Characteristics of visible autumn migrations of waterfowl in National Park "Prypiat-Stokhid"
Study of bird migration for wetland management and development of conservation measures to preserve the main routes of their migration, stops for rest and food. Finding out the peculiarities of autumn migrations of birds by studying their behavior.
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Characteristics of visible autumn migrations of waterfowl in National Park "Prypiat-Stokhid"
Khymyn Mykhailo
Annotation
Introduction. There are 2 Wetlands of International Importance and 2 International Bird Areas on the territory of the National Park "Prypiat-Stokhid". Waterfowl are the main group of birds in wetlands. The study of bird migrations is important for the management of wetlands and the development of conservation measures to preserve the main routes of their migration, stops for rest and food. Therefore, at one of the Wetlands of International Importance (Prypiat River floodplain), which coincides with the International Bird Area (Prypiat River valley), the following research was initiated in 2012.
Purpose. The purpose of our research was to find out the peculiarities of autumn migrations of birds, which is necessary for the management of Wetlands of International Importance and International Bird Areas.
Methods. Our research were conducted at left bank of the Prypiat River near Svalovychi village in Liubeshiv district, Volyn region of Ukraine in September and October 2012-2017 (N 51°52' E 25°39). Visible autumn migrations were studied according to conventional method with some of our changes and additions. Observations were performed visually, starting in the morning half an hour before sunrise and ending in the evening half hour after sunset (all hours of the light part of a day, without interruption). The light part of a day was divided into hour of observations, taking into the daily changes of sunrise and sunset (observation time decreased daily by 1,5-2 min). All observation hours were complete (a full hour), except last before evening hour which was incomplete (less or more than 1 hour). Flight altitude was determined visually, andflight directions - by 8 rhumbs. The width of the accounting corridor for different species of waterfowl ranged from 500 to 1000 m (250-500 m to the left and right of the observation point). All data on the number of account birds of each species, altitude and direction on their flight during the observation hour were recorded in a notebook. Species were determined visually and by voice. The binoculars were used during observations of migratory birds. The photographing was sometimes used to count the number of birds in large flocks and to identify species. In addition, the time of precipitation and wind directions were registered in observation hours. The weather data from local meteorological station was used and analyzed.
Results 4290 individuals of 17 species of waterfowl belonged to 4 bird families (Gaviidae, Podicipedidae, Phalacrocoracidae and Anatidae) and 4 orders (Gaviiformes, Podicipediformes, Pelecaniformes and Anseriformes) were counted there during our observations in autumn 2012-2017. Anseriformes were the most numerous migrants among orders of waterfowl (in average of 96,0 % from all counted birds), the number of birds in other orders were minor. The most numerous migrants among waterfowl were the Mallard Anas platyrhynchos (in almost all years of observation, in average 41,0 %) and in some years - Greylag Goose Anser anser and White-fronted Goose Anser albifrons (according to 24,1 % and 12,5 %), less numerous, but were among the most numerous species in some years - Wigeon Anas penelope, Cormorant Phalacrocorax carbo and Teal Anas crecca. Six species of waterfowl were observed in autumn migration annually (Greylag Goose, Mute Swan Cygnus olor, Mallard, Teal, Wigeon, Garganey Anas querquedula), some species - in most years of our observations (Cormorant, White-fronted Goose, Shoveler Anas clypeata) and others in some years only. Majority of waterfowl flew during 4 first morning hours (52,3 % of all counted waterfowl, among them almost all Mute Swan, prevalent majority of the Mallard, Garganey, and Wigeon) and 3 last evening hours (27,3 %, among them majority of the Teal, White-fronted Goose and Greylag Goose). Some species of this bird group flew in different observation hours of light part of a day (Cormorant and Garganey). The main direction of their autumn migrations was to the west (75,9 %, among them almost all geese, prevalent majority of the Teal, Garganey, Mallard and Wigeon), less to the southwest (13,8%, among them majority of the Shoveler) and very few in other directions. Prevalent majority of waterfowl flew at altitudes of50-250 m (76,4 % of all counted birds) or most of them at altitudes above 100 m (55,7 %, among them majority of the Greylag Goose, White-fronted Goose, Cormorant and Shoveler). More a third of the Greylag Goose and White-fronted Goose and the insignificant part of the Wigeon flew at altitude over 250 m. Most of the Garganey, Wigeon, Mute Swan and Mallardflew at altitude between 50 and 100 m. Migrations of waterfowl at altitudes below 50 m were negligible (9,3 % of all waterfowl, among them prevalent majority of the Teal and more then a third of Cormorant and Mute Swan). Migratory birds were flying at higher altitudes when headwinds and crosswinds prevailed. The increase in the number of migratory birds coincided partly with the decrease in air temperature (up to +2° C and below 0° C). Wind directions did not significantly affect the flight of waterfowl, but its passage almost not observed during strong winds (more then 7-8 m/sec). 3 rare species of waterfowl fly through this territory in the autumn: Lesser White-fronted Goose Anser erythropus and Pochard Aythya ferina are listed in the Red List IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) with global category - Vulnerable and Lesser White-fronted Goose and Goldeneye Bucephala clangula are listed in the Red Data Book of Ukraine).
