Social and political activity of Mykhailo Zubrytskyi

Consideration of the social and political activities of the famous Greek-Catholic priest, ethnographer, researcher, folklorist, publicist Mykhailo Zubrytskyi. Characteristics of the priest's participation in the social and political life of Ukraine.

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Vasyl Stefanyk Precarpathian National University

Social and political activity of Mykhailo Zubrytskyi

Volodymyr Velykochyy

Petro Kostyuchok

Ivano-Frankivsk

Summary

Volodymyr Velykochyy

Department of tourism and regional studies,

Ivano-Frankivsk

Petro Kostyuchok

Vasyl Stefanyk Precarpathian National University,

Department of Ethnology and Archaeology,

Ivano-Frankivsk

The article highlights the social and political activities of the famous Greek-Catholic priest, ethnographer, researcher, folklorist, publicist, active member of the National Academy of Sciences Mykhailo Zubrytskyi (1856-1919). The main aspects of his participation in the social and political life of Ukraine at the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th centuries are outlined. Mykhailo Zubrytsky was a parish priest for many years in the village of Mshanets, Starosambir District. In 1894 and 1895, he applied as a candidate in the additional election of ambassador, but did not win. During the elections, in publications in the press, Mykhailo Zubrytskyi analyzed election trends in Boykivshyn (in Starosambir, Syanotskyi, Liskyi counties, in Turkivshchyna), helped the local population to find their way in choosing a candidate.

Mykhailo Zubrytskyi was the founder of “Prosvity” reading rooms (the head of the reading room in the village of Mshanets), shops in the villages of Starosambir and Turkiv districts, he took care of raising the educational level of the villagers and improving their economic situation. Established reading rooms became a public space for creativity, learning, communication, joint affairs, and assistance.

In his publications in periodicals, the priest highlighted the acute problems of Ukrainian life: poverty, illiteracy, inertia, indifference, labor migration, political struggle, the role of the Greek-Catholic clergy, criticized Muscophilism, and supported the Narodites. Mykhailo Zubrytskyi's social and political activities were aimed at improving the situation of Ukrainians and raising their national consciousness. His life was an example of active participation, care, responsibility.

Keywords: Mykhailo Zubrytskyi, priest, Boiko rehion, social and political activity, elections, Prosvita.

Анотація

Громадсько-політична діяльність Михаила Зубрицького

Стаття висвітлює громадсько-політичну діяльність відомого греко-католицького священника, етнографа, дослідника, фольклориста, публіциста Михайла Зубрицького (1856-1919). Окреслено основні аспекти участі священника у суспільно-політичному житті українства наприкінці ХІХ - на початку ХХ ст. Михайло Зубрицький був багатолітнім парохом у селі Мшанець Старосамбірського повіту. У 1894 р. і 1895 р. він подавався як кандидат при додатковому виборі посла, однак не здобув перемоги. Михайло Зубрицький вважав вибори вагомим фактором консолідації, солідаризації, ідейно-національного єднання, закликав до їх ефективного використання у контексті покращення майбутнього, реалізації шансів участі у громадсько-політичному житті. Здійснена М. Зубрицьким аналітика виборчих тенденцій на Бойківщині, сприяє розумінню настроїв, вивченню політичної культури населення регіону.

Михайло Зубрицький був засновником читалень “Просвіти” (голова читальні у с. Мшанець), крамниць у селах Старосамбірського та Турківського повітів, дбав про зростання освітнього рівня селян, покращення їхнього економічного становища. Священник у своїх публікаціях у періодичних виданнях висвітлював гострі проблеми життя українства: бідність, неграмотність, інертність, трудову міграцію, політичну боротьбу, роль духовенства, критикував москвофільство. Зазначено, що його позиція та ініціативність - приклад дієвого лідера, котрий сприяв спільним справам громади, взаємодії, зростанню національної свідомості населення, підвищував авторитет греко-католицького духовенства. Під час Великої війни Михайло Зубрицький був заарештований австрійською владою. У 1918 р. активно долучився до створення органів ЗУНР. Вивчення діяльності М. Зубрицького упродовж 1914-1919 рр. дозволить розкрити нові аспекти його громадсько-політичної діяльності.

