Comparative characteristics of varieties of winter rye according to the number of flowers in spikelets and grain yield

Размещено на http://www.allbest.ru/

Размещено на http://www.allbest.ru/

Comparative characteristics of varieties of winter rye according to the number of flowers in spikelets and grain yield

Starychenko V., Huba І.

NSC «Institute of Agriculture of NAAS»

Mashynobudivnykiv Str., Chabany, Kyiv-Sviatoshyn region, Kyiv oblast, 08162, Ukraine

To conduct a comparative analysis of conventional and multi-flower winter rye according to productive characteristics, fruit formation, and grain yield to determine the potential of the use of multi-flower rye in selection. Methods. The study was carried out during 2014 - 2017 in NSC «Institute of agriculture NAAN» on gray forest soils of the Northern part of Forest-Steppe. The object of research --common rye (Secale vulgare Koern.) and its multi-flower varieties with more flowers in the spikelets of an ear -- Secale triflorum, tetraflorum, pentaflorum and 2 natural multi-flower species -- Secale var. compositum Lam. and Secale var. monstrosum Koern. Results. Comparative structural analysis of multi-flower rye with the usual 2-flowers winter rye. The increase in the number of 3rd and 4th fertile flowers in the spikelets of an ear positively influenced grain weight in an ear and plant, without reducing significantly the weight of 1000 grains. Rye that formed 5th flower in a spikelet, had a lower performance as to the ear grain content and performance, that was significantly inferior to conventional 2-flower and multi-flower (3 and 4) forms of rye.

Conclusions. It is established that in each of many varieties laid a different number of flowers in spikelets that positively and negatively affect fruit formation and grain productivity of winter rye. Natural multi-flower varieties of winter rye are valuable sources of multi-flower ability with the highest number of flowers per ear, but the smallest grain size and lowest indices of grain productivity.

Key words: var. compositum Lam. var. monstrosum Koern., multi-flower ability, fertility, selection.

The source material is the main guarantee for creating modern high-yielding varieties. The high degree of affinity in the world collection of varieties is a limiting factor for further increasing the productivity of crops. Accordingly, for hybridization it is necessary to select and use new combinations of crosses, the parents for which were selected from collection of samples that can guarantee the improvement of a particular trait. In rye, multiflowering is practically unexplored and there are almost no data on the influence of multiflowering on the spike productivity and the nature of its inheritance in general.

Environmental conditions significantly affect on the selection of valuable genotypes by grain yield and quantitative traits in general. Most researchers believe that the use of unique forms in crosses that have more spikelets, flowers and grains can be one of the ways to increase the productivity of cereals [1-3]. V.S. Arbuzova and others, in their breeding work with soft wheat, placed great emphasis on the study of multiflowering [4-6].

However, the degree of manifestation of the sign of multiflowering is under the influence of the environment [7, 8]. Moreover, the genotype-environment interaction has a significant impact on the phenotypic manifestation of the multiflowering. Survival of additional flowers (more than two per spikelet) significantly depends on water balance and lighting, nutrient content in the soil (I-IV stages of organogenesis) and temperature factors - the sum of active temperatures from tillering to flowering and photosynthetic activity of leaves and spikes during the growing season [9]. In ordinary varieties of rye in the germinal spikelet of rye is laid 5-6 flowers, but usually develop two, rarely three, and the rest atrophy [6].

One of the ways to increase the yield of winter rye is to create varieties and lines that can set a full three or more grains in a spikelet. The main problem of growing multiflorous varieties is the fine-grainedness and poor threshing of additional flowers, as well as the high instability of the manifestation of the trait of multiflowering, which is highly dependent on environmental conditions. Our work focuses on the study of multiflorous specimens of winter rye, which not only form additional flowers, but also set the grain from them. The new varieties contain three-graining spikelets, and some new breeding numbers - mainly four-graining spikelets in the spike [10].

The aim of this work is to select and characterize the elements of the spike structure of winter rye samples, which cover the whole spectrum of rye diversity by the number of flowers in the spikelets and spike and determine the possibility of using them in breeding to create breeding material with genetically determined multigraining and high penetrance of this trait. Potentially, four-graining samples may have a sufficiently high penetrance.

Materials and methods. The research was conducted during 2014-2017 in the northern part of the Forest-Steppe of Ukraine. As the material was used 20 winter rye samples from breeding and collection nurseries with different manifestations of the trait of multiflowering, and two natural varieties as a source of the trait of multiflowering - var. compositum Lam. and var. monstrosum Koern. The control for comparison was the usual two-flowered variety Pamiat Khudoierka. Structural analysis of plants on the following indicators: plant height, productive tillering, length of the main spike, number of spikelets in the main spike, number of flowers in the main spike, number of grains from the main spike, percentage of kernels in the main spike, grain weight from the main spike and the weight of 1000 kernels. 30 plants were taken from each sample. The main spike was analyzed, because on other spikes the genetically determined multiflowering was less phenotypically manifested. Basic statistics methods using programs “Excel” and “Statistica” were used for data analysis.

Results. According to a number of investigations, in addition to the usual type (two-flowered rye) Secale vulgare Koern. and multi-flowered natural varieties of winter rye, namely Secale var. compositum Lam. and Secale var. monstrosum Koern., there are also intermediate multi-flowered forms that differ in the formation of different numbers of flowers in the spikelets. These are three-flowered (triflorum), four-flowered (tetraflorum) and five-flowered (pentaflorum) rye, although six-flowered rye is sometimes found [11, 12].

Fig. 1. Two-flowered (ordinary) winter rye and multi-flowered varieties of Secale var. compositum Lam. and Secale var. Koern