Originality For the first time on the territory of the National Park "Prypiat-Stokhid", visible autumn migrations were studied and their peculiarities were clarified.
Conclusions. According to the results of 6-years research, the peculiarities of visible autumn migrations of waterfowl have been clarified. A small number of migratory waterfowl were observed during our research in autumn 2012-2017. However, the observation there of 3 (2 globally) rare species of waterfowl confirms the importance of this area for them and other species of migratory birds. The results of our research are the basis for the further study of migratory waterfowl, planning and implementation of conservation measures in this National Park, Wetlands of International Importance "Prypiat River floodplains" and International Bird Area "Prypiat River valley".
Key words: birds; waterfowl; visible autumn migrations; hour observations; height of the passage; directions of migrations; National Park "Prypiat-Stokhid".
Химин M. В. Характеристика видимих осінніх міграцій водоплавних птахів у національному природному парку "IIрип 'ять-Стохід" у 2012-2017роках
Проблематика. На території національного природного парку "Прип 'ять-Стохід" розташовані 2 водно-болотних угіддя міжнародного значення та 2 міжнародні території, важливі для збереження видового різноманіття та кількісного багатства птахів. Основною групою птахів водно-болотних угідь є водоплавні птахи, які вивчалися, майже виключно у гніздовий період. Вивчення міграції птахів мають важливе значення для управління водно- болотними угіддями та розробки природоохоронних заходів по збереженню основних шляхів їх міграцій, зупинок для відпочинку та харчування. Тому, такі дослідження започаткували у 2012 р. на одному з водно-болотних угідь міжнародного значення (Заплава р. Прип'ять), яке співпадає з міжнародною територією, важливою для збереження видового різноманіття та кількісного багатства птахів (Долина р. Прип'ять).
Метою наших досліджень було з'ясування особливостей осінніх міграцій птахів, які необхідні для управління водно-болотними угіддями.
Методи дослідження. Видимі осінні міграції вивчали у вересні-жовтні 2012-2017 рр. на стаціонарі поблизу с. Свстовичі Любешівського району Волинської області (N 51°52' Е 25°39). Дослідження проводили за загальноприйнятою методикою з деякими нашими змінами та доповненнями. Спостереження проводили візуально, які розпочинали зранку - за півгодини до сходу сонця і закінчуючи увечері - через півгодини після заходу сонця, весь світловий період доби, без перерв. Світловий день розбили на години спостережень з урахуванням щоденних змін часу сходу і заходу сонця. Тому, остання з передвечірніх годин спостережень, у переважній більшості була менша або більша за 1 годину. Висоту визначали візуально, а напрями польоту - за 8 румбами. Ширина облікового коридору для різних видів водоплавних птахів становила від 500 до 1000 м (по 250-500 м ліворуч та праворуч від точки спостереження). Види визначали візуально і за голосом. Інколи підрахунок птахів проводили на дисплеї фотокамери за фотознімками великих за розміром зграй. Дані про погоду, необхідні для аналізу міграцій птахів, отримували з Любешівської гідрометеорологічної станції.