Ключові слова: Михайло Зубрицький, священник, Бойківщина, громадсько-політична діяльність, вибори, “Просвіта”.

Mykhailo Zubrytskyi is a prominent Greek-Catholic priest, social-political figure, ethnographer, researcher, folklorist, and publicist. His life and his legacy entail various kinds of activity not only in the capacity of a parish priest, who would inspire and organize many events, but also as an activist in the socio-political life of the Ukrainians in the XIX-XX centuries. Modern researchers view Mykhailo Zubrytskyi as a scientist, mentor, coach, and leader Кляшторна Н. Місія отця Зубрицького. URL: https://localhistory.org.ua/texts/reportazhi/misiia-ottsia- zubritskogo..

The social-political activity of Mykhailo Zubrytsky has become the subject of research of a number of scientists including Frank Sysyn Sysyn F. Religion within the Ukrainian Populist Credo: The Enlightened Pastor Mykhailo Zubrytsky. Journal of Ukrainian Studies. 2012. Vol. 37. Р. 85-96., Mykhailo Hlushko Глушко М. Михайло Зубрицький - діяльний член Наукового товариства імені Шевченка у Львові. Народна творчість та етнологія. 2020. Вип. 3 (385). С. 7-27., Hryhorii Demian Дем'ян Г. Маловідомі сторінки життя і наукової праці Мих. Зубрицького. Зубрицький М. Зібрані твори і матеріали: у 3 т. Т. 2 : Матеріали до біографії. Львів, 2016. С. 367-395., Roman Horak Горак Р. Феномен сільського священника. Зубрицький М. Зібрані твори та матеріали у трьох томах. Том 2: Матеріали до біографії. Львів, Літопис. 2016. С. 418-442..

The objective of the paper is to analyse the social-political activity of Mykhailo Zubrytsky.

In the XIX and early XX centuries, the Greek Catholic clergy was the leading stratum in many spheres of Galicia's life including politics, education, culture, and science. The social and political activity of Mykhailo Zubrytskyi was closely tied to the priest post in the village of Mshanets of the Starosambir district. His experience and knowledge benefited the lives of parishioners.

According to the Canadian researcher F. Sysyn, in religious affairs Mykhailo Zubrytskyi pursued the goal of eradicating old and planting new, trying to get his fellow people to the level of the so-called more cultured lands Sysyn F. Religion within the Ukrainian Populist Credo: The Enlightened Pastor Mykhailo Zubrytsky. Journal of Ukrainian Studies. 2012. Vol. 37. S. 94., he wanted to create communities of enlightened, patriotic, sensible, prosperous, and literate villagers Ibid. S. 96.. These stable relationship and direct approach priests resorted to had a very significant importance for the national cause Зубрицький М. Кілька слів з нагоди статі ДЬла п. з. “Лицемірьі”. Зубрицький М. Зібрані твори і матеріали : у 3 т. Т. 3 : Газетні публікації, етнографічні та архівні матеріали. Львів, 2019. С. 641..

After Mykhailo Zubrytskyi was appointed to the parish in the village of Mshanets, Starosambir district (1883), local peasants saw the first changes in their lives. He initiated the introduction catechesis, innovations in church ceremonies procedures, and the construction of a stone church Зубрицький М. Автобіографія. Зубрицький М. Зібрані твори і матеріали : у 3 т. Т. 2 : Матеріали до біографії. Львів, 2016. С. 89.

