Potential of inclusive tourism in the context of green social work

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Pavlo Tychyna Uman state pedagogical university

Potential of inclusive tourism in the context of green social work

candidate of psychological sciences, associate professor, department of psychology

PhD (doctor of philosophy), department of psychology

Uman

Abstract

In the conditions of creating a barrier-free environment for people with disabilities, inclusive tourism is a prerequisite for access to historical, cultural and natural objects. This contributes to socialization and social rehabilitation, expanding the boundaries of the sphere of communication and overcomes social isolation, provides access to environmental resources, and forms a careful attitude to the environment. Inclusive tourism is an important component of the implementation of the theory of green social work, at the same time it is an actual technology for its practical implementation. The aim of the article is to substantiate the potential of inclusive tourism in the context of green social work. The following research methods were used in our work: analysis, systematization, generalization, synthesis.

Important components for the implementation of inclusive tourism are overcoming environmental barriers that are external to a person with a disability and include attitudes towards people with disabilities, architecture, environmental features, transportation, economic elements, rules and regulations, as well as barriers of inaction. Communication barriers arise as a result of the interaction of individuals and their social environments.

Ecological life ofpeople with disabilities ensures compliance with the principles of social, pedagogical and psychological work: principle of a special approach; principle of development; principle of activity; principle of equality; principle of granting the power (principle ofpower); principle of subjectivity; principle ofproficiency approach; principle of unity of consciousness and activity; principle of environmental friendliness.

The ecological approach is actualized in social work and is distinguished as a theory of green social work, which expands the field of activity of social workers - from human rights, work with vulnerable marginal groups of the population, work on stigma, discrimination, etc., to the issue offair distribution of environmental resources, the planet as a whole.

Key words: inclusive tourism, accessibility, people with disabilities, green social work.

Main part

inclusive tourism disability

Introduction and the current state of the research problem. The formation of a barrier-free environment for persons with disabilities in tourism is a public good, which is related to the economic and social development of the country as a whole. To do this, it is necessary to take into account the characteristics of each person who belongs to the low-mobility group of the population.

The change in emphasis in the interpretation of the concept of disability leads to the need to ensure a comprehensive approach in creating conditions that would facilitate the realization of the rights of persons with disabilities on an equal basis with other citizens of the country.

The analysis of legislation and scientific literature on tourism shows that there is currently no generally accepted definition of tourism for persons with disabilities in Ukraine, and the existing approaches to its definition do not have an in-depth study that would reveal the essence of this phenomenon. In Ukraine, the conceptual apparatus in the field of tourism for persons with disabilities is not fixed in any normative acts or laws. Only in the Law of Ukraine «On Tourism» is the type of tourism distinguished, in particular, tourism for the disabled (Law of Ukraine «On Tourism»). In Ukraine, the terms «tourism for people with disabilities», «disability tourism», «tourism for people with disabilities», «adaptive tourism» are most often used to define it. The essence of these definitions boils down to the fact that they consider a type of tourism designed for people with health problems.

Having analyzed the domestic and foreign literature, we can conclude that when talking about tourism for people with disabilities, the following concepts are most often used abroad: «accessible tourism», «tourism for all», «barrier-free tourism», «tourism for persons with disabilities».

Aim and tasks. The aim of the article is to substantiate the potential of inclusive tourism in the context of green social work.

The following research methods were used in our work: analysis, systematization, generalization, synthesis.

Research results. Persons with disabilities are full members of society and need constant attention to their problems. Creating a barrier-free environment for such population groups is extremely necessary.

Thus, barriers can be defined as those obstacles that arise when participating or attempting to participate in a tourism experience. Conventionally, these barriers can be divided into internal, environmental and communicative.

Internal barriers are the result of a person's own levels of physical, cognitive or psychological functioning. These barriers can be directly related to the specifics of the individual's disability, but they can also be related to the lack of knowledge about tourism opportunities, physical and psychological dependence on educators.

Environmental barriers are external to the person with a disability and include attitudes toward people with disabilities, architecture, environmental features, transportation, economic elements, rules and regulations, and inaction barriers. Communication barriers arise as a result of the interaction of individuals and their social environments.

