Урожайність сої у конкурсному сортовипробованні

Аннотация

УРОЖАЙНОСТЬ СОИ В КОНКУРСНОМ СОРТОИСПЫТАНИИ

К.В. Ведмедева, Е.В. Якубенко, К.Я. Бойко

Институт масличных культур НААН

В условиях Степи Украины (ИМК НААН) проходили изучения в конкурсном сортоиспытании 24 линии сои. Проведен анализ образцов по основным хозяйственным признакам: продолжительность вегетационного периода, урожайность зерна, масса 1000 семян, высота растений и прикрепления нижнего боба. В процессе оценки по комплексу признаков было выделено 9 лучших номеров: 9, 10, 16, 19, 21, 23, 24, 27, 31. Средняя урожайность за три года составила от 12,5 до 13,6 ц / га. Среди них наиболее интенсивными были номера 24 и 31. Лучшим в критических засушливых условиях и стабильным по урожайности оказался номер 11. В следующем году этот образец будет выращиваться для передачи на Государственное сортоиспытание, как новый сорт.

Ключевые слова: соя, урожайность, вегетационный период, масса 1000 семян, высота растений, стандарт.

Annotatіon

SOYBEAN PRODUCTION IN THE COMPETITIVE VARIETY TRIAL K.V. Vedmedeva, O.V. Yakubenko, K.Y. Boyko

Institute of Oilseed Crops NAAS

Soya - a widespread culture in world agriculture. This crop has become very popular due to the unique composition of its seeds, which includes 3555% protein, 18-22% oil, 25-30% carbohydrates, 5-6% mineral elements, 12 different vitamins and phosphatides. By variety of uses, it ranks first among other plants. Soybeans are used in food, paint and varnish, and medical industries. The growth of soy production is closely linked to the introduction of new and more modern varieties. Increasing yields by using such varieties is an average of 18-21%.

Soybeans in Ukraine are widespread and soybean crops continue to grow. The creation of new varieties should be based on the assessment of the adaptive qualities of the variety and its adaptability to the existing weather conditions. To increase the areas of soya cultivation in the Zaporizhzhya region, it is necessary to select varieties that would yield high yields in conditions of unstable and insufficient moisture. The selection of varieties must be carried out in accordance with their potential and agroclimatic conditions of the growing zone. The main difficulty of the weather conditions in Zaporizhzhya is the lack of sufficient rainfall, so the work on creating drought resistant varieties is very relevant [4]. There are many varieties of soybean in the Register of Plant Varieties in Ukraine, but few of them belong to the fast-growing group, and all except for the Gali variety are created in more damp climatic conditions and are not adapted to the lack of moisture at high temperatures.

The purpose of the work was to create an early-maturity variety adapted to the dry conditions of the Southern Steppe of Ukraine (Zaporizhzhya oblast), which required an assessment of 24 soybean lines created by crossing and selecting a collection of the Soybean Selection Laboratory at the Institute of Oilseeds.

The research was conducted at the Institute of Oilseed Crops of NAAS in a competitive variety trial. In the experiments of 2016-2018, 24 samples of soy were studied. Samples were created according to the classic selection scheme. In the basis, interbreeding of the varieties Diona x Korada, Snow White x Romantic, Evans x 488 was followed. Then, subsequent generations and individual split sampling were obtained. The received stable samples from the fifth generation took part in the breeding trial for 3 years.

The predecessor - the winter spit. Repetition of sites - three times. Plots are two-line, 10.5 m long. The accounting area is 14.7 m2. Conducting agrotechnical measures in accordance with the recommendations for the southern steppe of Ukraine. Selection work was carried out in accordance with generally accepted methodological recommendations. The statistical validity of the research results was determined by B.A. Dospekhov.

Calculated the intensity of the variety by the formula: where Xопт is the average yield of the variety in

optimum conditions, XniM is the average yield of the variety in the limited conditions, Xcep is the average yield of all varieties over the years of research.

The research was conducted for three consecutive years 2016, 2017, 2018. Each year was characterized by its weather conditions and significantly different from the others. Figure 1 shows the amount of rainfall and average monthly temperatures during the soybean growing season.

For the amount of precipitation three years 2016, 2017, 2018 had a total rainfall of April to September 207.0; 242.1 and 266.0 mm respectively. Since the average annual precipitation for this period is 244 mm, it is clear that this indicator was the best in 2018, and the worst in 2016. But rainfall distribution by months in different years of research was uneven. So the month of May 2017 was characterized by low temperatures and high precipitation, which did not contribute to the growth of soybeans. In July, when the main number of soybeans in the phase of flowering, forming and filling of beans, the weather conditions of 2017 were complicated: high daily temperatures and a lack of productive moisture in the soil and in the air drastically reduced the yields of all varieties.

The best estimate of the favorable weather conditions of the year is always the average yield of the experiment. So in 2016, the average yield of all tested samples of soy was 11.4 centners per hectare, in 2017 - 8.4 centners per hectare in 2018 - 13.2 centners per hectare. These figures indicate that the most optimal of three years of research was 2018, and extreme 2017.