Основні результати досліджень. За час спостережень восени 2012-2017 рр. нарахували 4290 особин 17 видів водоплавних птахів, які належать до 4 родин (Гагарові Gaviidae, Пірникозові Podicipedidae, Бакланові Phalacrocoracidae, Качкові Anatidae) 4 рядів (Гягароподібні Gaviiformes, Пірникозоподібні Podicipediformes, Пеліканоподібні Pelecaniformes, Гусеподібні Anseriformes). Найчисельнішим рядом були Гусеподібні (96,0 % від усіх нарахованих водоплавних птахів). Серед видів найчисельнішим були крижень Anas platyrhynchos, майже в усі роки осінніх міграції (в середньому 41,0 % від усіх нарахованих водоплавних птахів), а в окремі роки - гуска сіра Anser anser і гуска білолоба Anser albifrons (відповідно 24,1 % та 12,5 %). В деякі роки, серед найчисельніших були також свищ Anas penelope, баклан великий Phalacrocorax carbo і чирянка мала Anas сгесса. Шість видів водоплавних птахів спостерігали щорічно на осінніх міграціях (гуска сіра, лебідь-шипун Cygnus olor, крижень, чирянка мала, свищ і чирянка велика Anas querquedula), деякі види - протягом більшості років наших спостережень (баклан великий, гуска білолоба і широконіска Anas clypeata), а інші - в окремі роки. Більшість птахів восени мігрувала у перші 4 ранішні облікові години (52,3 % усіх водоплавних птахів, серед них майже усі лебеді-шипуни, переважна більшість крижня, чирянки великої і свища) та 3 вечірні (27,3 %, серед них більшість гуски білолобої і гуски сірої). Основний напрямок міграцій цих птахів був на захід (75,9 %, з них майже усі гуси, переважна більшість чирянки малої і великої, крижня і свища), менше - на південний захід (13,8%, з них більшість широконіски). Переважна більшість водоплавних птахів пролітала восени на висотах між 50 і 250 м (76,4 %), а більшість на висоті понад 100 м (55,7%, серед них переважна більшість гуски сірої і білолобої, більшість баклана великого і широконіски). Більше третини гусей і незначна частина широконіски летіли на висоті понад 250 м. Найбільше чирянки великої, свища, лебедя-шипуна і крижня пролітала на висотах між 50 і 100 м. Мігруючі птахи летіли на більших висотах коли дули зустрічні та бічні вітри. Збільшення чисельності мігруючих водоплавних птахів частково співпадало із зниженням температури повітря (при мінімальних добових температурах до +2° С і нижче 0° С). При сильних вітрах (понад 7-8 м/сек.) міграції водоплавних птахів майже не спостерігали. На осінньому прольоті тут спостерігали 3 (2 глобально) рідкісні види: гуска мала Anas erythropus і попелюх Aythya ferma, занесені до Червоного списку Міжнародного союзу охорони птахів (категорії охорони видів - вразливий), а гуска мала і гоголь Bucephala clangula - до Червоної книги України.
Наукова новизна результатів дослідження. Видимі осінні міграції птахів, зокрема водоплавних, вперше вивчалися на території національного природного парку "Прип'ять- Стохід", водно-болотному угідді міжнародного значення "Заплава р. Прип'ять" і міжнародній території, важливій для збереження видового різноманіття та кількісного багатства птахів "Заплава р. Прип'ять". bird migration behavior
Висновки та конкретні пропозиції автора. За підсумками 6-річних досліджень з'ясовані особливості видимих осінніх міграцій водоплавних птахів. Основна кількість цих птахів восени 2012-2017 рр. пролітала у перші 4 ранішні і 3 останні вечірні облікові години, переважна більшість птахів летіла у західному напрямі та на висотах між 50 і 250 м (більшість вище 100 м). Загалом чисельність мігруючих водоплавних птахів протягом світлої частини доби була незначною, але серед них траплялися 3 (2 глобально) рідкісні види, що підтверджує важливість цієї території для міграції птахів. Наведені дані є основою для подальшого вивчення міграцій водоплавних птахів, планування і впровадження природоохоронних заходів на території національного природного парку, зокрема водно- болотних угіддях.
Ключові слова: водоплавні птахи, видимі осінні міграції, години спостережень, висота прольоту, напрямки міграцій, національний природний парк "Прип'ять-Стохід".
Statement of the issue. There are 2 Wetlands of International Importance and 2 International Bird Areas on the territory of the National Park "Prypiat-Stokhid". Waterfowl are the main group of birds in wetlands. The study of bird migrations is important for the management of wetlands and the development of conservation measures to preserve the main routes of their migration, stops for rest and food. Therefore, at one of the Wetlands of International Importance (Prypiat River floodplain), which coincides with the International Bird Area (Prypiat River valley), the following research was initiated in 2012.
The analysis of recent researches and publications. There were no publications about autumn migrations of waterfowl from the territory of this National Park before its creation. There were only attempts to estimate the numbers of spring migratory birds in general and particular species of waterfowl [1-3]. The first results of our study of visible autumn migrations of birds, including waterfowl, were published in 2014-2017 [4-8]. These publications provide annual data and peculiarities of autumn migrations of birds (analysis by bird orders and some families and species, its counts, observation hours, height and direction of the passage), and the first generalization about part of waterfowl (Anseriformes) was made in the first our three-years studies in 2012-2014 [9].
The identification of previously unsettled parts of the general issue. The study of visible autumn migrations of birds in the National Park "Prypiat-Stokhid" lasted 6 years, but the analysis of migrating Anseriformes (part of all waterfowl) was made for 3 years only. Therefore, in this publication we have summarized all data on 6-years study of waterfowl.
The purpose of our research was to find out the peculiarities of autumn migrations of birds, which is necessary for the management of Wetlands of International Importance and International Bird Areas.
The overview of the main research material
Our research were conducted on the territory of National Park "Prypiat-Stokhid" at left (northern) bank of the Prypiat River near Svalovychi village in Liubeshiv district, Volyn region of Ukraine (N 51°52' E 25°39') during the part of September until the beginning of the third decade of October 2012-2017.
