Characteristics of russian personality traits: comparative analysis of russian and western approacches

The next value is Benevolence which means that students care a lot about their loved ones and about the maintenance of their welfare. Besides, it indicates that cherish their relationships with in-group people considering true friendship and mature love to be of the outmost importance. The high result on this value also means that young people are not embarrassed of showing forgiveness and ask for forgiveness as they want to preserve close relationships with people who they are close to such as members of their family and their friends.

The last 3 values on the list are Universalism, Power, Stimulation, and Tradition taking 7, 8, 9, and 10 positions respectively. Having Universalism almost at the end of the list may mean that young people still do not fully understand the importance of the preservation of nature and resources. Besides, it seems that youngsters in this study are not very broad-minded as they do not consider equality between people to be one of the most important things in nowadays world. Low importance on Power value indicates that Russian students from this research do not strive for status and for “universal recognition”. It also implies that they do not care about having dominance and control over other people and that they probably just want to live a normal life without being on the top of the world. Having Stimulation at the end of the list represents that youngsters do not need any deep feelings, novelty, and diversity in their lives. It may be closely connected to their high result on the Security value and may be because they are afraid of unknown and uncertain situations which may result as a threat to them. Last but not least, low result on the Tradition value emphasizes that students are not going to follow the traditions and customs that were formed many years ago in the culture.

Such values as Achievement, Conformity, and Hedonism are placed in the middle of the list making them having the medium level of importance for students. Higher results on Achievement and Conformity imply that young people have a desire to succeed in life, to reach their goals, and to have social respect respecting all norms that exist in the society that they live in. Lower result on Hedonism shows that they do not care about satisfying their own needs and desires.

The author writes that the results of the research proved that with the changes in the society affect values of young people in Russia. They started to care less about tradition of past times, about collective culture that has existed for many years and began to value personal success, independence, and self-government the most.

2.2.3 Values of Russians in the Context of Intergenerational Relations

Vera A. Fedotova, a senior professor from HSE (Perm's campus), carried out the research about the differences that exist in values between generations. She explains the relevance of the study by saying that since the 1980s-1990s the almost visible gap between generations can be noticed. The author highlights that values are inherent part of every culture and that these cultural values can be seen through the way people act and think. For her research she limited the sample to young people under the age of 25 and people over 45 years old. Fedotova decided to use such age limitations as this gap is the best at showing the changes that generations have. 380 people participated in the research where 177 were adults and 203 were people from young generation. In order to collect the data, the researcher used Schwartz's Survey (the refined theory). After gathering the results, Fedotova analyzed them with the help of SPSS 21.0. Besides, the mathematical-statistical processing method, such as the average comparison method with the use of Student's t-criteria, was chosen in order to establish the differences between the generations. In Table 5 the results of the study are presented.

The first value is Self-Direction and according to it students strive for having freedom in their actions, however, they are still dependent on their parents and they are not always able to act the way they want. For this reason, older generation has a higher result on this value. Nevertheless, when it comes to the independence of thought, young people will always show their positive attitude towards this phenomenon. Therefore, on this part of Self-Direction younger generation's result is higher.

Talking about Stimulation, it is much higher in the result that was collected about young people's values. It means that youngsters do not afraid of changes and are zealous of novelty in their life while people from older generation do not want any deep experiences anymore and have a desire to live without any turnovers.

Young people in Russia care about satisfying their own wishes as well as reaching their goals in life much more than people over 45. It can be seen that such values as Achievement and Hedonism have quite close results. On the one hand, youth in Russia want to enjoy everything that life gives to them, to spend their time making fun and just to relax if it is what they desire. On the other hand, they are very ambitious and want to succeed in life in order to have the respect from people in the society that they live in.

Talking about Conformity, it is clear that adult people value it more than people who are under 25 years old. However, for young generation the results are the same for both parts of this value meaning that they value following the rules as much as avoiding upsetting other people while there is a difference in the results of adult people. It seems that they care more about personal relationships and do not want to harm other people more than act in accordance with the rules that exist in the society.

It follows that young people also have rather high result on the Power and Reputation values. They also have higher results on the Power value than people from older generation showing that they are status-cautious and that they like to take control over other people. Conversely, the Power value and having dominance is not of the utmost importance for people who are over 45 but Face has more significance for them rather than for youth. It may be because for adults it is much more important to show themselves at their best and not to lose face in front of other people. As the author of the study highlights it, it does not mean that young people do not care about their reputation. They just less think about how they look in other people's eyes and act the way they want to. Also, such value as Humility has higher importance for middle-aged people as they try not to stand out and show themselves.