Accessibility must be ensured throughout the chain of tourist services, connections between tourist objects, services and entertainment must be well verified and coordinated. The elements of the chain of tourist services are the management system in the field of tourism; information for tourists and advertising (information, booking); urban environment and architecture; transport and transport terminals; accommodation, food; cultural objects (museums, theaters, cinemas).

The concept of an accessible tourist area (region, settlement, district) should include the necessary amenities, infrastructure and transport to create a diverse, accessible environment. It is necessary to ensure that tourist facilities or accommodation located in regions where there is no accessible transport, suitable environment and connections with other tourist facilities are not advertised as accessible.

The main tasks for a comfortable environment for people with disabilities are the development of solutions that take into account the psychological and physical connections of a person with a disability with the surrounding space, which includes the visual perception of the interior elements of the room, the functionality and convenience of life processes, ability to harmoniously carry out the necessary social interaction between other residents of the premises. The set of unfavorable factors of the external environment directly affects constructive decisions.

It will be appropriate to determine the conditions for the formation of an accessible space with the help of elements that form a barrier-free space.

There are certain requirements for the elements forming a barrier-free space. Thus, information and advertisement - travel literature and other advertising materials must contain clear information about the availability of services and amenities, preferably using international symbols that are easy to understand. Information should be provided in visual and audio format. The reservation system should have all the necessary information about the degree of accessibility of facilities and services offered to people with disabilities in order to facilitate their selection and reservation process. Reservation systems should be available so that any tourist can use them independently. For this, websites and other reservation systems must be developed in accordance with the Web Content Accessibility Guidelines.

Transport - passenger transport, including private cars. Buses, taxis, trams, funiculars (cable cars), trains, ferries and cruise ships for hire must be designed to be safe, comfortable and equally accessible to people with disabilities or reduced mobility. Pedestrian crossings should have traffic lights with virtual and audible notifications so that people with vision and hearing problems can use them safely. Access to vehicles should be as simple as possible, and the help of assistants should be available if necessary.

Living - accommodation facilities must have at their disposal a sufficient number of rooms for people with disabilities, which they can use without external assistance. The rooms must be designed in such a way that a person with a disability can move freely inside, use amenities and services, as well as means of communication. For this, it is also necessary to take into account the requirements for size and free space, as well as the appropriate technical means that a person with a disability may need for safe and comfortable movement. In a room intended for guests with disabilities, it is necessary to provide for the complete absence of sill plates. All doorways must be at least 0,9 m wide. The area of the room exceeds the area of the usual «standard» - 28 m². The door eye and chain should be located at a level of 1.2 m. Rooms and infrastructure in places of residence should be equipped with an emergency alarm system suitable for people with hearing problems. Accommodation must accept guide dogs and provide them with everything they need.

Nutrition - there should be a sufficient number of restaurants, cafes and bars close to residences with accessible facilities, which include accessibility to the premises, furniture design that takes into account the needs of people on wheelchairs, counters of different heights, menus with easy-to-read text, in Braille or in an alternative format (via the website or mobile application), accessible toilets.

Cultural objects (museums, theaters and objects of contemplation) - owners or administrators of museums and other objects of historical, cultural or religious value that are open to the public must ensure that the object is accessible to visitors with disabilities, including by means of lifts and ramps where necessary. Theaters and cinemas must provide special seats or areas for guests using wheelchairs, as well as special headphones or induction loops for people with hearing problems.

Excursions - excursion buses must be equipped with everything necessary to serve people with disabilities, also during excursions, information must be provided in audio and video formats, as well as in other formats that are suitable for people with visual and hearing impairments. Where possible, tour operators should employ a sign language interpreter for the hearing impaired and/or provide printed materials with information about the sites visited.

Personnel - patience will be most helpful for staff working with a guest with special needs. In the job description of a porter, waiter, maid, there is an item on assistance to people with disabilities. The maid is responsible for most of the details that shoud be taken into consideration. She needs to be prepared for the fact that garbage and mud in the rooms will be in unusual places. There are general rules of etiquette when communicating with people with disabilities, which can be used by employees of organizations providing services to the population, depending on the specific situation.