Visible autumn migrations were studied according to conventional method [10] with some of our changes and additions [4-9]. Migratory birds were observed visually, starting in the morning half an hour before sunrise and ending in the evening half hour after sunset (all hours of the light part of a day, without interruption). The width of the accounting corridor for different species of waterfowl ranged from 500 to 1000 m (250-500 m to the left and right of the observation point). The light part of a day was divided into hour of observations, taking into the daily changes of sunrise and sunset (observation time decreased daily by 1,5-2 min). All observation hours were complete (a full hour), except last before evening hour (№ 11 - on beginning observations in the September and № 10 - on ending observations in the October) which was incomplete (less or more than 1 hour). Flight altitude was determined visually, and flight directions - by 8 rhumbs, taking into account the experience of other researchers [11]. All data on the number of account birds of each species, altitude and direction on their flight during the observation hour were recorded in a notebook. Species were determined visually and by voice. The binoculars were used during observations of migratory birds. The photographing was sometimes used to count the number of birds in large flocks and to identify species. In addition, the time of precipitation and wind directions were registered in observation hours. The weather data from the Liubeshiv meteorological station was used and analyzed [4-9].
A total of 1980 hours were spent on studying of visible autumn migrations of waterfowl in 2012-2017 at a stationary point near Svalovychi village in National Park "Prypiat-Stokhid".
Summarized data on the number of waterfowl; counted by bird's orders, families are given in table 1.
Table 1
Generalized data about the number of counted waterfowl migrants by orders and families of birds near Svalovychi village (National Park "Prypiat-Stokhid") in autumn 2012- 2017 (individuals)
|
Name of order (family) |
Year |
Total |
% |
|||||||
|
2012 |
2013 |
2014 |
2015 |
2016 |
2017 |
|||||
|
Gaviiformes (Gaviidae) |
1 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
1 |
<0,1 |
||
|
Podicipediformes (Podicipedidae) |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
4 |
4 |
0Д |
||
|
Pelecaniformes (Phalacrocoracidae) |
49 |
2 |
17 |
73 |
24 |
- |
165 |
3,8 |
||
|
Anseriformes (Anatidae) |
621 |
655 |
1255 |
325 |
472 |
792 |
4120 |
96,0 |
||
|
Total |
671 |
657 |
1272 |
398 |
496 |
796 |
4290 |
100 |
As can be seen from table 1, Anseriformes (in average of 96,0 % from all counted waterfowl) were most numerous migrants among orders of waterfowl, the number of birds in other orders was minor.
In some years, such as 2015, Pelecaniformes are noticeable also. There were different numbers of birds in different years (the most was counted in 2014 - 1272 individuals and the least in 2015 - 398).
The autumn distribution of species of waterfowl by year is shown in table 2.
Table 2
Results of the study of visible autumn migrations of waterfowl near Svalovuchi village in 2012-2017 (%)
|
Species |
Year |
Ave- rage |
|||||||
|
2012 |
2013 |
2014 |
2015 |
2016 |
2017 |
||||
|
Black-throated Diver Gavia arctica |
0,1 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
<0,1 |
||
|
Great Crested Grebe Podiceps cristatus |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
0,5 |
0,1 |
||
|
Cormorant Phalacrocorax carbo |
7,3 |
0,3 |
1,3 |
18,3 |
4,9 |
- |
3,9 |
||
|
Greylag Goose Anser anser |
14,6 |
11,4 |
43,3 |
18,3 |
3,0 |
27,9 |
24,1 |
||
|
White-fronted Goose Anser albifrons |
2,7 |
U |
21,5 |
- |
- |
29,9 |
12,5 |
||
|
Lesser White-fronted Goose Anser erythropus |
- |
- |
0,1 |
- |
- |
- |
<0,1 |
||
|
Mute Swan Cygnus olor |
2,7 |
3,3 |
2,0 |
2,3 |
2,4 |
U |
2,2 |
||
|
Whooper Swan Cygnus cygnus |
- |
- |
- |
0,8 |
- |
0,1 |
|||
|
Mallard Anas platyrhynchos |
32,3 |
70,8 |
28,5 |
42,2 |
63,9 |
29,0 |
41,0 |
||
|
0 |
Teal Anas crecca |
13,4 |
2,1 |
0,2 |
0,8 |
7,7 |
1,5 |
3,7 |
|
|
1 |
Wigeon Anas penelope |
17,3 |
7,8 |
1,9 |
14,8 |
14,3 |
4,8 |
8,4 |
|
|
2 |
Pintail Anas acuta |
- |
- |
- |
- |
0,4 |
- |
<0,1 |
|
|
3 |
Garganey Anas querquedula |
0,7 |
0,5 |
1,2 |
2,5 |
2,4 |
4,7 |
1,9 |
|
|
4 |
Shoveler Anas clypeata |
1,8 |
2,6 |
- |
- |
1,0 |
0,3 |
0,8 |
|
|
5 |
Pochard Aythya ferina |
7,0 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
U |
|
|
6 |
Tufted Duck Aythya fuligula |
- |
0,1 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
<0,1 |
|
|
7 |
Goldeneye Bucephala clangula |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
0,3 |
<0,1 |
|
|
Number of species |
11 |
10 |
9 |
8 |
9 |
10 |
9,5 |
As can be seen from table 2, the most numerous migrants among waterfowl were the Mallard Anas platyrhynchos in almost all years of observation (in average 41,0 %) and in some years - Greylag Goose Anser anser and White-fronted Goose Anser albifrons (according to 24,1 % and 12,5 %), less numerous, but were among the most numerous species in some years - Wigeon Anas penelope, Cormorant Phalacrocorax carbo and Teal Anas crecca. Six species of waterfowl were observed in autumn migration annually (Greylag Goose, Mute Swan Cygnus olor, Mallard, Teal, Wigeon and Garganey Anas querquedula), some species - in most years of our observations (Cormorant, White-fronted Goose and Shoveler Anas clypeata) and others in some years only.
