Quality of sugar beet seeds and the ways of its increase

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Bila Tserkva National Agrarian University

Bioenergetic Crops and Sugar Beet Institute of the Ukrainian National Academy of Agrarian Sciences

Uman' National Horticulture University

Ukrainian National Academy of Agrarian Sciences

QUALITY OF SUGAR BEET SEEDS AND THE WAYS OF ITS INCREASE

KARPUK L., VACHNIY S., Doc. of Agricultural Sciences KRYKUNOVA O.,

Cand. of Agricultural Sciences, PAVLICHENKO A., assistant DORONIN V.,

Doc. of Agricultural Sciences, KRAVCHENKO Yu., Cand. of Agricultural Sciences POLISHCHUK V., Doc. Of Agricultural Sciences

SHEVCHENKO T., Cand. of Agricultural Sciences

Анотація

У статті розглянуті питання щодо підвищення якості насіння цукрових буряків. Доведено, що якість насіння формується як шляхом вирощування насіння, так і його переробкою на насіннєвих заводах. Одним з важливих елементів технології вирощування насіння гібридів на основі цитоплазматичної чоловічої стерильності є забезпечення синхронізації цвітіння і запилення батьківських компонентів через чеканку насінників, що істотно впливає не тільки на рівень урожайності насіння, але і на його якість, особливо енергію проростання і схожість. Доведено, що ефективним способом поліпшення якості насіння є його стимулювання в процесі попередньої підготовки до сівби на заводі.

Ключові слова: насіння, цукрові буряки, чеканка, додаткове запилення, стимулювання насіння, схожість, урожайність.

Аннотация

Пути повышения качества семян сахарной свеклы

Л.М. Карпук, С.П. Вахний, Е.В. Крикунова, А.А. Павличенко, В.А. Доронин, Ю.А. Кравченко, В.В. Доронин, В.В. Полищук, Т.В. Шевченко

В статье рассмотрены вопросы повышения качества семян сахарной свеклы. Доказано, что качество семян формируется как путем выращивания семян, так и его переработкой на семенных заводах. Одним из важных элементов технологии выращивания семян гибридов на основе цитоплазматической мужской стерильности является обеспечение синхронизации цветения и опыления родительских компонентов через чеканку семенников, что существенно влияет не только на уровень урожайности семян, но и на их качество, особенно на энергию прорастания и всхожесть. Доказано, что эффективным способом улучшения качества семян является его стимулирование в процессе предварительной подготовки к севу на заводе.

Ключевые слова: семена, сахарная свекла, чеканка, дополнительное опыление, стимулирование семян, всхожесть, урожайность.

Annotation

quality sugar beet seed

Quality of sugar beet seeds and the ways of its increase

L. Каі-puk, S. Vachniy, O. Krykunova, A. Pavlichenko, V. Doronin, Yu. Кravchenko, V. Doronin, V. Polishchuk, T. Shevchenko

In the article were discussed the issues of the importance of quality seeds by the sugar beets growing. It is shown that the quality of the seed is forming as by the seeds cultivation and by his processing on seed plants. The one important element of the technology of hybrids seed growing based on the cytoplasmic male sterility is to ensuring the synchronization of flowering and the pollination of the parental components through the minting of the testes, which significantly affects not only on the level of seed yield, but also on its quality, especially on the sprouting energy and germination. It is shown that an effective way of improving the quality of seeds is its stimulation in the process of the pre-seeding preparation in the plant.

Key words: seeds, sugar beet, minting, additional pollination, seed stimulation, germination, yield.

Introduction

In the global market to ensure the competitiveness of the sugar beet is necessary to create the conditions to ensuring the high technological level of growth, which meets the requirements of sustainable development, to implement the high environmental standards for the sugar beet processing, to orient the consumers in own market. In the intensive agriculture the sugar beet productivity is depend by many factors: soil and climatic conditions, the implementation of high-productivity hybrids, the qualitative pre-seeding processing of seeds, the usage of modern techniques and technologies, fertilizers, reliable plant protection, high tech improvements on the factories etc. All of these factors can significantly to reduce the sugar beet productivity, but without the using of high quality seeds of new hybrids is not possible to achieve the maximum yield of culture.

The quality of sugar beet seeds is caused by the complex of genetic factors that are controlled by plant breeders and environmental and agrotechnological conditions of their growing and methods of post-harvest and pre-seeding seed preparation with modern technology using [Doronin V.A., 2003]. Therefore, we are focusing only on those methods that directly influence on the yield and quality of sugar beet seeds by its cultivation of plantings and without plantings methods and during of its preseeding preparation. The most important indicators of seed quality are viability, energy germination, germination, one sprouting, uniformity and stability by the size and forms.