The results of observations of breeding nurseries for three years are presented in Table 1. According to the results of studies for 2016-2018, the average length of the growing season varied from 87 to 101 days. The vegetation period in the standard (the genus Annushka) was 93 days.

The vegetation period in nine lines (No. 3; 4; 6; 7; 8; 9; 11; 12; 14) was shorter than the standard for 3-6 days. And lines (No. 16; 17; 19; 21; 22; 23; 24; 26; 27; 28; 29) matured at a standard after 3-8 days. The task of our breeding work included the creation of an early maturity variety, so the fluctuations in the vegetation period are not large due to the pre-selection and use of early varieties. All samples presented belong to the ripeness group from very early to early.

The height of the plants in the samples varied from 57.1 to 85.5 cm, and the standard was 71.8 cm. The error of this index in some samples reached 12.5 cm. For agricultural production, it is important to obtain a variety with a higher plant height. According to the obtained data, the standard variety numbers 4, 13, 18 and 24 have significantly exceeded. Another important indicator for the quality of the variety is the height of attachment of the lower beans. By this indicator, the standard numbers 3, 9, 14 have significantly exceeded.

The weight of 1000 seeds varied from 111.9 to 152.1 g, the standard was 128.5 g. relatively exceeded the standard for the weight of 1000 seeds of numbers 3, 7, 8, 13. But it is evident that a fairly large number of numbers had a significantly smaller seed: 17, 18, 26, 27, 28, 31.

The average yield of soybean seeds was 8.9-13.6 centners per hectare.

The standard yields 8.8 c / ha. Relatively exceeded the standard yield of 9 rooms: 9, 11, 16, 19, 21, 23, 24, 27, 31.

The intensity index of the variety, presented in the table, indicates the potential potential of the variety in the production of cultivation. Among the varieties that showed a high yield and high intensity are numbers 23 and 31.

Other high-yielding numbers also had a fairly large percentage of intensity.

But in conditions of critical humidity and high temperatures, the opposite is not the intense, but the more stable grade, the one having a lower percentage of intensity. The most stable of the most productive were the numbers 16, 19, 21 which had an intensity of less than 50%. However, all the numbers presented had a low attachment of beans and a rather large mass of 1000 seeds. At that time, the number 11 of the high-yielding was characterized by a mass of 1000 seeds - 137 g, the height of attachment of the lower beans 9.5. All these indicators are significantly better than the standard. In addition, the level of intensity of the variety 51% indicates the possibility of using this variety as more stable and productive in arid conditions.

Thus, conducted three-year tests of competition numbers revealed the presence of a fairly resistant to dry conditions of the southern steppe selection material of the early-ripening group of ripeness, and more intensive varieties. In addition, plants of all selected lines were resistant to depletion and had high technological capacity in growing and harvesting seeds in adverse weather conditions.

According to the results of the research in the competitive variety tests on the basis of yield, 9 rooms were allocated: 9, 10, 16, 19, 21, 23, 24, 27, 31. Average yields for three years were from 12.5 to 13.6 c / ha. Among them, the most intensive were numbers 24 and 31. The best in critical dry conditions and stable yields was number 11. Next year, this sample will be recommended for transfer to the State variety test as a new variety. Dedicated lines will be replicated and used in further selective work.

Key words: soybean, crop yield, vegetation period, 1000 seed weight, height of plants, standard.

Вступ

Соя - широко розповсюджена у світовому землеробстві культура. Ця сільськогосподарська культура, стала дуже популярною завдяки унікальному складу її насіння, до якого входить 35-55% білка, 18-22% олії, 25-30% вуглеводів, 5-6% мінеральних елементів, 12 різних вітамінів і фосфатиди. За різноманітністю використання вона займає перше місце серед інших рослин. Соя використовується у харчовій, лакофарбовій, медичній галузях (Babich, Babich- Poberezhna 2008). Ріст виробництва сої тісно пов'язаний з впровадженням нових і більш сучасних сортів. Підвищення урожайності за рахунок використання таких сортів складає в середньому 18-21% (Zakieva et al. 2015). В Україні соя має широке поширення і в теперішній час посіви сої продовжують зростати. Створення нових сортів повинно базуватись на оцінці адаптивних властивостей сорту та його пристосованості до наявних погодних умов. Для збільшення площ вирощування сої в Запорізькій області необхідно підбір сортів, які б в умовах нестійкого та недостатнього зволоження давали високі врожаї. Добір сортів необхідно здійснювати відповідно до їх потенціальних можливостей і агрокліматичних умов зони вирощування (Babich, Babich-Poberezhna 2011). Головна складність погодних умов Запоріжжя - відсутність достатньої кількості опадів, тому робота по створенню посухостійких сортів дуже актуальна (Leguminous cultures 2016). До реєстру сортів рослин України входить багато сортів сої, але небагато з них відносяться до скоростиглої групи и усі крім сорту Галі створені в більш вологих кліматичних умовах і не пристосовані до нестачі вологи при високих температурах. Метою роботи - було створення ранньостиглого сорту, пристосованого до посушливих умов південного Степу України (Запорізька область) для чого потрібно було провести оцінку 24 ліній сої, створених шляхом схрещування та добору колекції лабораторії селекції сої Інституту олійних культур.

1. Матеріал та методи досліджень