4290 waterfowl of 17 species (8-11 species in different years, in average - 9,5) were observed and counted here during our observations (table 1 and 2).
For the analysis of autumn migrations of waterfowl, the total of birds counted for 2012-2017 was used.
Dynamics of the number of waterfowl counted for the autumn passage in 2012-2017 is shown on figure 1.
As can be seen from figure 1, during the study of visible autumn migrations of birds, was observed a low intensity of waterfowl flight [12]. Relatively uniform migration was observed in autumn of 2012, 2015 and 2016, and single peaks of migration - in 2012-2014 and 2017.
The expressed migration was observed from the third decade of September mainly. On the intensity of bird migrations were influenced mainly by the air temperatures, as well as the directions and wind power at the observation point and in the places through which they flew.
In particular, the increase in the number of migratory waterfowl coincided with maximum decrease the air temperature (up to 0° C) on 13 and 17 October 2012), during a gradual decrease in temperatures (below 0° C) on 13 October 2013 and a sharp cooling on 25 September (up to 0° C) and 1-3 and 18-19 October (below 0° C) in 2014. This conformity was not observed in the autumn 2015 and 2017, although the air temperature dropped below 0° C and in 2017.
The increase in the number of migratory birds coincided partly with the decrease in air temperature (up to +2° C and below 0° C) in the autumn 2016. The precipitation had some an impact on migration of waterfowl in 2017 only. In other years of observations of autumn migration, precipitation was not significant. Wind directions did not significantly impact on the flight of waterfowl, but its passage almost not observed during strong winds (more then 7- 8 m/sec).
Fig. 1. Dynamics of the number of waterfowl counted for the autumn passage in 2012-
Visible migrations of waterfowl were analyzed according to observation hours during the light part of a day, altitude and flight directions. Without knowledge of these peculiarities, it is not possible to plan and implement measures the management for the protection of migratory birds [11]. Dynamics of passage during light part of a day is one of the most important characteristics of bird migration (table 3).
Table 3
Dynamics on passage of waterfowl during light part of a day in autumn 2012-2017
|
Species |
Total number of birds (%) that flew during one hours (morning - 1-11, evening-2-1) |
|||||||||||||
|
1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
5 |
6 |
7 |
8 |
9 |
10 |
11 |
2 |
1 |
||
|
Gavia arctica |
100 |
|||||||||||||
|
Podiceps cristatus |
" |
" |
" |
" |
" |
100 |
" |
" |
" |
" |
" |
" |
" |
|
|
Phalacrocorax carbo |
10,3 |
10,9 |
4,9 |
5,5 |
24,8 |
3,6 |
0,6 |
0,6 |
" |
" |
" |
5,5 |
33,3 |
|
|
Anser anser |
8,9 |
8,5 |
5,6 |
1,3 |
5,6 |
9,6 |
6,1 |
4,1 |
1,5 |
- |
18 |
20,0 |
10,8 |
|
|
Anser albifrons |
14,0 |
6,7 |
18,1 |
- |
3,2 |
3,7 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
20,3 |
3,4 |
30,6 |
|
|
Anser erythropus |
" |
" |
" |
" |
" |
" |
" |
" |
" |
" |
100 |
" |
" |
|
|
Cygnus olor |
4,2 |
29,5 |
25,3 |
32,6 |
- |
4,2 |
- |
- |
1,0 |
- |
- |
- |
3,2 |
|
|
Cygnus cygnus |
- |
- |
100 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
|
|
Anas platyrhynchos |
11,3 |
20,6 |
18,1 |
18,3 |
7,3 |
4,6 |
3,3 |
4,4 |
0,2 |
1,3 |
3,1 |
5,6 |
1,9 |
|
|
Anas crecca |
11,2 |
16,2 |
14,4 |
1,9 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
56,3 |
||||
|
Anas penelope |
23,1 |
17,6 |
22,8 |
6,7 |
14,2 |
3,1 |
4,2 |
- |
