James Joyce

Irish novelist and poet. Psychological perceptions and innovative literary techniques. The psychological discoveries of S. Freud into fiction. Later Works, Poems James Joyce. he publication of Ulysses, the themes of which are based on Homer's Odyssey.

Рубрика Литература
Вид реферат
Язык английский
Дата добавления 30.06.2014
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James Joyce

Aliona Kolesnik

Form 11-C

James Joyce

(1882-1941)

Joyce, James Augustine Aloysius (1882-1941), Irish novelist and poet, whose psychological perceptions and innovative literary techniques, as demonstrated in his epic novel Ulysses, make him one of the most influential writers of the 20th century. Joyce was born in Dublin on February 2, 1882, the son of a poverty-stricken civil servant. He was educated at Jesuit schools, including University College, Dublin. Raised in the Roman Catholic faith, he broke with the church while he was in college. In 1904 he left Dublin with Nora Barnacle, a chambermaid whom he eventually married. They and their two children lived in Trieste, Italy, in Paris, and in Zurich, Switzerland, meagerly supported by Joyce's jobs as a language instructor and by gifts from patrons. In 1907 Joyce suffered an attack of iritis, the first of the severe eye troubles that led to near blindness. After 20 years in Paris, early in World War II, when the Germans invaded France, Joyce moved to Zurich, where he died on January 13, 1941.

James Joyce was the first who introduce the psychological discoveries of S. Freud into fiction. He did not write very much, but what he wrote was revolutionary. After his first books, “The Dubliners” - brilliant short stories of simple citizens of Dublin - and “A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man” - an auto biographical report of his own youth - he developed the rest of his own life only to two books. The first, “Ulysses” , takes us through the idle wanderings of a Dublin Jew, Leopold Bloom, from the beginning to the end of one single day. The fusion of facts and feelings, of external events and internal reflections is so disconcerting that you are often puzzled, sometimes bored and sometimes left like an idiot. But reading on, you are so inevitably forced into the dark and mysterious atmosphere of the hero's life and thoughts that you cannot evade the singular “streams of consciousness” which to bring forth is the author's single aim. Even move complicated and difficult to read is his second book: “Finnegan's Wake”, which adds to the day-light of consciousness the confusing night-dreams of the subconscious, a single stream of incomprehensible mysteries and visions, floating like broken fragments of the mind in the vast ocean of the human soul”. - In order to get a first impression of Joyce's psychological attempts it is better to begin with his early autobiographical work, in which the often quoted “Stream of Consciousness” can already be observed.

Early Works

As an undergraduate Joyce published essays on literature. His first book, Chamber Music (1907), consists of 36 highly finished love poems, which reflect the influence of the Elizabethan lyricists and the English lyric poets of the 1890s. In his second work, Dubliners (1914), a collection of 15 short stories, Joyce dealt with crucial episodes of childhood and adolescence and of family and public life in Dublin. His first long work of fiction, A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man (1916), is largely autobiographical, re-creating his youth and home life in the story of its protagonist, Stephen Dedalus. In this work Joyce made considerable use of the stream-of-consciousness, or interior-monologue, technique, a literary device that renders all the thoughts, feelings, and sensations of a character with scrupulous psychological realism. Another early work was the play Exiles (1918).

Later Works

Joyce attained international fame with the publication (1922) of Ulysses, a novel, the themes of which are based on Homer's Odyssey. Primarily concerned with a 24-hour period in the life of an Irish Jew, Leopold Bloom, Ulysses describes also the same day in the life of Stephen Dedalus, and the story reaches its climax in the meeting of the two characters. The main themes are Bloom's symbolic search for a son and Dedalus's growing sense of dedication as a writer. Joyce further developed the stream-of-consciousness technique in this work as a remarkable means of character portrayal, combining it with the use of mimicry of speech and the parody of literary styles as an overall literary method. Finnegans Wake (1939), Joyce's last and most complex work, is an attempt to embody in fiction a cyclical theory of history. The novel is written in the form of an interrupted series of dreams during one night in the life of the character Humphrey Chimpden Earwicker. Symbolizing all humanity, Earwicker, his family, and his acquaintances blend, as characters do in dreams, with one another and with various historical and mythical figures. Joyce carried his linguistic experimentation to its furthest point in Finnegans Wake by writing English as a composite language based on combinations of parts of words from various languages. His other late publications include two collections of verse, Pomes Penyeach (1927) and Collected Poems (1936), and Stephen Hero, which, although not published until 1944, was an early version of A Portrait. Joyce employed symbols to create what he called an “epiphany,” the revelation of certain inner qualities. Thus, the earlier writings reveal individual moods and characters and the plight of Ireland and the Irish artist in the early 1900s. The two later works reveal his characters in all their complexity as artists and lovers and in the various aspects of their family relationships. Using experimental techniques to convey the essential nature of realistic situations, Joyce merged in his greatest works the literary traditions of realism, naturalism, and symbolism.

P o e m s

poem james joyce psychologica

All day I hear the noise of waters

Making moan,

Sad as the sea-bird is, when going

Forth alone,

He hears the winds call to the waters,

Monotone.

The grey winds the cold winds are blowing

Where I go.

I hear the noise o»many waters

Far below.

All day, all night I hear them flowing

To and fro.

Весь день я слушал звуки вод.