M. Zubrytskyi believed that priests should work for the common cause and improve the situation of his people Зубрицький М. Право призенти сьвящеників. Зубрицький М. Зібрані твори і матеріали : у 3 т. Т. 3 : Газетні публікації, етнографічні та архівні матеріали. Львів, 2019. С. 289.. His articles and speeches were related to the positive and negative aspects of work of priests: efficiency, professionalism, bias, and level of education. He encouraged clergymen to be responsible, to create common affairs unification centers for peasants Зубрицький М. В істориї нераз дещо повторює ся (Письмо з кругів духовеньства). Зубрицький М. Зібрані твори і матеріали : у 3 т. Т. 3 : Газетні публікації, етнографічні та архівні матеріали. Львів, 2019. С. 692.. He believed that work aimed at community life development would contribute to the growth of priests' authority and respect for them. M. Zubrytskyi was also convinced that if clergymen zealeously worked for the community good their work would prevent biases and negative attitudes, as well as the spread of anti-clerical sentiments Зубрицький М. Зь села (Деяки гадки до розваги нашимь матуристамь). Зубрицький М. Зібрані твори і матеріали : у 3 т. Т. 3 : Газетні публікації, етнографічні та архівні матеріали. Львів, 2019. С. 323..

M. Zubrytskyi condemned Galician Russophilia as "a great misfortune for our people Зубрицький М. Кілька слів з нагоди статі ДЪла п. з. “Лицемірьі”. Зубрицький М. Зібрані твори і матеріали : у 3 т. Т. 3 : Газетні публікації, етнографічні та архівні матеріали. Львів, 2019. С. 642.. He considered the clerical enthusiasm for Russophile ideas and views unacceptable. His papers dealt with Russophile priests: he provided their names, results of their political hobbies (Polish records in documents, lack of patriotism, national idea, low intelligence level) Зубрицький М. Москвофіли на услугах польщини. Зубрицький М. Зібрані твори і матеріали : у 3 т. Т. 3 : Газетні публікації, етнографічні та архівні матеріали. Львів, 2019. С. 695.. He hoped Ukrainians would improve their situation if they were no longer under the Russophile propaganda influence.

M. Zubrytskyi looked for things to counterbalance these dangers and threats and found his solution in the national cultural and educational sphere. Thus, he encouraged his parishioners to become members of Ukrainian organizations.

H. Demian believed that Mykhailo Zubrytskyi understood the significance of the organized peasants' activities forms for the increase of general and economic knowledge levels, as well as for mastering some common resistance methods, at least the simplest ones. He used his authority and knowledge to create “Prosvita” reading rooms (local cultural and educational centres) in Boyko villages Дем'ян Г. Національно-державницьке спрямування діяльності М. Зубрицького (Тематико-бібліографіч- ний огляд публікацій). Зубрицький М. Зібрані твори і матеріали : у 3 т. Т. 2 : Матеріали до біографії. Львів, 2016. С. 404..

For M. Zubrytskyi, the reading rooms were a public space to develop creativity, learning, communication, as well as to organise common enterprises and to for help Зубрицький М. О теперЪшном положеню нашого народа и якь бы єго морально и матеріяльно под- двигнути (Реферат о. Зубрицкого на вЪчи в ТурцЪ). Зубрицький М. Зібрані твори і матеріали : у 3 т. Т. 3 : Газетні публікації, етнографічні та архівні матеріали. Львів, 2019. С. 119.. He used to implement his ideas in the area of the village Mshanets, Starosambir district, where he served as a local pastor in between 1889 and 1914. According to F. Sysyn, it was the national and people oriented worldview of the priest formed during his seminary years that intorduced irreversible changes into the lives of his parish Зубрицький М. Зібрані твори і матеріали у трьох томах. Т. 1 : Наукові праці. Вид. 2-е випр. Львів, 2019. С. 25..