Summarizing the above, we state that a barrier-free environment implies and conditions the development of a universal design of the environment, as it should be convenient for persons with disabilities.

Green or ecological tourism is a special destination for recreation for people overwhelmed by everyday problems, daily life and urban environment. This type of recreation is aimed at seclusion and communication with nature, living in a rural environment or other ecological territories. The main goal of green tourism is to abstract from the noise of the metropolis, to immerse ourselves in the world in which our ancestors lived.

Today, a hike in the mountains or living in a tent in a forest thicket is a real feat for a person who is used to automatic systems, computer technologies, transport and basic living conditions that provide comfort. Few people are ready to leave all this and reside independently for some time in the mountains or forest, but green tourism in Ukraine is gaining popularity. For the purpose of safety, insurance and drawing up an effective route, they hire organizers who are engaged in this type of tourism (Mishchenko, 2010).

Ecotourism is an actively developing direction in the tourism industry, and is not always understood in the same way in different countries, its forms are dynamic, therefore it is impossible to limit it to too strict frameworks and one single true definition.

The main idea of ecotourism is the harmonization of human relations with the surrounding natural environment, care for the preservation of the environment used for tourist purposes and increasing the environmental awareness of society, is a popular and promising direction of the tourism industry.

Currently, there are four types of ecotourism and ecotours:

1. Scientific tourism. During scientific ecotours, tourists participate in various nature studies, conduct field observations. Scientific tourism includes foreign research expeditions, as well as field practices of students.

2. Natural history tours are trips related to learning about the surrounding nature and local culture. Mostly, such tours are a set of educational, popular science and thematic excursions that run along specially equipped ecological paths. Most often, they are organized in the territories of nature reserves and national parks. This type of ecotourism is especially popular in Germany, which is why it is also called «German fashion for ecotourism development».

3. Adventure tourism, which unites all trips related to active ways of movement and recreation in nature, the purpose of which is new sensations, impressions, improving the tourist's physical condition and achieving sports results. These are such types of tourism as mountaineering, rock climbing, ice climbing, speleotourism, mountain and hiking tourism, water, skiing and alpine skiing tourism, canyoning, horse tourism, mountain biking, diving, paragliding, etc. Adventure tourism is «hard ecotourism» precisely because tourists' thirst for adventure here prevails over nature conservation motives.

4. Trips to nature reserves. The high attractiveness of unique and exotic natural objects, as well as phenomena draws in many tourists.

The life of each person should be ecological, i.e., it should enable the person to develop itself and develop the environment of his or her life, and the developed environment, in its turn, will create the possibility of further development of the person.

A person with a disability is, first of all, a unique personality. And like every person, he or she has his or her own characteristics. In addition to the general rules and norms of society and requirements for arranging the environment. Currently, it is necessary to take into account exactly those needs of a person with a disability that compensate for them (partially or completely) certain functional limitations - this will help to create the appropriate environmental conditions for his or her life.

The high level of environmental friendliness of the life of people with disabilities consists in the fact that the specified category of people must be prosperous, capable of development and self-improvement, and are, on the one hand, the subject of protection, development and creation of elements of the environment (living environment), which, in its turn, becomes the environment for human development.

For example, people with disabilities, united in a public organization, created a zone for sports and recreation, where the specific needs of people with disabilities were taken into account, and now they can rest here, as well as do sports, undergo both physical and social rehabilitation in the fresh air, in an ecologically friendly environment. At the same time, since this recreation area is not closed, there is an opportunity for social inclusion of any category of the population, taking into account the people with disabilities.

The ecological and social environment of a person is multi-level and multifunctional for the sake of development and improvement as a healthy person. Likewise, a person with a disability needs to establish connections and develop interactions with each of these levels. This is exactly what the processes of adaptation, socialization, resocialization and inclusion in general should consist of.

At the same time, when it comes to interaction with people with disabilities, due to the insurmountable influence of the medical model of disability, it is the disease, deficiency, insufficiency of the person that comes to the fore, and not the shortcomings in the arrangement of his or her living space and the friendly attitude of society towards them. As a result, people with disabilities, who focus only on their own limitations, do not see the prospects of their own development and lose the opportunity to live fully and productively.