The highest result both youngsters and adults have on the Benevolence value which is related to take care about people that you are close with and to preserve great relationships with them. It implies that both generations value true friendship and honesty the most, and that they believe in forgiveness and mature love. Besides, both groups have the second highest result on the Security value meaning that they feel themselves comfortable when everything around them is stable and safe. However, while middle-aged people care equally about national and individual security, youngsters pay more attention to themselves and their health. Young generation shows its lowest results on such value as Universalism, especially when it comes to take care about other people who are not their in-group ones. It seems that they will do anything to protect people with whom they are in good relationships but do not care much about helping people who are not part of their group. They have a small increase in the results when considering being tolerant as its motivational goal. Conversely, older generation has one of its lowest results on the tolerance side of Universalism. It proves that young people are more broad-minded and more open to the new things than adult people. Youth also considers the Tradition value to be insignificant for them proving that people of this generation strive for creating and experiencing new things and that they do not afraid of making changes to their life and to the life of the society. In contrast, people from older generation value family traditions and cultural customs more than youngsters.

Only the results that describe young people's values will be used in the further parts of the bachelor's degree thesis

2.2.4 The impact of values on the attitudes towards innovation in Russia and China

Nadezhda M. Lebedeva is a professor from Higher School of Economics and has a Doctorate Degree in Psychology. In 2010 she conducted the research finding out how values impact the attitude towards innovation in Russia and China. 293 students participated in the research: 193 students from HSE (Moscow's campus, Russia) and 100 students from Harbin Pedagogical University (Harbin, China). She decided to conduct this research across students as her previous works showed that “innovative attitudes of youth are higher than those of the older generation” (Lebedeva, 2008, p.42). The theoretical hypothesis of the research is the following: values of individuals have a connection with their attitude towards innovation and the nature of this relationship is determined by culture. She also hypothesizes that Russian students will have higher results on values that express the interests of individual (Openness to Change and Self-Enhancement) while for students from China the higher results will be on values relating to group interests (Conservation and Self-Transcendence). Besides, Lebedeva suggests that regarding innovation Russian students will be more positive than China students. Another hypothesis is about the suggestion that values that are related to such dimension as Openness to Change positively affect the attitude towards innovation while values relating to Conservation dimension may become an obstacle. Last but not least, she hypothesizes that the relationship between values and attitudes towards innovation has both universal and cultural-specific character.

She gave the respondents the survey that was created combining both Shwartz's survey and her own methodology. Students were given 15 statements where that had to assess these statements according to 1-5 scale (considering 1 to be “absolutely not like me” and 5 to be “absolutely like me”).

From this study only the results that are related to Russian students' values will be analyzed for the further research as the bachelor's degree thesis is aimed at studying what values Russian people have, thus, the results describing values of China students will be irrelevant for the research.

According to this paper (Table 6), students show the highest result on such value as Self-Direction. As it has already been mentioned, this value is about people wanting to be independent in their thought and actions as well as to create and devise new things, generate new ideas, and to explore new opportunities. By having high result on this value, students show that they are strive for being autonomous and self-reliable.

The next value that demonstrates the second high result is Benevolence. For the third consecutive research relating to Russian values, young people from Russia show that they care about people that are close to them the most and that they want to keep such type of relationships with them by providing support and taking care of them. It also means that as people these students value true friendship and mature love a lot because these are the inherent characteristics of Benevolence.

Such values as Hedonism and Achievement have almost no difference in the results being placed as the third and fourth values respectively. These results may mean that students that took part in this research want to enjoy life and to satisfy their own desires and needs, to go for a walk with their friends or to travel across the country, for example. However, they still have a desire to achieve lots of things in life and to be successful not only for themselves but also in the eyes of other people.

The Security value, as well as Conformity, seems to have a medium importance for students.

The results on Stimulation and Universalism can be considered quite low as well. This Stimulation result indicates that Russian students are not have a lot of courage and not open to take any challenges, to the new experiences and some deep feelings in life. Universalism is responsible for maintaining the welfare of our nature and resources as well as helping other people even if they are not considered to be people with whom a person is close. By showing rather low result on this value, Russian students demonstrate that most of them are not very tolerant towards other people, that they do not consider equality as a way of the development of the world, and that most of them do not think about preserving nature, probably, because they do not understand that environment is an essential part of their life which should be protected at all costs.

