Главная Коллекция "Revolution" Социология и обществознание Patterns of interaction between NGOs working with disabled people and state authorities in the context of austerity policy: case study of Russia and Finland

Patterns of interaction between NGOs working with disabled people and state authorities in the context of austerity policy: case study of Russia and Finland

Approaches to study relations between state authorities and non-governmental organizations. Finnish and russian case: dynamics of interaction between NGO and state. Changes in funding. Patterns of interaction between state and NGOs in Russia and Finland.

Рубрика Социология и обществознание
Вид диссертация
Язык английский
Дата добавления 30.10.2017
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  • Investigating the president and experienced employees' views, I got an additional information that the state specialist were participating in the process of unification. Moreover, they were the organizers in this process. The GAOORDI's specialist said: «In 1992, the civil servants have invited us to the big meeting held in the administration of Kirovskiy' district. This event was managed by Lemke N.P and Rastvortsev N.V. Both of them were civil servants and still working in the Saint-Petersburg's state institutions. Regarding the participation of the state authorities to this stage I would say that they (the state authorities) united us! Also the state authorities prepared a certain offer for constructive framework-regulation, the further interaction with the state». According to GAOORDI's staff, such a proposal was perceived as an ambiguous one. As one of the employees mentioned in the interview: «The part of members criticized the state's participation in the process of the unification into GAOORDI. They argued the existence of a certain management pressure for NGOs and doubts connected with the possible reduction of the issues needed to resolve by focusing on clear rules of the state. In opposition to them, there were specialists arguing that the certain state impact had a positive character, because such state management helped to finalize long processes of disputes, avoided organizations to divide on the particular destinations regarding their disability field and force them to behave rationally among each other, make decisions and provide aims' implementation all together. These conditions obviously explained the emergence of NGOs working with disabled persons and their further unification under GAOORDI's structure. After the joint debates with the heads of public organizations it was decided to emerge an association of public organizations and to elect a person responsible for governing such a big organizational structure. Citing the vice-president of GAOORDI: «The organization was created by activists who knew how to present the importance of problems to society and did not try to resolve own problems through GAOORDI common's resources. Everyone acted by virtue of their capabilities». Thus, the NGOs have combined own material resources, theoretically knowledge and ideas, representing interests of the common target group of young people with disabilities and satisfy a complex structure of social needs, regarding a promotion of and provision of certain social guarantees for the families with disabled persons.
  • Concerning the important changes of the association's activity, it should be noted that initially the organization was transformed to a resource center for development the association-members services processes of their work. It should be mentioned that there was a particular time period when the acquisition of skills in expert's work and understanding of disability issues by the most active members of the association, which has built a certain set of activities of the organization
  • The coverage of GAOORDI's target group has not reduced during the 25 years and even has a little increased. Referring such changes, it is interesting to mention that there was a particular restructuring of the organization's focus group - children with a certain disability has grown up to youth people with disabilities. Due to that, the latest changes in the work of the organization can indicate the reduction of the NGOs-members of the association because of different internal and external reasons. The external reasons is the establishment of legislative requirements to NGOs since the creation of Russian Ministry of Justice in 2004. The internal reason of the reduction was the lack of desire among particular organizational leader to adapt non-governmental activities for the actual requirements and ceasing its juridical existence as a result of changes in the policy requirements about non-governmental organizations. Another internal reason is the exclusion the legal entities that officially have ceased own non-governmental activities in the GAOORDI's in December 2015. The human phenomena as mortality and ageing of the focus group have also impacted to the reduction of NGOs. At the pick-time of GAOORDI's activities, there were 87 organizations-members, recently their amount was reduced to 62.
  • Due to the stagnation of programs and the emergence of new clients' needs the association has a necessity to revive the infrastructure direction of activity and start of developing the new programs. One of the last changes is the creation of the already mentioned respite care service "Передышка+", service for victims of “Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis”, and other city events and projects, the development of crowdfunding and fundraising activities. The activities of association were built due to the clients' needs of qualified services and adapted to the recent economic realities.
  • Analyzing the mentioned reasons of unification, I can argue that the state public initiative had participated in the emergence of the organization. The major argument that the lack of the opportunities regarding to provision of social care support for families with disabled children in the 1990s has impacted to the unification of the non-governmental of common initiatives regarding people with disability. The creation of GAOORDI did not affect to the growth and development the functional capacities and possibilities of association-members or other charitable organizations working in the social sphere.