- |
3,3 |
- |
5,0 |
- |
|
|
Anas acuta |
- |
- |
100 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
|
|
Anas querquedula |
2,4 |
48,8 |
4,8 |
11,9 |
" |
17,8 |
13,1 |
" |
" |
1,2 |
" |
" |
||
|
Anas clypeata |
8,3 |
13,9 |
41,7 |
5,5 |
2,8 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
2,8 |
25,0 |
- |
|
|
Aythya ferina |
- |
- |
100 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
|
|
Aythya fuligula |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
100 |
- |
||
|
Bucephala clangula |
" |
" |
" |
" |
100 |
" |
" |
" |
" |
" |
" |
" |
" |
|
|
Total |
11,5 |
14,6 |
16,2 |
10,0 |
7,2 |
5,3 |
3,5 |
3,1 |
0,5 |
0,8 |
8,2 |
8,4 |
10,7 |
The birds fly throughout the day, but we studied their migrations during light party of a day only. As can be seen from table 3, majority of waterfowl flew during 4 first morning hours (52,3 % of all counted waterfowl, mainly Anseriformes, among them: 91,6 % of the Mute Swan, 68,3 % - Mallard, 67,9 % - Garganey, 63,5 % - Wigeon) and 3 last evening hours (27,3 %, among them: 56,3 % of the Teal, 54,3 % - White-fronted Goose and 48,8 % - Greylag Goose). Some species of this bird group flew in different counted hours of light part of a day (Cormorant and Garganey).
Species recorded only once during the autumn migrations in 2012-2017 were not analyzed separately and their data in this and following tables are 100 % (Black-throated Diver Gavia arctica, Great Crested Grebe Podiceps cristatus, Lesser White-fronted Goose Anser erythropus, Whooper Swan Cygnus cygnus, Pintail Anas acuta, Pochard Aythya ferina, Tufted Duck Aythya fuligula and Goldeneye Bucephala clangula).
Bird flight altitude is one of the important characteristics of bird migration also (table 4).
Altitude distribution of migratory waterfowl in autumn 2012-2017
Table 4
|
Species |
Heigh |
of the passai |
ge (%) |
|||
|
1-25 m |
26-50 m |
51-100 m |
101-250m |
>250 m |
||
|
Gctvia arctica |
- |
- |
100 |
- |
- |
|
|
Podiceps cristatus |
- |
- |
100 |
- |
- |
|
|
Phalacrocorax carbo |
0,6 |
33,3 |
1,2 |
59,4 |
5,5 |
|
|
Anser anser |
- |
- |
12,7 |
50,9 |
36,4 |
|
|
Anser albifrons |
- |
17,7 |
4,5 |
42,2 |
35,6 |
|
|
Anser erythropus |
- |
- |
- |
100 |
- |
|
|
Cygnus olor |
- |
37,9 |
58,9 |
3,2 |
- |
|
|
Cygnus cygnus |
- |
- |
100 |
- |
- |
|
|
Anas platyrhynchos |
- |
1,8 |
52,5 |
45,7 |
- |
|
|
Anas crecca |
56,3 |
30,6 |
5,6 |
7,5 |
- |
|
|
Anas penelope |
- |
4,4 |
62,4 |
22,6 |
10,6 |
|
|
Anas acuta |
- |
- |
100 |
- |
- |
|
|
Anas querquedula |
- |
26,2 |
70,2 |
3,6 |
- |
|
|
Anas clypeata |
- |
- |
41,7 |
58,3 |
- |
|
|
Aythyaferina |
- |
- |
100 |
- |
- |
|
|
Aythyafuligula |
- |
- |
100 |
- |
- |
|
|
Bucephala clangula |
- |
100 |
- |
- |
- |
|
|
Total |
2Д |
7,2 |
35,0 |
41,4 |
14,3 |
As can be seen from table 4, prevalent majority of waterfowl flew at altitudes of 50- 250 m (76,4 % of all counted birds) or most of them at altitudes above 100 m (55,7 %).
87.3 % of the Greylag Goose, 77,8 % of White-fronted Goose, 64,9 % of Cormorant and
58.3 % of Shoveler flew at altitude above 100 m. More a third of the Greylag Goose and White-fronted Goose and sometimes the insignificant part of the Wigeon flew at altitude over 250 m.
Most of the Garganey (70,2 %), Wigeon (62,4 %), Mute Swan (58,9 %) and Mallard (52,5 %) flew at altitude between 50 and 100 m. Migrations of waterfowl at altitudes below 50 m were negligible (9,3 %). Most of the Teal (86,9 %) and more then a third of Cormorant and Mute Swan migrated at these heights. Migratory birds were flying at higher altitudes when headwinds and crosswinds prevailed.