When forming an ecological and socially friendly environment, it is necessary to start on the one hand - from the micro-level of the ecological and social environment, and on the other one - processes at the micro-level should take place against the background of the macro-social and macro-ecological environment.

Ecological life of people with disabilities ensures compliance with the principles of social, pedagogical and psychological work. In particular:

1) principle of a special approach;

2) principle of development;

3) principle of activity;

4) principle of equality;

5) principle of granting the power;

6) principle of subjectivity;

7) principle of proficiency approach;

8) principle of unity of consciousness and activity;

9) principle of environmental friendliness.

Thus, principle of a special approach requires taking into account the special needs of a person with a disability and his or her satisfaction in order to compensate for the limited opportunities that have arisen. At the same time, the following formula must be preserved: «we do for people, not instead of people». That is, for a person with a disability, it is necessary to create such conditions that maximally compensate for his or her limitations and allow them to become an active member of society. At the same time, it is worth remembering that excessive care of a person with a disability makes them even more disabled. As a result of hyperopia, a person may develop a symptom of «learned helplessness», which manifests itself in the fact that the subject of hyperopia moves into the position of an «object» and loses the skills, as well as abilities that they had and used. The principle of a special approach means that special needs for social inclusion must be met by society and the state and with the help of persons with special needs, and a person with a disability, thanks to this, becomes able to act in society on an equal basis with other members of it.

The principle of giving power in modern social work, it is defined by the term «empowerment» (activation). Empowerment as a term arose in social work in the 1980s, when contradictions between dependence and independence, autonomy and human protection, citizens' rights and government power began to be discussed. Then it was formulated that the purpose of social work is to help people help themselves. The social worker must transfer the client of social work from the object of assistance to the subject of self-help. The justification of the need to help people in self-help consists of three parts: ethical, political and psychological. Ethical principles of the need to use empowerment is based on the belief in the extraordinary value of each person. Democratic beliefs provide the political justification that power should be distributed among citizens. The psychological rationale is that people change, act, and adhere to a certain plan faster and more willingly if they play the greater role in decision-making. Motivation is an important principle in social work. Services are successful only when the client takes an active part in using them. The best services and the most experienced advisors will not be effective if the users are not involved in the planning of the services, because the users are the best experts in the services.

The principle of development involves creative activity, both on the part of society and on the part of the subject of development itself. Such activities should take into account and project positive changes in the competences of people with special needs, that is, in their abilities and skills to solve as wide a class of tasks as possible before them, or in those tasks that they themselves set before themselves, gradually raising the bar of their demands. Adhering to this principle in the process of socialization of people with special needs, it is necessary to build abilita - tion and rehabilitation programs in such a way as to gradually increase the requirements for the subjects of abilitation and rehabilitation. At the same time, the tasks they have to perform should be moderately difficult from the very beginning, but with an emphasis on «difficult», because, as L.S. Vygotskyi noted: «Learning leads to development».

The principle of the unity of man and nature emphasizes the need to consider the existence of man and the existence of nature as organic integrity. From the principle of the unity of man and nature, the fact that man is not only a member of society, but also a full-fledged representative of the organic world follows. Exercising influence on nature as a representative of society, they feel the consequences of this influence both as a social and as a natural being. Based on the principle of the unity of man and nature, rehabilitators need to develop in detail the concept of interaction and mutual influence of man and nature. It is worth considering how certain factors of nature affect a person, his or her psyche, mental and psychophysiologi - cal state: visual, auditory, olfactory, temperature, which of them are harmful, useful or neutral.

Since a person usually interacts not only with nature, but also with the cultural, man-made and social environment, it is worth applying the principle of the unity of man and the environment in a broad sense - as a natural, cultural, man-made and social environment. Therefore, the tasks that follow from this principle are the same as those related to the principle of the unity of man and nature, but to them, it is necessary to add the task of analyzing the interaction of man and the cultural, man-made and social environment, which, in its turn, will contribute to social inclusion.

Principle of activity emphasizes that people with disabilities need to create such conditions, in which they will have the opportunity to participate in various activities, on an equal basis with everyone.

