедичної підготовки

The process of investigating illegal acts requires law enforcement officials to use the maximum set of possible means and methods. One of the most widespread means used in any criminal procedure is the use of special knowledge. This aspect has its own characteristics both in relation to the subject of its possible use and in relation to its forms. In addition, in the scientific literature to this day there is a controversy about the information content of the term «special knowledge» [1, с. 268]. enforcement investigative detective

As Yu. M. Chornous rightly emphasizes, for the successful implementation of crime investigation activities, it is important to resolve a number of issues that are included in the field of technical and forensic support and are related to the use of technical means in the conduct of procedural, investigative (detective), undercover investigators (detective ) actions, as well as procedural actions carried out within the framework of international legal assistance and other forms of international cooperation in criminal proceedings; assessment and use of factual data obtained through the use of special means and technical means in criminal proceedings, etc. [7, с. 318].

Based on the analysis of the respondents' questionnaire, it is noted that the use of special knowledge is an effective means of identifying new, as well as checking existing evidentiary information. In particular, 96% of the interviewed law enforcement officers indicated the necessity of using the specified method of checking and obtaining evidence.

Considering the issue of the use of special knowledge in the investigation of the investigated category of illegal acts, we consider it necessary to define what exactly is meant by the term «special knowledge». Thus, B. V. Romaniuk provides the following interpretation of the researched scientific category - it is a set of scientifically based information of a separate (special type) possessed by persons - specialists within the framework of any profession in various fields of science, technology, arts and crafts and in accordance with the norms of criminal procedural legislation use them to successfully solve the tasks of criminal justice [5, с. 57]. We immediately note the presence of such a term as «specialist» in the first definition, while the second author does not specify the use of special knowledge.

In our opinion, the legal character of the concept of special knowledge is most successfully reflected by the definition of V. K. Lysychenko and V. V. Tsirkal, who noted that it is scientific, technical and practical knowledge that is not generally known in the judiciary, acquired as a result of professional training or work in a certain specialty a person engaged as a specialist or expert for the purpose of helping an investigator or a court in clarifying the circumstances of a case or providing conclusions on issues for the solution of which their use is required [4, с. 22].

According to V. M. Revaka, special knowledge is a set of any knowledge at the current stage of their development in the field of science, technology, art, craft, obtained as a result of professional training and professional education, with the exception of professional legal knowledge of the subject of proof (investigative body, investigator, prosecutor, court), used for the purpose of detecting and investigating crimes in the manner prescribed by the criminal procedural law [4, с. 177]. Again, we can see that the definition singles out a certain purpose of using special knowledge - detection and investigation of criminal offenses.

In the same perspective, V. S. Kuzmichev and I. V. Pyrig gave their definition, determining that special knowledge is a set of theoretical knowledge, practical skills and abilities in the field of science, technology, art or craft, acquired as a result of special theoretical training or professional work experience used to detect, investigate and prevent crimes [2, с. 14]. That is, special knowledge in one or another perspective is used by the relevant entities for the purpose of investigating and preventing crimes.

The opinion of M. G. Scherbakovskyi is quite valid, who emphasizes that the expert's skill is primarily indicated by the fact that he knows how to conduct research, that is, he has knowledge about the object of research and methods of extracting the necessary information from it. Therefore, the concept of "skill" must include knowledge about objects and methods, research methods. On the other hand, skill is always the application of knowledge, that is, it is not enough to just know something about a subject, it is necessary to master a whole series of actions and operations in order to apply this knowledge. Thus, skills are purposeful actions (operations, research) with an object based on knowledge about it. In this sense, performing a skill-based action becomes automatic. In the consciousness of a knowledgeable person, for example, the goals for which actions are performed and the conditions in which they occur, as well as their possible results, are brought to the fore. Based on the above, the author believes that the inclusion of abilities and skills in the concept of "special knowledge" is unnecessary and does not correspond to the provisions adopted in pedagogy and psychology. Therefore, it is quite correct for the legislator to separate special knowledge and the skills of their application in a specialist in criminal proceedings (Article 71 of the Criminal Procedure Code of Ukraine) [8, с. 225-226].

We support the position of K. O. Chaplinskyi, who among the main goals of using special knowledge during the examination determines the promotion of complete and rapid detection and investigation of crimes, establishing the truth in a criminal case, researching certain objects and phenomena, obtaining the necessary information to establish the circumstances that are important for correct and well- founded decisions on the case; assistance in identifying, recording and extracting evidence and clarifying special issues that arise during investigative actions [6, с. 236].

Summarizing, we note that special knowledge is a set of theoretical knowledge, practical skills and abilities in the field of science, technology, art, craft, obtained as a result of professional training and professional education, used for the purpose of prevention and investigation of criminal offenses.

Список використаних джерел

1. Єфімов М. М. Використання спеціальних знань під час розслідування злочинів проти моральності. Науковий вісник Дніпропетровського державного університету внутрішніх справ. 2020. № 2. С. 268-274.

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