Surprisingly, Russian students in this research have a low result on the Power value. It means that most of them do not want to control other people, to have dominance over them, or to have any privilege. Also, this result may imply that these students are not very concern about their status and reputation, thus, losing face in front of other people may be not a great problem for them.

Russian students have the lowest result on such value as Tradition. The same result has already been seen in two previous studies about Russian youngsters. It implies that young generation in Russia does not want to stick to cultural customs and family traditions that have existed for decades and that they are thinking of creating their own ones. This result may also indicate that by becoming estranged from past family traditions, they are showing their independence and autonomy from their parents.

Overall it can be said that all of the hypotheses of the researcher have been proved in the course of this study. In this research Russian students have higher results the dimensions that are related to individual interests (Openness to Change and Self-Enhancement) making Russian students to show their individualistic culture. Besides, as it has been analyzed be Lebedeva, Russian people have more positive view on innovation than students from China. She also proved that having a high result on such dimension as Openness to Change increases the chances of the attitude towards innovation to be positive. Last but not least, she highlighted that both levels of values cultural and individual have the same impact on the attitude towards innovation.

2.2.5 Comparative analysis of the correlation between values and socio-economic beliefs of Korean and Russian students

Choi J.W., Lebedeva N. M., and Tatarko A. N. conducted the research (2017) that aimed to examine the correlation between values and socio-economic behaviour of Koreans and Russians. The sample included Russian people aged 14-30 (N = 211), who were students of either Lomonosov Moscow State University or Higher School of Economics, and Korean students aged 17-30 (N = 157) of either Seoul National University, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, or Kookmin University. The majority of the respondents in both of the samples were women.

As for the methods, the authors created the socio-economic personality beliefs assessment survey based on World Values Survey (2010-2014) to evaluate attitudes towards competition, money, economic independence, and other socio-economic beliefs. Schwartz's PVQ-R was used to assess individual values. This bachelor's degree thesis will examine the part which focuses on the values of Russian people. The results of the paper are demonstrated in Table 7.

This study used the refined theory of basic values that expands the number of values from 10 to 19, therefore, the majority of values are separated into several subtypes. Self-Direction is divided into two types - Self-Direction Thought and Self-Direction Action. According to the data containing the mean scores of Russians' values, Self-Direction Action is ranked the highest of all with just a slight difference between Self-Direction Thought. This implies that Russian students prioritize being autonomous, independent and self-sufficient as one of the main goals of this age is to separate from parents - both financially and physically - and choose one's career path.

The second ranked value is Benevolence-Dependability which refers to being a reliable and trustworthy person within their group. However, Benevolence-Caring is only a little less valued making the value Benevolence whole. The reason for such high ratings of Benevolence lies within the fact that the students aim to build strong relationship and be able to hold responsibility for their in-groups.

Aiming for personal success which is judged according to social standards underlies Achievement which is the fifth rated value. As students tend to be rather goal-oriented and purposeful in terms of their studies, they consider Achievement important.

Such values as Face and Security-Societal have almost no difference in the results meaning that the respondents put the ideas of maintaining one's public status and social order on the same level.

Safety in one's personal environment and in a wider society represents Security and can be considered the last highly rated value among the most important ones. This value appeared to be an exception from Conservation dimension, which is and could be interpreted as the result of seeking government stability which affects socio-economic situation and, therefore, future of the students.

Moreover, there are several values of medium importance. Being broad-minded and tolerant towards other people and nature represents Universalism; Hedonism as a concept of getting pleasure; and Stimulation, which refers to being excited, seeking novel situations and changing environment.

The respondents score relatively low on both types of Conformity - compliance with rules and keeping away from harming others, Tradition - preservation of various kinds of traditions, and Humility - being humble and admitting being insignificant among other people. As these values, according to Schwartz's circular motivational continuum of values, represent the dimension of Conservation, they are automatically opposed to Openness to change which turned out to be highly important to the students.

The least important value for the given sample is Power, both Dominance and Resources subtypes. Despite the fact that Power and Achievement share the same idea of one being respected in a society, Power focuses more on dominating and achieving social authority on a systematic level, whereas Achievement involves showing competence during the interaction with other people.

2.3 Results of the survey of the present study

Table 8 presents the results of the survey. The highest result students showed on such value as Self-Direction. The reason for this to happen is the fact that most of the respondents of my survey are graduating their universities and they start to work and to provide for themselves. Thus, they become more and more self-sufficient and have a desire to separate from their parents and to live their own lives. Also, it has already been proven in other works which have been analyzed in the course of the research that students value independence of thought and action the most.