  • Nowadays GAOORI is aimed to comprehensive work in social affairs regarding disability issues, rather than promoting support and assistance for certain groups of people with disabilities. This desire for support for all types of children with disability and supervision of non-governmental members are obviously made the association's activities more comprehensive-oriented and associate NGO's activities as the resource center's work.
  • 3.3 Current mission, values and strategy: shift to the professionalization of charitable activities
  • In accordance with the charter, the mission of the association is the unification and coordinating the efforts of the association-members presenting the interests of disabled children and youth with disabilities and their families and providing them with assistance and support. The mission is constructed from the combination of the charitable support for the organization's focus groups and support and development of organizations-members of GAOORDI.
  • Polling staff revealed the following values: 1) unity; 2) charitable support; 3) solidarity. These values are shared by parents who decided to become more active and established non-governmental organizations working with disability issues, support for the youth people with certain health specialties, especially youths with intellectual disabilities. The values were established as a basis of all activities of GAOORDI and its members. Such specificity as solidarity has grown trough provision of social services for the children of the association's members.
  • Discussing about my assumption that the state nowadays falls to meet its obligations to the citizens, I got the meaningful opinion from president of GAOORDI: “No one state can cope with the obligations of social support, even in such developed countries as Great Britain or Sweden. At least, part of the obligations won't be provided because of the expensive provision of care and high costs for technical equipment. The provision of social obligations is happening in cooperation with charitable funds, non-governmental organizations and etc. The situation is overcome with participation of all possible actors. To think about the fact that the state should close all its problems is certainly madness”.
  • The vice-president shared an opinion that in case of the receiving support, children and youth can reduce their feelings of inferiority in comparison with other citizens, raise own feelings of normality and be recognized as a necessary part of the society with further socialization. They can live independently and outside from the state psycho-neurological institutions. The support gave them an opportunity to be themselves and find their place in life.
  • GAOORDI activities are supported by the phenomena of solidarity and cohesion among the community of parents of disabled children or youth. According to perceptions of the head of GAOORDI's departments, such relations are very close and strong, especially among the people with adult disabled children (30 years and more). Such phenomenon can be traced not only in St. Petersburg, but also in other central regions of Russia.
  • Investigating the GAOORDI' charter, I defined the following goals: 1) improving the quality of life of children with disabilities; 2) identifying and representing their interests on the regional and federal levels of the Russian Federation; 3) preventing social orphan hood. Such goals are implemented through the joint coordination of efforts of public associations with various organizational-legal forms that provide social assistance and support to children with disabilities, youths disabled from childhood and their families.
  • During the history, there is a tendency of formulating new ideas of establishment a set of activities aiming to the improvement of quality of life among children and youth people with disabilities and their families together with the prevention of child abandonment and the identification and representation of the target group's interests on the regional level and federal level. There is an evidence that the organization' goals were expanded and professionalized since the time of establishment.
  • GAOORDI's tasks are: 1) participation in the development and implementation of non-governmental activities and the state affairs aimed to the social protection of children and young people with disabilities; 2) struggle against the problems of children or youths with certain disabilities; 3) implementation of the charitable activities or participation in charitable projects, programs or events dedicated to children and youth disability issues; 4) attraction the public attending to the problems of children's disability.
  • Nowadays, the organization's strategy is might be described by the following approvals: 1) GAOORDI is the union of parents of disabled children and young people; 2) GAOORDI is association of juridical entities working with disability issues; 3) GAOORDI is a resource center for the association's members; 4) GAOORDI is an expert of disability sphere, successfully operating through the representation of the interests of charitable NGOs; 5) GAOORDI is a business partner; 6) GAOORDI is an organization that is going to become more recognized in the public.
  • According to the head of social innovations department, the mission and other ideological aspects have not radically changed during all the organization's history. However, the last two years associated with the process of renovation the mission. Citing the head of center of social innovations: “The ideological priorities related to support GAOORDI's focus groups don't change, the renovation is more about verification of understanding of the organization's mission for itself. The organization established open strategical planning and attracts association's members, employees for that. The creation of common values, mission and tasks lead to common discussions and understandings where we are going to move as an organization and for what reasons we will do it. Due to last changes of ideological thoughts, the organization sets the following future oriented goals as the priority destinations: 1) the development of programs aimed to labor and social employment and living-support for youth people with mental specialties; 2) the support for the centers of rare diseases; 3) the rise of the developmental resource center for the members of GAOORDI. All mentioned goals are realized and can be traced through the association's annual programs GAOORDI's 2013 report. Retrieved from:http://gaoordi.ru/wp-content/uploads/report/Otchet-o-prodelannoj-rabote-v-2013-godu.pdf. The first phenomena of support related to youth, children with disabilities and their parents and development of the association's members are taken as a basis of an organization's activities from the time of establishment and were implemented regularly. Referring to that, I would say that the GAOORDI is going to adapt into the educational and expert activities and presenting the role of a resource center as main activity.