Их нежный стон,

Как альбатроса грустный зов.

Заворожен,

Парил, как ветер я меж вод

И берегов.

Как хладный ветер, бурый ветер

Над землей

Парил, туманами одет,

Окутан мглой.

Весь день, всю ночь шумели воды

Подо мной.

I hear an army charging upon the land,

And the thunder of horses plunging, foam about their knees:

Arrogant, in black armor, behind them stand,

Disdaining the reins, with fluttering whips, the charioteers.

They cry unto the night their battle-name:

I moan in sleep when I hear afar their whirling laughter.

They cleave the gloom of dreams, a blinding flame,

Clanging, clanging upon the heart as upon an anvil.

They come shaking in triumph their long, green hair:

They come out of the sea, run shouting by the shore.

My heart, have you no wisdom thus to despair?

My love, my love, my love, why have you left me alone?

Я слышу как движется войско лавиной огней,

И кони копытами бьют в ожидании сечи:

Надменные, в толстых кольчугах и ратной броне,

Поводья отбросив, кнутами играют возничие.

Клички коней боевые слетают с их губ:

Слыша безрадостный смех, я рыдаю во сне.

И видений обрывки неистовым пламенем жгут,

И по сердцу колотят, как по наковальне.

Предвкушая триумф, надвигается грозная рать,

С криком витязи мчатся вперед по морским берегам.

О глупое сердце, к чему тебе так тосковать?

О любовь, ты опять оставляешь меня одного!

КУЛЬТОВЫЕ тексты, как известно, живут своей жизнью, независимо от воли создавшего их автора. А иногда не только тексты, но и рукописи. Парадоксально сложилась судьба рукописи, наверное, самого парадоксального произведения мировой литературы - джойсовского "Улисса". Оригинал этого романа "одного дня и одного города" (16 июня, Дублин) жители ирландской столицы получили возможность увидеть впервые только сейчас, и то ненадолго. Выставка, посвященная Джойсу и его роману, открылась в Дублине в преддверии "Блумова дня" (названного так по имени одного из главных героев "Улисса") и продлится до 1 октября. Затем рукопись вернется в США. Парадоксы, связанные с рукописью "Улисса", начинаются уже при его создании. Ни строчки текста романа, самым доскональным образом передающего топографию Дублина ("Если город исчезнет с лица земли, его можно будет восстановить по моей книге", - сказал как-то Джойс), не было написано в Дублине. Джойс писал "Улисса" в Триесте, Цюрихе и в Париже, а для точности разных деталей дублинской жизни (дома, лавки и трактиры с их владельцами, общественные здания) использовал справочник "Весь Дублин за 1904 год". В 1921 году автор, который в ту пору сильно бедствовал, продал рукопись "Улисса" за 12 тысяч долларов нью-йоркскому юристу и меценату Джону Куинну, и с тех пор она не покидала Америку. Несмотря на то, что после публикации первых эпизодов романа в журнале "Литл Ривью" Нью-Йоркское общество по искоренению порока заявило судебный протест и с тех пор вплоть до 1933 года роман был в США запрещен, а на родине автора, в Ирландии, он был разрешен к публикации лишь в 1960-м. Впоследствии рукопись романа перекупил американский букинист и коллекционер Абрахам Розенбах, и с 1924 года она находится в Библиотеке Розенбаха в Филадельфии. "Нынешняя выставка в Дублине как бы знаменует собой возвращение на родину романа, являющего собой квинтэссенцию Ирландии", - говорит директор Библиотеки Розенбаха Дерик Дрегер. Хотя в Ирландии и так об "Улиссе" не забывают - даже те, кто никогда не читал роман. Каждый год 16 июня по улицам Дублина шествует многотысячная пестрая толпа в костюмах начала века, повторяя извилистые маршруты Леопольда Блума и Стивена Дедала. Остается добавить, что Джеймс Джойс - автор не одного только "Улисса". Получена информация о том, что одно из санкт-петербургских издательств готовит к изданию самую сложную, непереводимую и не читабельную книгу мировой литературы - "Поминки по Финнегану". Попытки перевести этот архитрудный роман предпринимались неоднократно, существуют журнальные публикации отрывков из "Финнегана", переведенных известным авангардистом Анри Волохонским. И вот теперь, наконец, до русского читателя, кажется, дойдет последняя книга Джойса, текст, в России вообще неизвестный. А недавно вышел первый том нового проекта, задуманного автором первого полного перевода "Улисса" на русский язык Сергеем Хоружим. В первый том вошел переработанный вариант "Улисса", во второй планируется включить другие романы и стихи Джойса, а также - впервые в России - достаточно полную подборку писем, критических статей и эссе. В том числе и знаменитые эротические письма, которые Джойс посылал своей жене Норе в период длительной разлуки. "Большое количество текстов нам приходится переводить, а все остальное - серьезно перерабатывать. Дело в том, что во всех текстах Джойса много стилистических и смысловых отсылов к его главным произведениям, много "подземных слоев", поэтому, чтобы правильно передать их смысл на другом языке, нужно держать в голове весь творческий космос Джойса", - рассказывает Сергей Хоружий. Существует грустная поговорка: если бы ирландцы не пили так много, они завоевали бы мир. Похоже, за них это сделал Джеймс Джойс.

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