The next value is Hedonism which also has a great importance for young people. As it has already been mentioned, students are graduating from universities and are becoming more adult, they also begin to think about themselves more and on what they want to spend their free time and money. It is crucial for students to enjoy life and to do things that bring pleasure to them as they are living the best years of their lives at the moment and they want to take everything from it.

As it can be seen from the results, the next two values are Security and Achievement which do not have a great difference in the results between each other. The reason for Security to be ranked that high is that fact that they are stepping in the work field and they want to have economic stability and do not want for any problems to occur. Also, the Security value is about taking care of your own health which is the first and the main resource for people to live the life they want because if a person has great health, they can achieve anything by working hard. Thus, students, almost graduates, are very concerned about keeping themselves healthy by sleeping the right amount of hours and by eating healthy food. Such value as Achievement is of great importance because it is related to self-realization in the society. As it has already been mentioned, young people and want to succeed in life have a lot of goals and ideas that they are thinking of accomplishing and implementing in the near future. For this reason, the Achievement value and the Security value are closely connected in this case as Security releases students' desire of being safe and sure that everything will not collapse in one day and Achievement is about students using this stability of economy and of society in order to achieve their goals.

Also, the research took place in spring of 2020 when there is a pandemic of the disease which is called Coronavirus or COVID-19 and everyone is staying at home and a lot of people have already lost their jobs because of that. I believe that it also affects the fact that students want stability and security in their lives more than ever.

The Conformity value is placed in the middle of the list meaning that this value has medium significance for the respondents. It may signify that despite the fact that they follow all of the rules and respect the norms that exist in the society, some of them may be disagree with s number of rules and may have intentions to change them a little bit. However, they know that it is not in their power to make any alterations, thus, they just follow them in order not to get into a trouble.

Despite the fact that such values as Benevolence and Universalism have a connection with each other, they have a great gap in the results. If Benevolence has a medium importance for the respondents, Universalism has a rather low result. Benevolence being in the middle of the list means that students still care about having and keeping great personal relationships with their family and friends. However, in nowadays times they more concern about their personal growth. For this reason, the value which is related to caring about others, about the environment, and the resources that surround them is placed even lower than Benevolence. They may not yet understand the importance of preserving the nature and they are still on their way to learn about it. Also, Universalism implies the idea of people wanting equality for everyone and having no discrimination and, by having a quite low result on this value, the respondents showed that they are still trying to accept new ideas and new beliefs and that it may take a little bit more time for them.

Such value as Stimulation has one of the lowest results. Surprisingly, young people do not want for their life to be full of excitement. The reason for this may be the fact that they are very concerned about their security and safety, thus, it is better for them not to have any novelty and unexpected turnovers in life as they may become scared or harmed by the consequences that may appear with these drastic changes in their life. Also, the Power value appears to be at the bottom of the list of Russian students' values. It seems that the respondents do not strive for being a leader of a group of people or having dominance and control over other people and that their personal goals have no connection to being at the top of the social ladder. These values seem to have a connection as both of them show Russian students as people who want to live a normal and calm life and who do not want to stand out.

The lowest result showed such value as Tradition and the result also differs a lot in the comparison with the previous value. It implies that Russian students are not very religious, that they want to build their own world with their own traditions brick by brick without being in a hurry. It may happen due to the fact that nowadays people live in the world of globalization. It is much easier now to communicate with other people, to travel, to learn new things about other cultures, countries which make people not to stuck in one way of living but to try new things, to expand their mind on some topics, to develop, and to create and to bring something new to this world.

Overall, it seems that Russian students are changing Russian culture into an individualistic one. They have the highest results on values that are connected with satisfying individual needs such as Self-Direction and Hedonism. Also, they are stepping away from past traditions and customs and are trying to devise and to educate themselves and others on new things and phenomena.

2.4 Comparison of the results of all research analyzed above

Starting from Self-Direction, it seems that over the years people began to value independence of thought and action more. As it can be seen from Table 9, Russian culture is becoming more individualistic. People have become more oriented towards Western cultures and have started to borrow their life style patterns as people from different countries are not isolated from each other due to the process of globalization. The difference in the results of the works by Louneva (2010) and Alexashin and Blenkisopp (2005), related to people who work in a managerial sphere, may be due to the methods used in the studies. In comparison with the majority of the analyzed articles, which mostly used Schwartz's theory of basic human values, Louneva utilized a completely different approach to gather data relating to negotiation styles rather than values' hierarchy. As a result, the focus of Louneva's study can be considered the reason for the differences in some of the values as they were evaluated indirectly. Besides, in all works where the respondents were students high level of Self-Direction can be observed. Also, medium result on this value can be seen in Lebedeva and Tatarko's study (2018). As they used the data from ESS where the respondents were not only young people, students and people from business sphere but of different age and from various fields, the results are more averaged.