  • The association developed the infrastructural system collecting information, accumulating methods and techniques, organizing educational workshops and lectures. In 2000s GAOORDI faced with the lack of the state and business support mostly for all type activities and it influenced to reformulation of some activities and then creates the new ideas for own activities, the successful example of that is the day-care group of youth with mental specialties. Nowadays GAOORDI presents a wide specter of activities, that are funded by certain stable state or business sources.
  • The organization is going to develop the infrastructural system again, for the creation of new structures and destinations of work. Because of recent economic reality the construction of new social events and projects nowadays are practically based now on its usefulness, sustainability of activities and its economic effectiveness. It means that GAOORDI elect the most useful projects and programs among all list of charitable activities for effectively compete for the state and business sources. Together with that, there is a shared idea of maintenance all successful and well-functioned programs in the frameworks of organizational activities.
  • Concluding, I would say the ideological aspects investigated during my observation gave me an evidence to argue that GAOORDI has shifted from the grassroots ideas of support for own children and youth towards the ideas of qualified and professional charitable support towards all GAOORDI's target groups. Due to that, the majority of Russian civil servants has a blurry view of the activities of GAOORDI because the organization has a quite wide specter of social activities. The historical way of unification for the promotion and lobbying common interests of members, improving and development non-governmental organizations under GAOORDI's structure, has expanded to the establishment complex destinations of work regarding each focus group such as the non-governmental organizations, disabled children, disabled youths, children with rare disabilities and their families. The future-oriented goals gave me the evidence to point about the existence of strategical work with ideas of future prognosis and further development with maintenance of the major destinations of GAOORDI's work. The certain GAOORDI's progress allows the organization to be one of the vivid professionals in the third sector of Saint-Petersburg
  • 3.4 Changes in funding: the key points of searching a financial stability
  • The sources of the association are constructed in accordance with requirements of Russian legislation. The organization doesn't make a profit and not share it among the members, except the cases of socially-oriented profit and charitable activities. The organization doesn't follow the way of funding own activities by the collection money from the association's members. Due to that, GAOORDI developed a system of implementation own mission and goals through usage of the state, business and citizens' financial sources.
  • Analyzing the reports about GAOORDI's and information from specialists, I can argue that the main source of GAOORDI is presented by the state funding. The certain relationships with the state authorities are traceable during all history of GAOORDI activities. Historically, the state was the most permanent sponsor. The argument for that is the dominance of the programs and projects supported by the federal or regional (city) state authorities Annual reports of the organization's activities. Retrieved from: http://gaoordi.ru/about/otchety/. Historically GAOORDI was receiving funding from the Finnish Ministry of foreign affairs, Swedish agency SIDA, The Finnish Association of Societies for Persons with Mental Retardation (FAMR), a Swedish non-governmental organizations “Stockholm Care” and “Nдtverk Handikapp Цst”, The Information Office of the Nordic Council of Ministers during the intergovernmental cooperation and sharing ideas of social care but nowadays this foreign funding is a thing of the past.
  • What we see today, the state resource is still presenting the majority of GAOORDI's budget, now it is 70% finances from the annual financing of the organization. Such amount is constructed from different scale subsidies and grants, provided by different level of the state budget. The new regulations of the state support for the non-governmental organizations have become part of reality for the third sector and a new component of the policy of regional authorities. The state support of socially-oriented NGOs and subsidies represented in the form of federal and regional competitions for getting the state public contract Тарасенко А. (2014) Анализ практик поддержки СО НКО Санкт-Петербурга по данным реестра получателей государственной поддержки. Режим доступа к статье: https://eu.spb.ru/images/M_center/analysis_of_reestr_final.pdf. The competition procedure is used to distribute the state finance for funding a social sphere according to the idea of outsourcing together with the government priorities of economy and efficiency the usage of money. GAOORDI has successfully adapted to these changes. The organization used to receive presidential grants from the federal competition, its social projects and activities are supported by the federal state programs of the Russian Federation through the Ministry of labor and social protection, Ministry of Health, Ministry of economic development, Civic chamber. Regarding Saint-Petersburg's level of governance, there is a possibility to get grants provided by the Committee on Youth Policy and Interaction with Public Organizations. There is another possibility to get subsidies from Committee on social policy or Committee for Culture, Committee on labor and employment. The additional source is represented by Saint-Petersburg compensation part of the payments for public services (water, electricity and etc.) for NGOs working with veterans, prisoners of fascist concentration camps, disabled people and victims of political repressions Закон Санкт-Петербурга от 22.05.1997 г. №76-24 (в ред. от 09.07.2008) «О государственной поддержке общественных объединений ветеранов войны и труда, узников фашистских концлагерей, инвалидов и жертв политических репрессий Санкт-Петербурга», Ст. 3. .