On February 28, 1892, there was opened a "Prosvita" reading room in Mshanets Зубрицький М. Дня 28 лютого 1892 отворено читальню “ПросвЪты” в Мшанци. Зубрицький М. Зібрані твори і матеріали : у 3 т. Т. 3 : Газетні публікації, етнографічні та архівні матеріали. Львів, 2019. С. 130.. This event was described in the autobiography: "At the beginning of 1892, we opened a “Prosvita” reading room in Mshanets and a little later [we opened] a bookshop” Зубрицький М. Автобіографія. Зубрицький М. Зібрані твори і матеріали : у 3 т. Т. 2 : Матеріали до біографії. Львів, 2016. С. 91.. “In the course of the first official meeting of the organizing committee of the “Prosvita”, on February 28, 1892, there was chosen its board: chair - man Rev. Mykhailo Zubrytsky, vice-chairman Hryts Hrytsak, treasurer Petro Sysyn, librarian Vasyl Voloshchak, scribe Mykhailo Parashchak Зубрицький М. Дня 28 лютого 1892 отворено читальню “ПросвЪты” в Мшанци. Зубрицький М. Зібрані твори і матеріали : у 3 т. Т. 3 : Газетні публікації, етнографічні та архівні матеріали. Львів, 2019. С. 130.. According to the ethnographer's notes, the reading room was located in “a room rented from Alexandr Demianovskyi, a local peasant. He gave the premises free of charge” Листи Михайла Зубрицького до Товариства “Просвіта” у Львові (1891-1910 рр.). Зубрицький М. Зібрані твори і матеріали : у 3 т. Т. 1 : Наукові праці. Вид. 2-е, випр. Львів, 2019. С. 305.. Every year the number of members of the “Prosvita” community increased, there was a larger number of books, and the library received more periodicals.

Later on, the reading room had a pheasant shop opened. Depending on the household duties and possibilities, Mshenets residents would visit “Prosvita” on Sundays and religious holidays, on Saturday evenings and on the eve of holidays Зубрицький М. Читальню “ПросвЪты” в Мшанци. Зубрицький М. Зібрані твори і матеріали : у 3 т. Т. 3: Газетні публікації, етнографічні та архівні матеріали. Львів, 2019. С. 243..

Besides the opening of the "Prosvita" reading room in Mshanets of Starosambir district, M. Zubrytskyi contributed to the opening of reading rooms in other villages of Starosambir and Turkiv districts. According to H. Demian and T. Romaniuk, it was due to the direct involvement of M. Zubrytskyi that “Prosvita” reading rooms were established and kept working in the neighboring villages Hroziovo, Mykhnivtsi, Limna, Lypie, Lavriv, and Holovetsko Дем'ян Г. Національно-державницьке спрямування діяльності М. Зубрицького (Тематико-бібліографіч- ний огляд публікацій). Зубрицький М. Зібрані твори і матеріали : у 3 т. Т. 2 : Матеріали до біографії. Львів, 2016. С. 404; Романюк Т. Причинок до історії читальні Товариства “Просвіта” у селі Мшанець. Зубрицький М. Зібрані твори і матеріали : у 3 т. Т. 2 : Матеріали до біографії. 2016. С. 478.. Following the M. Zubrytskyi's example, local priests led the newly created branches. M. Zubrytskyi also incentivized “Prosvita” theatrical performances. According to Rev. Mykhailo Zubrytskyi's notes, the five -acts drama “May [they] live” was staged4 Зубрицький М. Зь СтаромЪского (Селяньскій театрь вь читальни вь ЛавровЪ). Зубрицький М. Зібрані твори і матеріали : у 3 т. Т. 3 : Газетні публікації, етнографічні та архівні матеріали. Львів, 2019. С. 241.. Such events contributed to the people's cause, and popularization of Ukrai - nian culture.

