Pheromones and their biological significance

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DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY, FACULTY OF NATURAL SCIENCES

TASHKENT STATE PEDAGOGICAL UNIVERSITY NAMED AFTER NIZAMI

Pheromones and their biological significance

Khondhodjaeva Nondira Bakhtiyarovna - Candidate

of Biological Sciences, Associate Professor

Abstract

The article reveals the essence of the concept of "pheromones" and their biological significance. The article presents various options for their use in agriculture to combat insect pests. The definition and types of pheromones are given: sex pheromones, anxiety pheromones, trace pheromones, epidemic pheromones, their functions and importance for the representative organism and the environment as a whole. The use of pheromone traps in protecting plants from pests. The results of observations over three years in the fields of cotton, kenaf, corn, alfalfa, red pepper, tomatoes, pumpkins.

Keywords: pheromone, communication, insect pests, dispensers, specific reaction, behavioral response.

Феромоны и их биологическое значение

Хонходжаева Нодира Бахтияровна - кандидат биологических наук, доцент, кафедра ботаники, факультет естественных наук,

Ташкентский государственный педагогический университет им. Низами

Аннотация

В статье раскрывается сущность понятия «феромоны» и их биологическое значение. В статье представлены различные варианты применения их в сельском хозяйстве для борьбы с насекомыми-вредителями. Даётся определение и виды феромонов: половые феромоны, феромоны «тревоги», следовые феромоны, эпидеиктичные феромоны, их функции и значение для организма представителя и окружающей среды в целом. Использование феромоных ловушек в защите растений от вредителей. Результаты наблюдения в течение трех лет на полях хлопчатника, кенафа, кукурузы, люцерны, красного перца, томатов, тыквы.

Ключевые слова: феромон, коммуникация, насекомые-вредители, диспенсеры, специфическая реакция, поведенческий ответ.

Pheromones are chemical substances, excreted into the external environment by some organisms and causing specific reactions in other organisms that perceive them, behavioral or physiological. Functionally, pheromones are very diverse: sexual, pheromones of aggregation, trace, pheromones of alarm, etc.

Sexual pheromones are a means of communication between sexual partners. Being isolated individuals of the same sex, they callindividualsfrom other gender the behavioral responses, which promote mating.Pheromones of aggregation cause the concentration of both genders. Aggregation can have different purposes: to meet the gender (sexual) partners, to concentrate the population in order to occupy a suitable substrate for reproduction or to jointly overcome the resistance of the plant- host, to concentrate the population in shelters, etc. [2].

The pheromones of “anxiety” cause an escape of response, stagnation or contrary, how well it is observed in communal insects, an aggressive reaction and a collective attack to the enemy.

Trace pheromones are very common in social insects. For example, ants are marking with such pheromones, which are non-volatile hydrocarbons, their own paths.

There are two main ways to use insect pheromones against insects. Firstly, you can attract an insect with the help of a pheromone and destroy it before. How it can detect the natural source of pheromone. Secondly, by saturating the air with synthetic pheromone, it is possible to prevent the insect from finding the natural sources of pheromone. In both cases, the vital functions of the insect will be impaired, firstly reproduction. The first method (pheromone trap) can also be used and for supervision of insects [1].

It is known, that synthetic analogs of gender pheromones of insects are used to monitor for dynamics of quantity and predict outbreaks of pests, and at low quantity in isolated stations and for struggle. We wanted to give an attention to another aspect of the possible use of pheromones - the establishment of the species composition of insects in a particular field. Most clearly this can be seen on the example of a scoop [2].