  • All these kinds of support is not easy to get due to their competition process established by the state: the public authorities establish competitions for funding to reveal the most professional and useful for the state actors. There are the state requirements for the NGOs, for example, 5 years of existence and successful work in the social sphere for participation in the public tendering process. In overall, such possibilities for GAOORDI are foreground and present a certain way to maintain the organization's annual budget. Besides of mentioned sources, historically GAOORDI was receiving a certain unique patronage during V. Matvienko's governorship. The organization was getting targeted financial support from the city budget, but nowadays such possibility is also the thing of the past.
  • Despite that the majority funding is received from the state authorities, the organization also receives financial support from the business that is about 25% of annual organization's income. Such funding is obtained from different forms of one time support provided by commercial organizations and presented by the targeted sponsorships of GAOORDI's programs such as the day-time support for young people with disabilities, sponsors' or one-time support for social projects, events or celebrations. Moreover, the organization developed the corporate charity - the permanent support of an organization's activities through the regular financial contributions from the company workers. Besides the financial support, GAOORDI used to ask business for support and assistance through the buying special equipment, providing products and services, participating in activities. For example, delivery of pies for the holiday or the repair works, or even buying gift sweets for children in the new year's time.
  • GAOORDI has regularly sponsorship that is based on the permanent targeted support of the certain programs.Historically facing with economic difficulties and challenges for the development of charitable activities, the organization has embarked on the path of the business financing a number of successful programs related to the employment of disabled people, organizing projects-activities for young disabled people (children of GAOORDI's members) during the daytime through the state subsidized instruments. There are several examples related to the work of day-care center for young people with severe intellectual and physical disabilities. This way helped GAOORDI to survive and safe a provision of own charitable activities. Nowadays such strategy is still used; the targeted sponsorships of the day-care group from the commercial companies is present the instrument for survival if GAOORDI faced with harsh economic problems. There is a recent sponsor's project related to the construction of an innovative social housing for self-management and self-living youth with disabilities. Other cases of sponsorship for the organization and conduction the events are used to fund by pharmacy networks and big commercial brands.
  • The last 5% of annual income belonged to charitable activities, fundraising and crowdfunding. Historically, these financial opportunities were not effectively implemented, despite the fact providing experiments for that. The fundraising and crowdfunding activities conducted since establishing the center of social innovations at the 2014, then the usage of instruments for engaging money was restructured and organized on the regular basis. The various internet platforms and services for crowdfunding donations are used to help GAOORDI for collecting financial sources.
  • The recent situation in GAOORDI's financing could give me an evidence to think about the shortage of the state funding. Citing the president of GAOORDI: “During the emergence of association, we were not interested in getting financial support from the sponsors and society cause we were afraid to close these opportunities for our organizations-members. However, due to the facts of the economic challenges and changes in redistribution of the state support, we have to compete with other charitable organizations working with disability issues and our association-members in the process of getting the permanent state funding and constructing the stable relations with sponsors and donators”.
  • Concluding, I would argue that through the process of funding GAOORDI's work, the increase of usage of various financing instruments was revealed. The dominance and control of this funding still belong to the state authorities. The previously existed form of funding through the state patronage has stopped and does not exist. Nowadays the state is aimed to economy own sources, providing money for short-term activities, spreading sources efficiently and orienting on the financial stability of the region or city. It forces to use the different sources from the business and public institutes. Despite of non-permanent sources of funding, GAOORDI optimistically participates in each of these activities and deeply analyzes the state conditions and requirements in order to win public tendering processes and get funding. The increase of the state project-funding possibilities and emergence of new ideas of redistribution through the public tendering process have impacted on the grow of GAOORDI's dependence and orientation to the state institutions and establishing qualified and competitive, project oriented and short-term social service required by the state.
  • 3.5 Institutional framework of interaction with the state: governmental corporatism
  • There is a lack of information describing the practices of interaction in Russia, These interactions are traced through the proper application of the particular legislation combined from the official strategies and practiced interactions between the state authorities and non-governmental organizations working with disabled people.