Some changes also happened to such value as Hedonism. In the beginning of the 21^st century Russian people were considered to be very pessimistic. Lewis (2006) considers that the reason for that is rooted in the fact that in Soviet times people were controlled by their government in every aspect of their lives and there were a lot of regulations and rules which had to be followed rising this characteristic of Russian people above others. However, within the flow of time people have become more self-conscious and began to value their wishes and desires. In some works the medium level of Hedonism is shown, however, it still means that people are on their way to start to care about themselves more. Nevertheless, in the Lebedeva and Tatarko's research (2018) the result is low because the average age in this study is 45. It may mean that when people are more adult, they start to care more about their families and children rather than about satisfying their own desires. It seems that the younger the generation is the higher result on Hedonism is.

For the same reason, difference in the results in more recent studies can be seen on the Universalism value. In all recent studies the result on Universalism is medium or low which means that Russian people have become less concerned about helping others who are not from their in-group as they start to think more about themselves and their desires. It is related to the changes on social-economic structure of the society. If in the past times people believed that only by gathering together they could survive, now their focus shifted to themselves and to rely only on themselves. Besides, the Universalism value in works by Hofstede and Lewis (2006) was limited only to personal relationships, in the Schwartz's study it is also related to taking care about the environment and nature. In Russia people are only starting to understand the importance of preserving nature and it has not become their inner value, thus, it also influenced the result on this value.

However, in case of Benevolence all Russian people seem to care a lot about people who they are close to. Almost in all studies the result on this value is high, only in two of them it is medium. It seems that both in the past and today Russians value personal relationships the most. It is rooted in Russian culture that family is the most important thing in the world, thus, it stays with Russian people for the rest of their life.

Such opposite values as Security and Stimulation show completely different result. While in almost all studies Security shows a high result, Stimulation, conversely, demonstrates a low one. It means that the majority of Russian people want a calm life without any unexpected turnovers as they may be afraid of some consequences that it may lead as these consequences may harm them or negatively affect their life. There have already been a lot of revolutions and wars and economic instability in the country is almost a constant thing. All of this makes them to be very concerned about and strive for their safety, national security, and social stability of the society as they want to live without being stressed and scared of everything that is happening in the world. Besides, high level of Security means that Russian people concern about their health. Also, Security is about people being caring about their families which is closely connected with having a high result on Benevolence.

Such value as Power also does not show big alterations in the results. In some works the importance of this value changes from low to medium level. However, the results still show that being dominant and having control over other people is not something that Russians strive for. In the past there was no opportunity for people to become a leader of a group or to be a boss in a company if a person was not close to people who had already been in such positions. For this reason ordinary people did not have even an idea of controlling other people. Talking about more recent times, I think that people seek not for having the highest position or being the most important figure in a corporation but for having the best results. Nowadays Russian people are more result- and goal-oriented.

Conversely, the Achievement value changes from having a low result to being one of the most important values for Russian people. Hofstede's theory says that Russian people are not likely to tell everyone about their achievements and people of this culture are very modest. The reason for this is the fact that at the time of the research it was not appropriate for people to stand out and to show their abilities, thus, people did not have big dreams for the future. This fact has changed over time and people have become more zealous for achieving all of their dreams and goals and gaining social respect. Especially, high results can be observed in all works that are related to the values of Russian students. It may be explained by the fact that they only step into adulthood and want to realize all of the ideas that they have about their future.

In the past it was unquestionable that people were obliged to follow all rules that existed in the society and to respect the norms. Russian people did not have any idea of disobeying this way of living. That is way in the works that have been written in the beginning of the 21^st century the result in Conformity is high. However, there is one study conducted by Alexashin and Blenkisopp that stands out and shows a low result despite the fact that it was written in 2005. Such difference may happen because this research is aimed at studying the values of people who work in a managerial sphere. Thus, it shows that in a business field the shift to the Western approach started to be acquired earlier and that at that time it was normal for people to change some rules or at least to suggest new rules if they did not agree with them. Besides, within the flow of time some alteration happened to this value. Russian people started to give it less importance than before. In more recent studies the results are mostly medium and in several works they are low showing that people are becoming more conscious about their rights and about the rules that exist in the society expressing their opinion on them if they do not agree with some of them.