Among the many factors that influence on the growth, development and yield formation and quality of seeds are of great importance the processes of controlled regulation of flowering and pollination of seed plants, especially by the seed growing of hybrids that based on cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS). Without the problem solving of the methods improvement of the directional regulation of growth processes is almost impossible to avoid the formation of a large number of small seeds that under the current standard [ISO 4231-2003] does not apply to the seeds and by the postharvest purification of heap is lost. Also, these methods are aimed on the limiting of the growth of tall plants that improves the conditions of seed harvesting, reduces the losses, and increases the yield and quality.

In order to limit the growth of sugar beet seed plants is used: the manual, mechanical and chemical minting. This method is provide more productive seed plants by the way of growth limiting of the central stem, in the results the nutrients are more actively entering the side stems, which improves their growth and development and, ultimately, to increase their productivity [Balan V.M. et al., 2001].

With the removal of the apical meristem of the central stem is suspended its growth and development. But at the minting is removed not only the point of growth, but also some part of the stem with fruit placed on it, as a result is passes the redistribution of nutrients and other substances that needed for the growth of both central and side stems. Instead, that these substances came to the point of growth and expended on the growth and development of the central stem and the formation of new small fruits, they come to the fruit that remaining on the stems of seed plants. By the using of minting are formed larger seeds, and it accumulates more nutrients also. Application of this agriculture method in the early phase of stem formation is accelerate the start of seed plants flowering for 2-3 days. It is friendlier and ends at an earlier term, and this in turn for 2-3 days accelerates the maturation of seeds. Also is observed a positive effect of the minting on the seed quality, especially when the minting is done in the late phase of stem formation [Yukhnovsky I.A., 2003].

Analysis of recent research and publications

According to the data of V. Faydyuk in applying the seed plants minting the yield of hybrid seed Ukrainian MS 70 is increased to 0.09 t/ha similarity - 3 % [Faydyuk V.V., 2003]. In Odessa region (Ukraine) for without planting way of seed growing by both manual and mechanized minting in the early phase of stem formation has provided the increase of the yield of seed to 0,15-0,35 t/ha, in compared with the control - without minting [Zaryshnyak A.S. et al., 1996]. In irrigated conditions of Crimea at the farm "Zarichniy" on the area of 1.1 hectares the minting in the phase of mass stem formation has provided the increase of the seed yield of varieties- populations to 0.57 t/ha, and its similarity to 3 % [Balan V.M. et al., 2003]. So, the earlier conducted researches by the growing of ordinary seeds of the varieties-populations and hybrids of sugar beet that based on CMS as plantings and without plantings ways are demonstrate the high efficiency of minting as the method of directional regulation of seed plants growth and development and their flowering, pollination and fertilization. The modern hybrids of sugar beet have a high potential of seed productivity, but for a more complete its implementation should to create the favorable conditions of mating components growing. Therefore, the actual was to study the process of growth and development regulation of mating components, the synchronization of its flowering and yield forming of base seed by the criterion of maximum seed productivity.

One of the most perspective ways to improve the quality of seed is its pre-sowing preparation in the seed plants that including seed cleaning from impurities that do not relate to the main crop seeds, sizing, polishing, sorting by the aerodynamic properties and specific gravity, stimulation, pelleting and encrusting. The stimulation of the intensity of seed germination is possible with the using of mechanical methods of seeds preparation on the seed plants by the way of removal the artificial barriers to seed germination, the usage of growth stimulants and microelements. However, the most perspective way to increase the intensity is to initiate the passing of start phase germination with the following of its suspension, which was the goal of our research.

Materials and methods

By the research program was envisaged to studying the features of seed quality formation by the growing of seeds, and it's pre-preparation in the seed plants. The researches were conducted at the Institute of bioenergy crops and sugar beet NAAS, Umansky Experimental Station, Uman National University of Horticulture and Vinnytsia seed plant Company "Ahrohrad B" in 2013-2015.

The field experiments were conducted according to the scheme: 1. No minting - control 2. Minting of 50 % of plant pollinator 3. Minting of 50 % of plant pollinator and 100 % of plants CMS component. In the process of studying the optimal terms of minting and study its effectiveness on the processes of flowers formation, the synchronous of flowering and productivity of seed plants the studies were performed on the paternal and maternal components of triploid hybrids of sugar beet Umansky MS 97 simultaneously. The minting was carried out in the period of mass stem formation by manually when the plants were 60-70 cm in height. At the same time was removed the top of the main stem for 5-10 cm. The square of scoring plot was 56 m², the repetition in three-time.