  • Legal basis. The investigation of legislative aspects begins with the constitutional basics. The foundation of people's communities united for common aims and their freedom of activities is declared by the Constitution of the Russian Federation. The establishment relations frameworks are pointed by the Civil Code and set of federal legislative acts. The legislative discourse of the state-NGOs interaction is presented by a set of legislative acts on the federal level as well legislative acts of the Russian Federation constituent entities (the Saint-Petersburg' governance level).
  • The Russian legislation determines features of interaction with non-governmental actors, through the two legislative destinations. The first destination associated with the management, responsibilities and interaction's regulations directly described through the following acts "About the community based organizations" (№82/1995), "About Non-Profit Organizations" (№7/1996), “About charitable activities and charitable organizations” (№135/1995). However, the legislative acts do not define the particular ways of interaction. Such ways are constructed through the different kinds of support. Another destination of work related to public control of target groups and promotion of their interests, feedback with the state authorities, anti-corruption expertise, and examination of the state regulations are implemented due to the federal law "The basics of public control in the Russian Federation" (№212/2014). Thus, I can reveal that interaction aspects are divided for support and control destinations.
  • The reformation of legislation gave disabled people the rights to get the required support from the non-governmental body or institute. Such possibility has been available for the socially-oriented, non-governmental organizations. Due to that, aspects of the non-profit organizations' possibilities related to the implementation of the provision of social services for disabled persons and other socially-vulnerable groups are regulated by the Federal Law «On the Basics of Social Services for Citizens in the Russian Federation» (№442/2013).
  • In accordance with the Constitution, constituent entities of the Russian Federation might produce own normative acts in regard to NGOs. There are following examples of city laws: "On State Support for community based organizations of war and labor veterans, prisoners of Nazi concentration camps, disabled Persons and victims of political repressions of Saint-Petersburg" (№76/1997), “On the delimitation of powers to address issues of support for socially oriented non-profit organizations” and "On Support to Socially-oriented Non-Governmental Organizations in St. Petersburg" (№373/2011), “On procedure for determining the rent for non-residential premises, owned by the city” (№149-51/1997) and “On procedure of getting rent-exemptions” (№377-57/2005), “On the Saint-Petersburg's grants for community based organizations” (№697-85/2001). These documents established the additional support characterized by combination of legislative remarks and additional aims to support the certain kind of NGOs that are working with socially-vulnerable groups of people. But the reformation decreases the capacities of other NGOS in the legislative possibilities of control, expertise's, lobbying, promotion interests through the participation in such collaboration with the state. Such destinations happen more rather, because, the process of involvement different non-governmental actors into the expertise or work to control is complicated and required many resources from the NGO and at the same time, such interest is not supported by the state. According to the expert Michael Gornyy, the reformation of the federal law About Non-Profit Organizations" (№7/1996) through the inclusion of a new term “a socially-oriented non-profit organization” and support for in 2010 has logically impacted on the Russian third sector relations with the state. Officially, such initiatives were aimed to collect data of non-governmental organizations involved into the social help, support and protection of citizens in one register for further providing different kinds of benefits for them. Due to the practice, the term divided all NGOs on two types: socially-oriented organizations and other non-profit and non-governmental organizations. There was the certain state's idea that socially-oriented organizations are emerging to provide social services for the certain groups of people. Other organizations are only presenting their common's activities without any wish to help socially-vulnerable people. Due to the state decision the first socially-oriented type of organizations is nominated to get of certain preferences. The experts point that practically not all of socially-oriented and non-governmental organizations can be added to the list of socially-oriented NGOs: despite of 18 socially-oriented activities described in the legislation, there is a low quantity of the human rights NGOs included to the register. There is a perception that the organization's presence in the register of socially-oriented NGOs could be an informal advantage to get the state financial support.
  • Among the recently developing issues, there are legislative acts developing a new form called «public-benefit organization» or «NGO - provider of public-benefit services» (№287/2016). The recognition of public-benefit status is available only for the socially-oriented non-profit organizations. Such priority was given to the non-governmental organizations as a right. The main specificity of that status is a receiving from the state federal and regional constituent entities for conduction of the social services for clients. Objectively thinking such preferences can present the material advantages in comparison with other non-socially oriented actors from the third sector. Further, I will give statistical data how much income was obtained by GAOORDI since the re-orientation of a few programs according to the latest changes of legislation.
  • Analysis of the documents revealed the preferences for a socially-oriented type of the non-profit organizations. They are reasoned by the establishment a variety of support defined through the federal law “About non-profit organizations”. Citing M. Gornyy: “From the state's perception, such organizations can be recognized as providers of social services and can get support from the state structures in different forms established by the law.