The principle of equality indicates the need to treat a person with a disability as an equal, as a partner who finds himself or herself in a difficult situation and needs help, at the same time, he or she can and should be asked for help too. In addition, the principle of equality provides equal access to all institutions and organizations: cultural and educational institutions, shops, shopping centers, sports facilities, means of transport.

The principle of emotional and motivational support means the importance of applying such measures that would contribute to the emergence of motivation for activities aimed at success and development. Among such events, there are meetings with people who, having overcome obstacles in their life path, achieved success in various spheres of life; getting information about such people and watching films, both fiction, based on real events, and documentaries. It is also important to encourage people to engage in various activities and to showcase their successes in the media, as well as social networks.

The principle of proficiency approach consists, in particular, in the fact that it is necessary to emphasize and develop the merits, talents, abilities of a person, and not to concentrate on his or her shortcomings and limitations.

The principle of subjectivity involves treating a person with a disability as an independent individual, capable of building his or her life and planning his or her future. In the case when a person is not ready for this, there is a need to provide him or her with help to the extent that he or she activates his or her own resources and vitality. Based on this, in addition to external help, we need to focus on self-help.

The program of cooperation of a psychologist and a social worker with people with disabilities should take into account steps aimed at changing their consciousness, namely: perception of the world around them and their place in it. This is, first of all, consciousness aimed at reflecting the microenvironment (inner world and the closest environment - home, family); meso-environment (home territory, street, neighborhood, as well as friends, neighbors, colleagues, local community); macro environment (city, country, as well as fellow citizens, social and public organizations).

We believe that this program should be based on the principle of unity of consciousness and activity, as well as on the principle of environmental friendliness. The principle of unity of consciousness and activity emphasizes that human consciousness is formed and manifested in activity, that is, activity is necessary for the formation of consciousness (Liovochkina, 2003).

The principle of environmental friendliness reflects the meaningful nature of interaction in the «individual - environment» system. Such interaction in the «individual - environment» system, which creates so-called bilateral agreements for the purpose of development of all significant (system-forming) components of the system, will be purely ecological. For example, if the characteristics of the environment contribute to the improvement of the conditions of human development, then this is, insanely, an ecologically positive connection. However, this connection becomes truly ecological, if the person itself improves the conditions for the functioning and development of environmental components through the actions. The highest level of environmental friendliness will be such human activity, which, thanks to the development of environmental elements, creates an environment for its own development. The combination of consciousness, aimed at reflecting the environment, with activities in this environment will form a picture of the development of the life culture (Liovochkina, 2015).

The creation of appropriate conditions for ensuring the accessibility of tourist services for persons with disabilities is today at the forefront of the system of tourism development goals of many countries. The various problems of the development of tourism for persons with disabilities in Ukraine indicate the need for increased and comprehensive attention from the state and society. The considered legal aspects of the formation and development of a barrier-free environment proved that the legislation of Ukraine needs decisive changes (Moskalenko, 2008).

The concept of green social work is based on the philosophy of sustainable development and a structural approach to solving the problems of social inequality and poverty, emphasizes the need for the activities of social workers, which would be focused on ensuring decent environmental conditions and ecological justice, proper and equal access to of natural resources, talks about changing the social context and preserving the environment, substantiates the specific practice of interventions of social workers in the conditions of environmental and man-made disasters.

International professional organizations of social workers actively use the ideas of sustainable development in their documents. In particular, the document «Global priorities of social work and social development: commitment to action» (The Global Agenda for Social Work), adopted by the International Association of Schools of Social Work and the International Council of Social Welfare in 2012, among the priorities of social work defines the promotion of the stability of the environment and human living space.

The development of theoretical concepts of green social work is associated with Lena Dominelli, who is a supporter of structuralist approaches to solving social problems and activating oppressed groups of the population. The theoretical foundations of green work are outlined in her book called Green Social Work: From Environmental Crisis to Environmental Justice (Dominelli, 2012).

At the same time as Lena Dominelli, scientists John Coates (Canada) and Mel Gray (Australia) dealt with issues of conceptualization of ecologically oriented practices of social work. They emphasized that responding to problems related to the destruction of the environment. It gave space to a social work as a profession to review its core knowledge and responsibilities to people and communities (Coats, Gray, 2012).