Among the downsides of “Prosvita” reading rooms activity Rev. Mykhailo Zubrytskyi singled out cases of power abuse by some of their chairmen. In particular, he reported financial violations in the village Holovetsko, Starosambir district Зубрицький М. Від Старого Самбора (Розвязанє читальні “Просьвіти” в Головецку). Зубрицький М. Зібрані твори і матеріали : у 3 т. Т. 3 : Газетні публікації, етнографічні та архівні матеріали. Львів, 2019. С. 677-678..social political catholic priest

An important area of Rev. Mykhailo Zubrytskyi's enlightenment activities was to the anti - alcohol policy and ways of bringing this problem to light on pages of newspapers and magazines. As H. Demian pointed out, the priest fought for sobriety in a number of ways, including educating people on the detrimental effects of binge drinking and alcoholism, and popularizing organized counteraction to alcohol manufacturers' monopolies Дем'ян Г. Національно-державницьке спрямування діяльності М. Зубрицького (Тематико-бібліографіч- ний огляд публікацій). Зубрицький М. Зібрані твори і матеріали : у 3 т. Т. 2 : Матеріали до біографії. Львів, 2016. С. 405..

According to M. Zubrytskyi's observations, the local Boyko population would activ ely consume vodka on various occasions, holidays or celebrations. He promoted the anti-alcohol movement in Galicia, advocated the creation of sobriety fraternities and called for solving the problems of alcohol consumprion and alcohol production and distribution monopoly.

Another area of Mykhailo Zubrytskyi's social work concerned his position on the school education and school issues solutions as well as presentation in local press his vision on school reforming in Galicia. Ukrainian historian H. Demian emphasised that Mykhailo Zubrytskyi was primarily interested in the areas connected with Ukrainian national patriotic upbringing of young people, its formation and development. Reverend Mykhailo sought ways to improve general level of know - ledge, especially in the sphere of the Ukrainian language study, he would strongly object to the intro - duction of Polish national and religious holidays, he critisised low professional training of teachers, and opposed assimilation processes, demanded from the state an increase in funds for the maintenance of schools Дем'ян Г. Національно-державницьке спрямування діяльності М. Зубрицького (Тематико-бібліографіч- ний огляд публікацій). Зубрицький М. Зібрані твори і матеріали : у 3 т. Т. 2 : Матеріали до біографії. Львів, 2016. С. 359..

M. Zubrytskyi estimated that at the end of the 19th century there were forty schools in Starosambir district Зубрицький М. Письмо зь Старо-мЪского: Народне вЪче скликане до Старого-мЪста на 22-ого с. м. зновь заборонило мЪсцеве ц. к. староство. Зубрицький М. Зібрані твори і матеріали : у 3 т. Т. 3 : Газетні публікації, етнографічні та архівні матеріали. Львів, 2019. С. 496.. However, only 15 schools were working Ibid.. He blamed economic crisis as the main reason of the decline in education.

Numerous works by M. Zubrytsky included his views on the school functioning. The priest believed the right way to handle it was to enforce the equality of the Ukrainian language among other languages in government agencies, schools, and courts Ibid.. It was characteristic of students to have a low level of proficiency in their native language; there was a huge popularization of non-Ukrainian holidays at school. Local communities found it difficult and burdensome to shoulder all the financial obligations of to maintain and provide schools (school security, economic support of the school, insulation, and teachers' salaries) Зубрицький М. Про сумну подію в перемискій рускій гімназиї. Зібрані твори і матеріали : у 3 т. Т. 3 : Газетні публікації, етнографічні та архівні матеріали. Львів, 2019. С. 752..

Another social and political aspect Mykhailo Zubrytskyi paid much attention to was labor emigration. He singled out the main factors leading to it, including difficult living conditions, lack of money to secure the minimum standard of living, and difficult socio-economic situation. Poverty and hunger made people act decisively in order to earn money Зубрицький М. З під Лютовиск (Мелїорациї в Михнівци - Читальна “Просьвіти” в Липю - Еміграция - Тяжкий рік). Зубрицький М. Зібрані твори і матеріали : у 3 т. Т. 3 : Газетні публікації, етнографічні та архівні матеріали. Львів, 2019. С. 686-687.. Another factor influencing emigration of Galician peasants, according to M. Zubrytskyi, was an active work on the part of recruiting agents.