For stimulate the seed under the production conditions is using the 12 parties of calibrated seed of diploid hybrids Ukrainian MS 72, Westo and triploid Dobroslav, Alexandria. The stimulation of seed was performed by the method of Institute of bioenergy crops and sugar beets. In the control variant was sown the not stimulated seeds.

In the laboratory conditions were stated: the energy germination, germination and the seeds purity [ISO 2292-96], the mass of 1000 fruits and one sprouting and one seeding [ISO 4232-2003]. The selection of the average seeds samples was performed in accordance with applicable [ISO 4328-2004]. In the field conditions on the seed plants were determined: the number of flowers by the variations of the experiment was determined by the way of calculation, the seeds yield determined by the way of heap weighing from the calculation plots and from the individual seed plants. The statistical processing of the experimental data was carried out by the methods of variance and correlation analysis set out in the book of B. Dospyehov [Dospyehov B.A., 1979] with using the appropriate computer software.

Results and discussions

By the researches is established that the minting of seed plants mating components has a positive effect on the processes of growth and development and, especially on the synchronicity of the flowering and flower formation. As a result of the suspension of the tops growth of the stems is the redistribution of nutrients, improves the supply of flowers that are formed, and this is contribute of additional formation of high-quality seeds and thus an increase of its productivity.

The experiments are conducted with the plants of CMS component and fixative of sterility of trip- loid hybrid Umanskyy MS 97 in isolated breeding houses (Pic. 1).

Pic. 1 The flowering of basic components in the breeding house (after the minting in the depths of picture and without its holding in the foreground)

In the variant of without minting (control) the variability of the number of flowers, during the flowering, by the date of accounting was in the MS component from 58.5 to 806.7 pc./plant in the fixative of sterility from 124.5 to 939.9 pc./plant (Pic. 2a).

During the all dates of account of fixative of sterility in (O-type) flowers were more than in the MS component, that indicating on the nonsynchronicity of flowering mating components, and this ultimately negative affect on the degree of tying seeds, its germination and seed production.

The minting of 50 % of the plants of fixative of sterility was somewhat reduced the intensity of its flower formation during the whole flowering period, in compared with the control (Pic. 2b). Thus, if at the beginning of flowering without minting was formed 124.5 flowers/plants, then with the minting - 98.4. The similar results were obtained in the last date of accounting.

In the plants of MS component without their minting there is a significant increasing the intensity of flower formation in the early phase of the stems formation and a slight decrease in the other two phases - 154.0-748.2 pc./plant. That is, the minting of 50 % of plants of fixative of sterility is ensured the synchronous flowering of both components at the beginning of flowering, and at its end.

In the variant of the minting of 50 % of the plants of fixative of sterility and 100 % plants of its sterile analogue (MS component) was a negligible deviation of variation of the number of flowers of the two components that make for a fixative of sterility 115.1-667.0 pc./plant and 162.5-750.8 pc./plant for the MS component (Pic. 2c).

Pic. 2 The intensity of the flower formation of mating components (average of 2013-2015)

So the minting of the plants of the fixative of sterility and of both components of breeding is provided the synchrony of flower formation and respectively - the flowering. Without minting the flowering of seed plants of fixative of sterility is began and finish more early in 2.1 times and held intensive on the start of flowering and 1.3 times - at the end of flowering, than seed plants of the MS component, than the flowering of mating components are not held synchronously (Pic. 3a).

The minting of 50 % of the plants of fixative of sterility is ensured the extension of its flowering and more synchronous flowering of components (Pic. 3b). The flowering of fixative of sterility held more intensively only in 0.64-1.03 times. At carrying out the minting of all plants of MS- component and 50 % of fixative of sterility is provided the most synchronous its flowering (see Pic. 3b). In the beginning of flowering and his completion the number of flowers of MS component and fixative of sterility O-type were almost identical. Thus, on the last date of accounting the number of flowers that bloomed in the MS component was 1082.2 pc/.plant, in fixative of sterility - 1038.3 pc./plant.

In the process of studying the influence of plants minting of diploid MS component on seed production is established that this method contributes to a significant increase the yield of the baseline seed (Table 1).

By the minting only the 50 % of the plants of fixative of sterile the yield of baseline seed of MS component is increased to 0.17 t/ha. By the minting the 50 % of the plants of fixative of sterility and 100 % of plants of MS component the yield is increased in compared with the control at 0.20 t/ha. That is, the both methods of minting are provide the significant increase of yield of MS component seeds, but there is no the significant difference between them.

Pic. 3 The dynamics of mating components flowering (average of 2013-2015)

Table 1

The yield and quality of baseline seed of MS component depending on the process of flowering regulation of components (average of 2013-2015)