  • Referring to Gornyy, the pattern of interaction between the state and NGOs has changed during the last decade of years. Since 2005, there has been a development of the societal corporatism model associated with the foundation of the Public chamber of the Russian Federation together with the public coordination council. During the mutual cooperation, the concept of interaction between NGOs and authorities was developed and adopted in 2008 by the public coordination council and the decisions of the city's government. But, then a mutual participation was reduced due to the shortage of the cooperation regarding the development of city law about support for socially-oriented non-profit organizations in 2012. Concerning his opinion, the recent interaction can be characterized as the government corporatism associated with the model of interaction when the state dominates and even controls the state-NGOs' relation without counseling with representatives of the third sector. During these changes, the restrictions of financing from abroad and participation in political activities were merged. According to the expert, these restrictions made obstacles for further development of the Russian third sector. However, the opinions of civil society and NGOs' experts are contradicting.
  • Generally, the majority of organizations from the Russian third sector were informed how to use the mechanism of the state support. It has become one of the main ways of maintaining the non-governmental and charitable activities for socially-vulnerable groups of people. The state promotes the market concept through the establishing the federal legislative act "On the Basics of Social Services for Citizens in the Russian Federation"(№442/2013) establishing the equal rights for the provision of social services for the state bodies and NGOs. It is reasoned by the accumulation of the majority of social obligations, so the state needs to launch mechanisms for provision these obligations. And in this regard, the division of responsibility for support and coordination simply pushes to the market mechanisms. So, the state established a certain priority for organizations involved in the provision of services. But it contradicts the reality where the majority of Russian non-governmental organizations were not focused on providing services, many of them are presenting own interest related to protection of own rights for a certain benefit. It is not unusual that there are several real actors-service providers which want to meet the new standards. Some organizations want to move in this direction, but they have to adapt themselves and rebuild their charter and internal structure that is not a fast process.
  • Citing the expert: “There is a process of transformation of the non-profit sector under the influence of state policy. On the one hand, non-commercial providers and mechanisms of their support are being raised by the example of the Scandinavian model of social policy, but on the other hand, there is a huge number of organizations that do not recognize themselves as service providers. If other competencies such as the work of public councils, participation in the decision-making, feedback from the state authorities will be raised, then the sector will be developed proportionally. So far, it is oriented toward socially-oriented organizations. Regarding interaction, we cannot testify to the dominance of one model of interaction, because non-governmental organizations are very different and the Russian third sector is not homogeneous even in the direction of support for people with disabilities”.
  • According to the majority of experts' opinions, the non-governmental organizations are posing themselves as the experts which are mutually interacting with the state bodies present the minority of all NGOs in Saint-Petersburg. According to their quantitative assessment, in most cases the interaction with mentioned group of NGOs occurs in a paternalistic form of relations, where the NGOs are practically subordinated the state authorities' decisions, receiving the majority income through the state and performing the state interests, through the own activities. At the same time, there are minority of organizations that successfully applying the market mechanisms in their activities, involving non-governmental funders, sharing ideas of social care with the state but presenting the independence and having a respect among the state authorities.
  • Thus, the investigated documents with specialists' views on the investigated issues basically showed the a certain variety of relations.
  • The studies of mentioned legislative acts give me an evidence to argue about two statements. The first is the government aimed to establish useful instruments for the provision the social obligations through the spreading opportunities for organizations-service providers. I mentioned “useful instruments” because there are no vivid efforts to establish eager mutual relations. The federal law about the provision of social services (№442/2013) was developed before the legislative act about "The basics of public control (№212/2014). The second is that the legislative initiatives turned to the development of market relations in the social sphere. The state representatives pointed that it brings equality to the sphere of provision of social services. However, due to the observation of non-governmental organizations work, I would argue that there is not equality in the provision of social services. There is a fact that the equal opportunity to provide social services is differently financed. In case of budget organization as a comprehensive social service provider, it doesn't' need to maintain the building, pay rent and utility costs. The budget social care organizations are placed in a more privileged position for conducting the same services. The utility costs and employee salaries force non-governmental organizations to make additional efforts for searching sponsors or adapt their activities to the state competitions for funding. The process of getting financial support is complicated due to subsidiary funding form.
  • Due to the information taken from the interviews there is an argument that the developed forms of non-governmental charitable organizations, for example GAOORDI, are acting like partners or experts with the state-NGOs affairs. The organization is constructing relations with the state to achieve the major financial sources, regulated by the state and the expert's role. However, the majority of organizations functioning in the disability sphere cannot present the partner role with the government, due to their economic instability and dependence from permanent possibilities presented by the state. Such organizations are adapting to the legislative changes and trying to survive and overcome financial and legislative obstacles for provision the state welfare commitments for their clients.