The priest provided the list of characteristic features of the migration movements of Ukrainians, he would trace odyssey of certain people. To avoid starvation, a lot of people of the Boyko ethnicity were looking for jobs in the Bukovyna region, Hutsul region, Podillia region, and Hungary Зубрицький М. “Тісні роки”. Причинки до істориї Галичини 1846-1861 рр. Зубрицький М. Зібрані твори і матеріали : у 3 т. Т. 1 : Наукові праці. Вид. 2-е, випр. Львів, 2019. С. 125-137.. They would mainly work in alcohol production industry (like breweries, etc.), at gristmills, in trade Зубрицький М. Автобіографія. Зубрицький М. Зібрані твори і матеріали : у 3 т. Т. 2 : Матеріали до біографії. Львів, 2016. С. 88.. The main overseas emigration destinations were the United States and Brazil Зубрицький М. Тихій але ревный патріоть. Зубрицький М. Зібрані твори і матеріали : у 3 т. Т. 3 : Газетні публікації, етнографічні та архівні матеріали. Львів, 2019. С. 504-505..

Emigrants were of different origin, age, and gender. Most of them were from the poorest stratum, they had no housing, land, and did not agree to low wages Зубрицький М. Про еміграцію пишуть у нась часто. Зубрицький М. Зібрані твори і матеріали : у 3 т. Т. 3 : Газетні публікації, етнографічні та архівні матеріали. Львів, 2019. С. 643. Зубрицький М. Еміграція селян з Мшанця до північної Америки (Допись з Старосамбірщини). Зубрицький М. Зібрані твори і матеріали : у 3 т. Т. 3 : Газетні публікації, етнографічні та архівні матеріали. Львів, 2019. С. 767.. It was important for M. Zubrytskyi to understand people's attitude regarding migration. While young people saw migration in a more positive light, reckoning it was an opportunity to earn money, improve their lives, the older generation was more conservative, they were filled with concern regaring the fate of their children in a foreign country .

M. Zubrytskyi also provided an estimated total cost of travel to the United States: the cost was 150 zloty (PLN) Ibid. P. 766.. When people had no money, they were forced to borrow them from the wealthy or from the church. The researcher tried to trace emigrants path beyond the border, he was interested in their employment abroad, their everyday life. Emigrants would use the money they earned not only to improve their financial situation, but they also donated it to the church.

Rev. Zubrytskyi did not have a clear-cut one-sided view on emigration as a way of people looking for of a better life. One could agree with researcher H. Demian who argued that Mykhailo Zubrytskyi never considered emigration a rational solution when it came to the problem of national suppression and it was the foreign rule in the native lands that caused severe poverty Дем'ян Г. Національно-державницьке спрямування діяльності М. Зубрицького (Тематико-бібліографічний огляд публікацій). Зубрицький М. Зібрані твори і матеріали : у 3 т. Т. 2: Матеріали до біографії. Львів, 2016. С. 410.. He highlighted threats and challenges of emigration, among which there was the loss of the strong young working generation that would start to see the new world as their home home; as a countermeasure he suggested introduction of the best foreign practices by migrant workers at home.

H. Demyan noted that the researcher attached great importance to elections for ideological and national hardening and consolidation, and also tried to use the elections in the most effective way and left a noticeable mark in his numerous publications. He was interested in politics since 1883. Mykhailo Zubrytskyi saw his political activity as an opportunity to change the situation in Galicia, that is to positively influence the socio-economic and cultural life of the peasantry. H. Demian pointed out that the researcher thought high of elections in terms of ideological and national education and consolidation, thus he tried to use the elections to the fullest, and he had a lot to say in his numerous publications Дем'ян Г. Національно-державницьке спрямування діяльності М. Зубрицького (Тематико-бібліографічний огляд публікацій). Зубрицький М. Зібрані твори і матеріали : у 3 т. Т. 2 : Матеріали до біографії. Львів, 2016. С. 402.. He had been interested in politics since 1883.