Some migratory waterfowl flew at altitude where species could not be identified. Therefore, their total number was usually greater then the number of birds counted, as indicated by other researches [11].
Bird flight directions are one of the important characteristics of bird migration also (table 5).
General data about directions of migratory waterfowl in autumn 2012-2017
Table 5
|
Species |
Direction of the passage (%) |
|||||
|
W |
SW |
S |
SE |
E |
||
|
Gctvia arctica |
- |
- |
100 |
- |
- |
|
|
Podiceps cristatus |
- |
100 |
- |
- |
- |
|
|
Phalacrocorax carbo |
3,6 |
35,2 |
23,6 |
37,6 |
- |
|
|
Anser anser |
90,6 |
8,2 |
0,6 |
0,6 |
||
|
Anser albifrons |
96,6 |
- |
3,4 |
- |
- |
|
|
Anser erythropus |
100 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
|
|
Cygnus olor |
43,2 |
17,9 |
28,4 |
1,0 |
9,5 |
|
|
Cygnus cygnus |
100 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
|
|
Anas platyrhynchos |
71,7 |
19,0 |
6,8 |
1,3 |
1,2 |
|
|
Anas crecca |
85,6 |
- |
14,4 |
- |
||
|
Anas penelope |
62,9 |
14,8 |
15,9 |
6,4 |
- |
|
|
Anas acuta |
- |
- |
100 |
- |
- |
|
|
Anas querquedula |
77,4 |
21,4 |
1,2 |
- |
- |
|
|
Anas clypeata |
25,0 |
58,3 |
- |
16,7 |
- |
|
|
Aythyaferina |
100 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
|
|
Ay thy a fuligula |
- |
100 |
- |
- |
- |
|
|
Bucephala clangula |
100 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
|
|
Total |
75,9 |
13,8 |
6,2 |
3,3 |
0,8 |
The main direction of autumn migrations of waterfowl was to the west (75,9 %), less to the southwest (13,8 %) and very few in other directions (table 5). The prevalent majority of the White-fronted Goose, Greylag Goose, Teal, Garganey and Mallard, most of Wigeon migrated west. Most of the Shoveler flew to the southwest, less to the west and even less to the southeast. Different migration directions, without predominance, were in the Cormorant (most to the southeast and southwest, less to the south) and Mute Swan (most to the west and southwest). Wind directions had no significant effect on waterfowl flight directions. In particular, we observed different migration directions of the same bird species with constant wind direction throughout the day.
Insignificant numbers of migratory waterfowl have been observed in autumn migrations over years. However, 3 rare species of waterfowl fly through this territory in the autumn: Lesser White-fronted Goose and Pochard are listed in the Red List IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) with global category - Vulnerable and Lesser White-fronted Goose and Goldeneye are listed in the Red Data Book of Ukraine.
Conclusions and perspective of further exploration
17 species of waterfowl were recorded during a study of visible autumn bird migrations in 2012-2017. The most numerous migrant waterfowl species were the Mallard in almost all years of observation and in some years Greylag Goose and White-fronted Goose, less numerous, but were among the most numerous species in some years - Wigeon, Cormorant and Teal. Six species of waterfowl were observed in autumn migration annually (Greylag Goose, Mute Swan, Mallard, Teal, Wigeon and Garganey).
Majority of waterfowl flew during 4 first morning hours and 3 last evening hours. Prevalent majority of waterfowl flew at altitudes of 50-250 m or most of them at altitudes above 100 m. The main direction of autumn migrations of waterfowl was to the west, less to the southwest and very few in other directions. Strong winds (more than 7-8 m/sec) and decrease of air temperatures (up to +2° C and below 0° C) had a significant effect on the migration intensity of these birds.
According to the results of 6-years research, the peculiarities of visible autumn migrations of waterfowl have been clarified generally. A small number of migratory waterfowl were observed during our research in autumn 2012-2020. However, the observation of 3 (2 globally) rare species of waterfowl there confirms the importance of this area for them and others species of migratory birds.
The results of our research are the basis for the further study of migratory waterfowl, planning and implementation of conservation measures in the National Park "Prypiat- Stokhid", Wetlands of International Importance "Prypiat River floodplains" and International Bird Area "Prypiat River valley".
References (in language original)
1. Химии M. Долина p. Прип'яті. Національна доповідь про стан ІВА територій України. К., 2001. С. 6-7.
2. Химии М.В., Клестов М.Л., Корх Ю.О. Водно-болотні угіддя міжнародного значення. Національний природний парк "Прип'ять-Стохід". Тваринний світ. К.: Фітосоціоцентр. 2001. С. 66-68.