  • Regarding this segment of NGOs working with disability issues, the investigated relations might be named the state-corporativistic due to the fact of the state's dominance in the legislative control and regulation of NGOs' social activities and spreading of finance for the non-profit actors according to state's ideas and interest.
  • Client-strategy to manage the organization's income
  • I would start the description of this practice associated the interaction with the state based on certain regularities of receiving financial support. Due to the fact that, the state presents the major funding for GAOORDI, I can argue that interaction towards receiving the state financial support is fundamental. For getting the support, association constructs the relationships with the federal ministries and the representatives of constituent entities responsible for financial spreading in Saint-Petersburg. This practice might be described through different practices described further.
  • The first example is the organization of recreational activities for children and youth with disabilities. This program was conducted by the day-care group specialists of GAOORDI with the support of the Committee on Youth Policy and Interaction with NGOs and charitable donations. Due to historical moments, the activities of GAOORDI of the day-care group were shaping to adapt clients' social needs due to recreation and rehabilitation of young disabled people with group accompaniment in tourist camps in the Leningrad's Region and daily activities in the GAOORDI centers of social rehabilitation. GAOORDI was responsible for the running this program for all kinds of people until 2009, then, due to the development of the state social services, the big part of GAOORDI's responsibilities were delegated to city rehabilitation centers for people with disabilities, but the organization still being responsible for organization of recreational activities for youth disabled persons through the Committee budget. Unfortunately, this program was closed due to legislative initiatives of redistribution the state finances in 2016. During the last year the state 9500500 rubles were used for implementation of the program's activities. During the 2015 (the last financed year) 567 people used vouchers for the rest: 382 of them are young disabled people and 185 accompanying persons. 349 of them are were youth with disability and 148 accompanying persons from the Leningrad's region, 33 young disabled people and 37 accompanying people visited the South Russian regions to get mentioned here recreation. According to the recent agenda, GAOORDI is going to propose an idea to reveal summer recreational activities for disabled people on through the use of crowdfunding instruments to collect money from the clients and society.
  • Other possibilities of financial support are applications for subsidiaries (the Committee on social policy or Committee for Culture, Committee on labor and employment) and grants (the Committee on Youth Policy and Interaction with Public Organizations) conducting due to the help of the tendering process. Such interaction is often happened, but in reality, the financial support has not any guarantees for permanent funding the organization's activities. For example the last project activity of GAOORDI that were financed in 2014 by grants from the Committee on Youth Policy and Interaction with Public Organizations. According to official data from the administration of the city website, GAOORDI received 646671 rubles as a subsidy for the project was developing the volunteer initiatives among Saint-Petersburg citizens "Together - for the children! Распоряжение Комитета по молодежной политике и взаимодействию с общественными организациями “Об итогах конкурсного отбора на право получения субсидии в виде гранта Санкт-Петербурга для общественных объединений в 2014 году ” ” There is another financial destination as getting subsidies from the Committee on social policy and Committee on labor to reward association's activities for the provision of social help for disabled persons. Such destination consists from the reimbursement of costs for the implementation of the state social orders and Saint-Petersburg's social programs.
  • Due to legislative changes regarding the provision of social services and establishing a competition among the providers in the social sphere by the Federal Law №442, GAOORDI has launched a row of programs orienting on the provision of social services for children youth people with different kind of disabilities. Such process consists from the adaptation of existing programs such as the day-care group and temporary labor department of the legislative changes and creation of the new ones. The main destinations of day-care that were adapted to the social services: 1) organization temporary labor activities; 2) social, labor and cultural rehabilitation (visiting theaters, art-exhibitions, museums of St. Petersburg, classes at the “Nevskaya Zastava” and the local library, participation in different kinds of art-competitions); 3) adaptive education of children for independent living and household activities by GAOORDI specialists; 4) psychological rehabilitation of youth with intellectual disability.
  • The temporary labor department was a pioneer of adaptation for establishing paid social services, because its activities were already financed by the Ministry of economic development and funded by city and municipal budgets. The changes are related to establishing the competition for provision the state services. It is interesting to mention that GAOORDI uses this financial possibility to develop a labor sphere for youth and young with disabilities with the help of Committee on labor and its budget organization “Employment center”. GAOORDI has won the tendering competition regarding the establishing of labor for disability citizens granted by the Committee on labor in 2016. There is statistical data describing the quantity of employed youth for 3 years on the picture 6.
  • Table 4. Employment for teenagers and young disabled persons.