The priest was a candidate. In 1894 and 1895, he was running for a post of an ambassador in the additional election. The idea to nominate M. Zubrytskyi came from the national People's Council Зубрицький М. Автобіографія. Зубрицький М. Зібрані твори і матеріали : у 3 т. Т. 2 : Матеріали до біографії. Львів, 2016. С. 95.. However, that election campaign was not successful for him. The electorate favoured priest's opponent Kazymyr Belaanskyi, who won Зубрицький М. Выборь посла вь Старомь-мЪстЪ (Письмо зь старо-мЪского). Зубрицький М. Зібрані твори і матеріали : у 3 т. Т. 3 : Газетні публікації, етнографічні та архівні матеріали. Львів, 2019. С. 252-257..

In the autumn of 1895, M. Zubrytskyi decided to run for a post for the second time. He had been analyzing the mood of potential voters since the spring of 1895, hoping for the support from the mountain communities Листи Михайла Зубрцикього до Олександра Барвінського (1894-1895 рр.). Зубрицький М. Зібрані твори і матеріали : у 3 т. Т. 1 : Наукові праці. Вид. 2-е, випр. Львів, 2019. С. 248.. Government officials tried to defame him and spread information about him being a Russophile Зубрицький М. Зь руху выборчого. Зубрицький М. Зібрані твори і матеріали : у 3 т. Т. 3 : Газетні публікації, етнографічні та архівні матеріали. Львів, 2019. С. 332., however he publicly announced his negative attitude towards Russophiles. Still, M. Zubrytskyi lost the election in 1895 Зубрицький М. Выборь посла вь Сгаромь-мЪстЪ (Письмо зь старо-мЪского). Зубрицький М. Зібрані твори і матеріали : у 3 т. Т. 3 : Газетні публікації, етнографічні та архівні матеріали. Львів, 2019. С. 252..

Researcher H. Demian believed that partaking in the election the priest was showing his solidarity with those representatives of the Ukrainian intelligentsia who used every chance and various opportunities to improve situation of their fellow people Дем'ян Г. Національно-державницьке спрямування діяльності М. Зубрицького (Тематико-бібліографічний огляд публікацій). Зубрицький М. Зібрані твори і матеріали : у 3 т. Т. 2 : Матеріали до біографії. Львів, 2016. С. 402..

Social and political activities of M. Zubrytskyi can be studied not only through the prism his participation in the elections, but also by means of reading the local political newspaper articles of the time. H. Demian drew attention to the fact that Rev. Mykhailo Zubrytskyi's speeches for the press had a clear and defined aim - to help the local population make a right and timely choice in terms of the best candidate, to understand which political views they represent and whose interests they would defend in the future Дем'ян Г. Маловідомі сторінки життя і наукової праці Мих. Зубрицького. Зубрицький М. Зібрані твори і матеріали : у 3 т. Т. 2 : Матеріали до біографії. Львів, 2016. С. 389.. The analysis of electoral trends in the Boykiv region helped to understand ongoing moods and learn about the political culture of the local population. M. Zubrytskyi's papers were dedicated to the elections in Starosambir, Syanok, Lisy counties, and Turkiv region.

On April 25, 1914, Mykhailo Zubrytskyi was appointed to the parish in the village Berehiv Dolishnyi. During World War I, he was arrested on suspicion of being a Russophile Горак Р. Феномен сільського священника. Зубрицький М. Зібрані твори та матеріали : у 3 т. Т. 2 : Матеріали до біографії. Львів, Літопис. 2016. С. 441.. However, M. Zubrytskyi managed to flee Thalerhof for Carniola in Slovenia, where he lived until 1916; later he returned to Berehiv Dolishnyi Зубрицький М. Словенський щоденник. Зубрицький М. Зібрані твори і матеріали : у 3 т. Т. 2 : Матеріали до біографії. Львів, 2016. С. 116..