3. Стеценко М.П., Химии М.В. Заплава р. Прип'ять. Водно-болотні угіддя України. К. : Чорноморська програма Ветландс Інтернешнл, 2006. С. 92-95.
4. Химии М. Характеристика видимих осінніх міграцій птахів біля с. Сваловичі (НІШ "Прип'ять-Стохід" у 2012-2013 рр. Любешів, 2014. Т. 4, вип. 1. С. 40-46.
5. Химии М. Характеристика видимих осінніх міграцій птахів біля с. Сваловичі (НІШ "Прип'ять-Стохід" у 2014 р. Науковий вісник національного природного парку "Прип'ять-Стохід". Любешів, 2014. Т. 4, вип. 2. С. 43-55.
6. Химии М. Характеристика видимих осінніх міграцій птахів біля с. Сваловичі (НІШ "Прип'ять-Стохід" у 2015 р. Любешів, 2015. Т. 5, вип. 2. С. 19-41.
7. Химии М. Характеристика видимих осінніх міграцій птахів біля с. Сваловичі (НІШ "Прип'ять-Стохід" у 2016 р. Любешів, 2017. Т. 7, вип. 1. С. 31-49.
8. Химии М. Характеристика видимих осінніх міграцій птахів біля с. Сваловичі (НІШ "Прип'ять-Стохід" у 2017 р. Любешів, 2017. Т. 7, вип. 2. С. 19-38.
9. Химии М.В. Характеристика видимих осінніх міграцій Гусеподібних Anseriformes біля с. Сваловичі (НІШ "Прип'ять-Стохід". Troglodytes. Праці Західноукраїнського орнітологічного товариства. Львів, 2015. Вип. 5-6. С. 38-47.
10. Кумари Э. Методика изучения видимых миграций птиц. Тарту, 1979. 59 с.
11. Полуда А.М. Общая характеристика видимых сезонных миграций птиц в районе Киевского водохранилища. Сезонные миграции птиц на территории Украины. К.: Наукова думка, 1992. С. 24-53.
12. Химии М.В., Корх Ю.О. Водоплавні птахи національного природного парку "Прип'ять- Стохід". Збірник праць Зоологічного музею. 2018. № 49. С. 97-104.
References
1. Khymyn, M. (2001). The Prypiat River valley. National report on Important Bird Areas in Ukraine. Kyiv : Phytosociocenter. 6-7. [in Ukr.]
2. Khymyn, M. V., Klestov, M. L., Korkh, Yu. O. (2010). Wetland territories of the international value. National Park "Prypiat-Stokhid". Animal world. Kyiv. 66-68. [in Ukr.]
3. Stetsenko, M. P., Khymyn, M. V. (2006). The Prypiat River floodplains. Directory of Ukraine's Wetlands. Kyiv : Wetlands International Black Sea Programme. 92-95. [in Ukr.]
4. Khymyn, M. (2014). The characteristic of censuses of visible autumn migrations of birds on the territory of National Park "Prypiat-Stokhid" near Svalovychi village in 2012-2013. Scientific bulletin of the National Park "Prypiat-Stokhid". Liubeshiv. 4 (1), 40-46. [in Ukr.]
5. Khymyn, M. (2014). The characteristic of visible autumn migrations of birds on the territory of National Park "Prypiat-Stokhid" near Svalovychi village in 2014. Scientific bulletin of the National Park "Prypiat-Stokhid". Liubeshiv. 4 (2), 43-55. [in Ukr.]
6. Khymyn, M. (2015). The characteristic of visible autumn migrations of birds near Svalovychi village (National Park "Prypiat-Stokhid") in 2015. Scientific bulletin of the National Park "Prypiat-Stokhid". Liubeshiv. 5 (2), 19-41. [in Ukr.]
7. Khymyn, М. (2017). The characteristic of visible autumn migrations of birds near Svalovychi village (National Park "Prypiat-Stokhid") in 2016. Scientific bulletin of the National Park "Prypiat-Stokhid'". Liubeshiv. 7 (1), 31-49. [in Ukr.]
8. Khymyn, M. (2017). The characteristic of visible autumn migrations of birds near Svalovychi village (National Park "Prypiat-Stokhid") in 2017. Scientific bulletin of the National Park "Prypiat-Stokhid". Liubeshiv. 7 (2), 19-38. [in Ukr.]
9. Khymyn, M. V. (2015). Characteristics of visible autumn migrations of the Anseriformes near Svalovychi village (National Park "Prypiat-Stokhid") in 2012-2014. Troglodytes. Proceedings of the West- Ukrainian Ornithological Society. Lviv. 5-6, 38-47. [in Ukr.]
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11. Poluda, A. M. (1992). General characteristic of visible migrations of birds in the locality near the Kiev Reservoir. Season migration of birds on the territory of Ukraine. Kiev : Naukova dumka. 24-53. [in Rus.]
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