    • Year

    Financial support from the state (rubles)

    Employed teenagers

    Employed disabled persons

    Creation a workplace for people with disability

    2014

    8 050129,50

    930

    190

    16

    2015

    8 399440,40

    888

    203

    6

    2016

    12 012691,21

    1102

    93

    16
    • The program is responsible for such work creation and support workplaces for people with different forms of disabilities as in the forms of specially created workshops and as well in the open labor market. Such provision of labor possibilities develops the personal skills of young people: they acquire labor and communication skills, learn self-organization and responsible for the work. Besides of that, there are additional functions as provision of temporary internship and creation of modern workplace for disabled employed persons. The program involved teenagers from orphanages, youth from big families, disabled children and children from families in difficult life situations. As part of the program for temporary employment, responsible department involves such adolescents in useful work, teach them the professional and work skills, and help the people with choosing a profession. All of these aspects are developed nowadays. In 2016, Committee on social policy gave 3699340 and 4196630 rubles through the two subsidies for financial support of GAOORDI's project-activities as for the winner of tendering competition. The amount looks great for Russian non-governmental project-activities, but in reality, it is the sum of all organization's costs, in case of residues, they will be returned to the city budget.
    • The next interaction is the complex of expert and educational activities considered here as support and development of socially-oriented non-profit organizations. Due to historical processes, GAOORDI's specialists and members have been improving their expert knowledge about the NGO's sphere, administrative, budgeting issues and established certain relations with the Saint-Petersburg's state authorities sharing with them own view of the social system's work. In a frames of that program, there are following acitvities: 1) methodological work (joint development of materials for further implementation in the employment programs for young disabled people; 2) training seminars divided on "beginner" and "advanced" levels for NGO staff who are already implementing or planning to develop employment programs for young disabled people; 3) organization of internships for specialists from NGOs, to get acquaintance with models of social employment of young disabled people; 4) support and consulting regarding the organization of employment for young people with disabilities; 6) supervision for leading and ordinary employees of SO NGOs who implement employment programs for young people with disabilities; 7) management of co-working space in GAOORDI for the discussion in about practical issues of organizing the promotion of disabled people's interests; 8) provision of educational activities for regional NGOs' development. All these activities were differently funded by the state authorities.
    • The wide range of activities requires a complex and structural system of funding from the state authorities on federal and regional levels (register of social service providers, competing for grants and subsidies), combining with establishing partnerships with sponsors, crowd funding, and fundraising activities. For example, during 2016, the new activity of temporary respite care for parents of disabled youth «Передышка+» was established and financially supported by the Committee on social policy for amount 423 400 rubles. Realizing the success, GAOORDI adapted own previously charitable care of day-care group and produced the day care services for 25 youth with disabilities. The department will get 967 000 rubles for these aims.
    • The next form of financial support is the receiving the compensation of utilities, fees for telephone and radio, as well as maintenance and repair of the common property and leasing territory more or equal 100 mІ (№377-57/2005). Such amount is equal 23 180 rubles per month in the third quarter of the 2016. This amount does not look huge, but if we calculate approximate sum for twelve months of that support, it will bring 278160 rubles per year. According to the specialists of GAOORDI, the usage of this finance is quite controlled as well as implementation of the state social order. There is a fact that GAOORDI cannot deeply influence on the implementation of the state priority destinations for the social programs as well as increase of financial support for maintenance non-governmental properties. Establishing the provision of services through non-governmental structures, the state indicated that it will finance such activities but under the certain conditions.
    • Together with the mentioned issues about the provision of services, it is worth to notice the innovations in the field of providing medical and social services. According to experts, this type of activity is partly presented by NGOs now, but they will not stay for a long time in the non-profit sector. The provision of medical services always implies the availability of licensing, and it is only a question of time when the state will stop this opportunity for the non-profit sector. Citing the specialist from legal advisory department: “This step can be described as adaptation the non-governmental and non-profit organizations on to “the needle of the state support funding” giving them the opportunity of usage by the state grants as a main funding resource for NGOs.
      • ...

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