Mykhailo Zubrytskyi took part in the events during the establishment of the Western Ukrainian People's Republic in November 1918. In his house he organized a hospital for Ukrainian soldiers Зборовський П. Славетний син бойківського краю (до 100-річчя від дня загибелі видатного українського вченого, душпастиря, історика, теолога, етнографа, фольклориста, дійсного члена НТШ). Бойківщина. 2019. 17 травня. С. 6.. The priest recorded details of the events related to the ZUNR (WUPR) authorities in Lisk, Przemysl, Ustryky during the period of November 6 - December 21, 1918 Дем'ян Г. Національно-державницьке спрямування діяльності М. Зубрицького (Тематико-бібліографіч- ний огляд публікацій). Зубрицький М. Зібрані твори і матеріали : у 3 т. Т. 2 : Матеріали до біографії. Львів, 2016. С. 413-417.. The Polish authorities arrested M. Zubrytskyi on November 25, 1918 Ibid. P. 414..

To summarize, social and political activitiy of Mykhailo Zubrytskyi had different vector and constituted an important part of his life. He was the one to organize and open "Prosvita" reading rooms as well as shops in the villages of Starosambir and Turka counties, he contributed to the development of the peasants' educational level as well as improvements in their economic situation. In his printed works in press and periodicals the priest addressed topical problems of the Ukrainian life: poverty, illiteracy, inertia, labor migration, and political struggle. M. Zubrytskyi was an active participant in election campaigns, however he never won. During World War I, he was arrested by the Austrian authorities. In 1918, he actively took part in the creation and establishment of ZUNR (WUPR) govermental bodies.

Activities of M. Zubrytskyi during 1914-1919, his arrest and stay in Slovenia make up an object of further research.

References

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2. Horak R. (2016). Fenomen silskoho sviashchennyka [The phenomenon of the village priesty. Zubrytskyi M. Zibrani tvory ta materialy u trokh tomakh. Tom 2: Materialy do biohrafii [Zubrytskyi M. Collected works and materials in three volumes. Volume 2: Materials for biography - Zubrytskyi M. Collected works and materials in three volumes. Volume 2: Materials for biographyy. S. 418-442 (in Ukrainian).

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23. Zubrytskyi M. (2019) Pro emihratsiiu pyshut u nas chasto [We often write about emigration]. Zubrytskyi M. Zibrani tvory i materialy: u 3 t. T. 3: Hazetni publikatsii, etnohrafichni ta arkhivni materialy [Zubrytskyi M. Collected works and materials: in 3 volumes. Volume 3: Newspaper publications, ethnographic and archival materials]. Lviv. S. 643 (in Ukrainian).

24. Zubrytskyi M. (2019). Pro sumnu podiiu v peremyskii ruskii himnazyi [About the sad event in the Russian gymnasium in Peremysk]. Zubrytskyi M. Zibrani tvory i materialy: u 3 t. T. 3: Hazetni publikatsii, etnohrafichni ta arkhivni materialy [Zubrytskyi M. Collected works and materials: in 3 volumes. Volume 3: Newspaper publications, ethnographic and archival materials]. Lviv. S. 752 (in Ukrainian).

25. Zubrytskyi M. (2016). Slovenskyi shchodennyk [Slovenian daily]. Zubrytskyi M. Zibrani tvory i materialy: u 3 T. T. 2: Materialy do biohrafii. Lviv. S. 116 (in Ukrainian).

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33. Sysyn F. Religion within the Ukrainian Populist Credo: The Enlightened Pastor Mykhailo Zubrytsky. Journal of Ukrainian Studies. 2012. Vol. 37. S. 85-96.

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