Analogues were synthesized of sexual pheromones of many species of scoops. We used the sample synthesis VNIIHSZR. The observations were carried out in the cotton crop rotation of three farms in Yangiyul district, as well as on the fields of the scientific research institute for the vegetable, melon crops of Tashkent district of the Tashkent region. We used pheromones of a winter scoop two-and three-components (OC-77 and OC-8), an exclamation scoop (BC-23 and BC-137), C-black scoops (CT-72), convolvula scoops (ConS-21), cotton scoops (CS), meadow scoops (MS). Dispensers with pheromones were placed in triangular traps of laminated paper, which were placed in the fields from count of 1 trap per 1 ha at a height of 25 cm above the plants. Every 10 days dispensers were updated. Observations were carried out for three years in the fields of cotton, kenaf, corn, alfalfa, red pepper, tomatoes, and pumpkins. By the number of males of each species, caught in pheromone traps, we calculated indicators of the relative abundance of the species [4].

On the surveyed fields of cotton crop rotation (cotton, kenaf, corn, alfalfa), the complex of scoop, determined with help of having pheromones, generally is the same type. However, in some years there were differences, which concerned mostly small species. So, in all areas the dominant species turned out to be a convolvulus scoop, subdominant - exclamation and winter. On the fields of corn and cotton, there were no carradrina and leaf corn scoop (Leucanialoreyi). On the cotton field were identified convovulus, winter, exclamation, cotton, meadow (Mythimnaunipuncta) scoops, as well as scoop-gamma, scoop C-black, scoop-upsilon. The species diversity of the scoop on the corn field was somewhat less: there was no cotton scoop and no-epsilon scoop. On the alfalfa field all types of scoops were identified, the pheromones of which were used by us.

On the fields of vegetable crops, all types of scoops were also found, the pheromones of which were applied during observations, except for caradrhins and leaf corn scoops. On vegetable crops in Tashkent district, the number of scoops was generally higher than on the fields of cotton crop rotation in Yangiyul district. In vegetable crops, as in the agrocenosis of cotton crop rotation, the convolvulus scoop was the dominant species, the subdominant species was the exclamation and winter scoops. So, a day after the installation of pheromone traps on red pepper, 14.7 individuals were trapped, while 11 individuals were trapped on tomatoes and alfalfa. At the same time, in the fields of alfalfa, tomatoes and red pepper, it was detected on traps with winter pheromones of 6, 7.7 and 10.7 individuals respectively [3].

According to available data, a generalized economic threshold of harmfulness is considered to be catching, on the average of one trap per day (night) 5and more butterflies winter scoops, which corresponds to the density of caterpillars 2.6 - 4.0 individuals per 1 m². In the fields of vegetable crops examined by us, the number of butterflies of the winter scoop surpassed the above mentioned EWP. With the help of pheromones of other scoops, a high number of other species were established, which are not inferior to a winter scoop; the total number of identified scoops far exceeded the generalized threshold of damage, established for only one species.

Thus, the use of gender (sexual) pheromone analogues gives a possibility to establish the specific composition of scoops on the fields of various crops, as well as to identify the total number of pests in a separate field and to give signal about necessity for protective measures to regulate their numbers.

pheromones biological agriculture

References in English / Список литературы на английском языке

1. Jacobson M. Sexual pheromones of insects, trans. With English, M., 1976; from 6-10 [in Russian].

2. Lebedeva K.V., Minyaylo V.A., Pyatnov Yu.B. Pheromones of insects. M. Science, 1984. P. 6 [in Russian].

3. WrightR.Kh. The science of smell. Moscow: World, 1966. 223 p. [in Russian].

4. Honhodzhaeva N.B., Yermatova S.M., Sadinov D.S., Muradova U.D. Anthropogenic effects of chemicals on the soil // ISJ Theoretical & Applied Science. № 5 (61), 2018. Р. 376-378 [in Russian].

References / Список литературы

1. Джекобсон М, Половые феромоны насекомых, пер. с англ. М., 1976. С. 6-10.

2. Лебедева К.В., Миняйло В. А., Пятнова Ю. Б. Феромоны насекомых. М. Наука, 1984. С. 6.

3. Райт Р.Х. Наука о запахах. Москва: Мир, 1966. 223 с.

4. Хонходжаева Н.Б., Ерматова С.М., Садинов Д.С., Мурадова У.Д. Антропогенное воздействие химикатов на почву// ISJ Theoretical & Applied Science. № 5 (61). 2018. С. 376-378.

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