Jeff Peters (Belgium) made a significant improvement in strengthening the theoretical justification of the ecological orientation of modern professional social work.

He advocates the need for the development of an eco-social approach and singles out its components:

1) activation (empowerment), community empowerment;

2) social capital of the community;

3) resilience as the ability of groups and communities to withstand challenges (Peeters, 2012).

At the current stage of its development, the theory and practice of green social work is connected with radical (critical) theories of social work and ideas of social constructivism. It uses the concept of «ecological justice» and questions the unfair, as well as irrational distribution of resources, short-term planning and the activities of political structures aimed at supporting neoliberal models of industrialization. It advocates the need for site-specific, culturally appropriate approaches to disaster risk reduction and disaster mitigation, envisions community development based on a strengths-based approach and the development of social capital, in which the community is seen as a co-producer of social change in overcoming structural inequalities.

Green social work expands the field of activity of social workers - from human rights, work with vulnerable marginal groups of the population, work on stigma, discrimination, etc., to the issue of fair distribution of environmental resources, the planet as a whole. It uses knowledge and skills from various fields, not only social work, involves the interaction of social workers with representatives of other professions (Coats; Gray, 2012).

The analysis of scientific publications on the topic of green social work made it possible to single out the key strategies of the practice of social work within the ecological perspective: 1) anticipatory (struggle for the availability of resources for all, formation of rational consumption of natural resources; involvement of communities and service users in acquiring knowledge and skills that will provide innovative, alternative solutions to overcome existing or potential environmental crises) and 2) reactive (work with those individuals, groups and communities that have suffered from emergency situations (natural disasters, wars, etc.). To restore community vitality and access to resources).

The concept of green social work opposes «deficit», paternalistic models of social work that focus on pathology, problems or lack of necessary resources among clients (such models are characteristic of some post-socialist countries, in particular Ukraine). Green social work practice also resists neoliberal tendencies to limit social work to short-term care for the indigent. It goes beyond environmental psychology and education, since green social work involves a purposeful impact on the social context and power in communities (Semygina, 2018).

In the conditions of creating a barrier-free environment for people with disabilities, inclusive tourism is a prerequisite for access to historical, cultural and natural objects. This contributes to socialization and social rehabilitation, expanding the boundaries of the sphere of communication and overcomes social isolation, provides access to environmental resources, and forms a careful attitude to the environment. Inclusive tourism is an important component of the implementation of the theory of green social work, as well as a concrete technology for its practical implementation.

Important components for the implementation of inclusive tourism are overcoming environmental barriers that are external to a person with a disability and include attitudes towards people with disabilities, architecture, environmental features, transportation, economic elements, rules and regulations, and barriers of inaction. Communication barriers arise as a result of the interaction of individuals and their social environments.

Green or ecological tourism is a special direction of recreation for people overloaded with everyday problems, everyday life and urban environment. This type of recreation is aimed at seclusion and communication with nature, living in a rural environment or other ecological territories. The main goal of green tourism is to abstract from the noise of the metropolis, to immerse ourselves in the world in which our ancestors lived.

Ecological life of people with disabilities ensures compliance with the principles of social, pedagogical and psychological work: principle of a special approach; principle of development; principle of activity; principle of equality; principle of granting the power (principle of power); principle of subjectivity; principle of proficiency approach; principle of unity of consciousness and activity; principle of environmental friendliness.

The ecological approach is actualized in social work and is distinguished as a theory of green social work, which expands the field of activity of social workers - from human rights, work with vulnerable marginal groups of the population, work on stigma, discrimination, etc., to the issue of fair distribution of environmental resources, the planet as a whole.

References

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Література

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2. Dominelli L. Green social work: From environmental crises to environmental justice. Cambridge: Polity Press, 2012. 207 p.

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4. The Global Agenda for Social Work and Social Development. International Federation of Social Workers. URL: www.globalsocialagenda.org.

5. Закон України «Про туризм». URL: https://zakon. rada.gov.ua/laws/show/324/95-%D0% B2% D1% 80#Text.

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