Last but not least, the same pattern as in Conformity can be seen in the value which is called Tradition. It changes from having high importance for Russian people to being one of the least significant values. As it has already been mentioned, the reason for Russian people caring less about past traditions and customs may stem from the fact that the world is becoming more and more globalized and people have already become more educated about other countries and cultures and more open about adopting lifestyle patterns of other cultures.

Conclusion

In the course of the research it has been learned that such concepts as mentality and values are closely connected and it is better to study them together. However, it is crucial to remember that they still convey different ideas and do not overlap each other. While mentality is about the way one perceives the world, values are related to behavioural patterns and priorities which are mediated by the mentality and the environment a person lives in which includes social, economic, and political systems.

Also, Russian values found by the author of the bachelor's degree thesis with the help of SVS and found in the works written by foreign scientists and Russian scholars have been analyzed and compared. It has been discovered that the differences in values of Russian people do not depend on the author's origin who conducted the research about them but on the method of gathering the data and on the time period. In the works where Schwartz's method of collecting the results was implemented, the data is almost the same having only small alterations. Much bigger changes in the results occurred due to the fact that the works were carried out in different time periods with different degree of Soviet period's influence. In the works that belonged to the beginning of the 21^st century the values demonstrate that Russian culture was more collectivistic and more focused on conservation and preservation of the lifestyle of the past. Conversely, more recent studies present the tendency towards individualization. People started to express themselves, their wishes, and their opinions more than before.

However, there are some values the importance of which for Russians has not changed within the flow of time. Power and Stimulation are the two values that have been showing the low or medium result in all works that have been analyzed in the course of the research. Both of them demonstrate that people in Russia value still life the most being afraid of any radical changes and not wanting to stand out and having all power in the world. Two other values that also showed the consistent result are Security and Benevolence. These values had and still have high importance for people from Russia meaning that Russians are concerned about having great personal relationships with people who are close to them as well as about these people's safety, the stability of the society, and their personal emotional and mental health the most.

Limitations

There are several limitations of the research. First of all, as not all the papers chosen for the bachelor's degree thesis utilized Schwartz's theory, it was impossible to find equivalents for some of the values. That is why, some works lack data on several values. Besides, some research were not focused specifically on measuring Russian values. For this reason, it was difficult to match some of the results with Schwartz's values.

Also, apart from using different methods, the researchers' aims were different, thus, they collected results from various groups of people. Some works were focused on analyzing values of students and the samples of such studies were students from various universities from Russia. Also, there are works that are related to finding out about the values that exist in Russian managers. For these studies, the authors gathered the information from people who worked in a business sphere. Besides, there are works that are not focused on a particular group of people, so the results are less specific and more generalized describing the values are natural not for a certain group of people but for general public.

Hofstede's and Lewis' theories differ from other works analyzed in the bachelor's degree thesis as Hofstede created his dimensions only after he gathered the data through IBM concerning employees' values and Lewis mainly used observation and his experience with people from different countries in order to describe Russian culture.

As for the results of my survey, the age range of the sample is rather narrow. The majority of people participated in the survey are graduating universities which might have influenced the results.

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Appendix

Table 1. Scores on Hofstede's Cultural Dimensions (Naumov, Puffer, 2000).

Table 2.1. Descriptive Study, Qualtrics Survey Results (Louneva, 2010)

Table 2.2. Descriptive Study, Qualtrics Survey Results (Louneva, 2010)

Table 3. Results from the studies of Russian managerial values (Alexashin, Blenkinsopp, 2005)

Table 4. Cultural level hierarchy of Russians' values (Buravleva, 2011).

Table 5. Differences in the results of individual level of values between two generations (Fedotova, 2017).

Table 6. Mean scores of Russian students' values (Lebedeva, 2010).

Table 7. Mean scores of Russian students' values (Choi, Lebedeva, Tatarko, 2017).

Table 8. Mean scores of Russian students' values - present study (Skvortsova, 2020).

Table 9. Comparative table of Schwartz's basic human values found in all studies analyzed in this bachelor's degree thesis.

Figure 1. Russia's scores on Hofstede's 6-D model.



Figure 2. Values priorities of Russians, 2006 - 2016 (Lebedeva, Tatarko, 2018)

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