Influence of fertilization and care systems on productivity and quality of winter wheat grain

Lukashchuk L., Kurach O., Snizhok O., Huk L., Kucherova A.

5 Rivne Str., Shubkiv village, Rivne region, 35325, Ukraine

Goal. To determine the influence of the system of mineral nutrition and care of winter wheat crops on the formation of grain yield in the Western Forest-Steppe. Methods. Visual -- to determine the phenological phases of growth and development of culture; estimation -- to determine the parameters of crop structure and yield; chemical -- to determine the content of nutrients in the soil; mathematical and statistical -- to assess the reliability of research results; calculation-comparative -- to analyze economic efficiency. Results. The data are given of results of researches in cultivation of winter wheat on an intensive technology and how at the same time under the influence of systems of fertilizer and care of crops its productivity changed. Analysis of yield data showed that fertilizer systems, which used different types of fertilizers, provided a significant increase in yield on average over 3 years by 32.5 - 39.5% compared to the control, where fertilizers were used only as the main fertilizering. Double application of growth stimulant Vimpel 2 in combination with pesticides and microfertilizer Oracle multicomplex in the tillering phase and on the flag leaf helped to increase crop productivity by 9.6 - 10.9%. Conclusions. According to the results of research it is established that the cultivation of winter wheat using fertilizer system N160R90K120 with foliar fertilization with Oracul colofermin phosphorus (2.5 l/ha) in combination with 2-fold spraying of crops with growth stimulant Pennant 2 (0.6 kg/ha) and microfertilizer multicomplex (2 l/ha) provided the highest yield -- 7.13 t/ha (increase was 14.9%).

The most important component of the agro-industrial complex is the grain industry, which occupies a leading place in the structure of the agricultural sector of the Ukraine's economy. The welfare of the population, guaranteeing national food security, export opportunities of the country depend on the level of efficiency of its development. To maintain positions in the international arena for the sale of grain, domestic producers need to constantly invest in improving the efficiency of the industry, to introduce innovative technologies for the production of competitive products [1, 2].

In this regard, only a scientific-based correction of the component composition and amount of fertilizers with the inclusion of all necessary for the formation of healthy and highly productive plant organisms mineral nutrients in combination with highly effective plant protection products and biologically active substances can minimize the gap between actual and potential crop productivity and their varieties, reduce production costs and increase the efficiency of grain production [3, 4, 5]. Therefore, there is a need to study the effect of fertilization systems of different fertilizer saturation and crop care on the productivity of winter wheat.

Drought, cooling and temperature rising during the early stages of winter crops lead to reduced plant uptake of nutrients from the soil. That is why it is necessary to constantly monitor the situation in each field and have the own technology methods of plant support and supplementation to the main nutrition in critical periods of plant growth and development - foliar feeding [6].

Foliar feeding of winter wheat with a solution of urea with magnesium sulfate and microelements on the background of the optimal ratio of biogenic elements in the soil fully provides plants with nitrogen, has a positive effect on the formation of high yields, increases protein content in marketable products [7].

It is proved that the beginning and the middle of the booting and the appearance of the second stem node is a critical period for winter wheat to provide moisture and nutrition. Therefore, in this period, when winter wheat plants begin booting, it is important to provide them with a complex of macro-and microelements. This allows to effectively eliminate the deficiency of essential nutrients, stimulates the growth of the root system, increases resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses and to the lodging of plants, increases yields and product quality [8].

Analyzing foreign and national literature references, it was found that the use of fertilizers with macro- and chelated forms of microelements for foliar feeding significantly affected the grain productivity of plants and allowed to obtain increases in winter wheat yield by an average of 10-15% with an increase in protein content in grain from 6 to 1.4%, gluten by 3.50-4.3% [9]. It is also effective to use growth stimulants that increase the grain yield of winter wheat on 0.3-0.7 t/ ha and improve grain quality [10]. winter wheat yield

The objective of the researches is to determine the effect of the system of mineral nutrition and care of winter wheat crops on obtaining the maximum possible yield of high-quality grain in the conditions of the Western Forest-Steppe.

Materials and research methods of the research work was carried out during 2016-2018 in the field crop rotation on typical low-humus light loam chernozem soil which had the following agrochemical parameters of 0-30 cm layer: the content of humus according to Tiurin was 1.96%, the content of alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen to Kornfield was 79.2 mg/kg of soil, mobile phosphorus (P2O5) and potassium (K2O) according to Kirsanov was 251 and 109 mg/kg of soil respectively, (pH (salt) was 6.2, hydrolytic acidity according to Kapen - 1.14 mg.- eq./100 g of soil.

Winter rape was a forecrop.. The area of the accounting plot in the experiments was 25 m², the repetition was four times. Winter wheat cultivar was Darunok Podillia. The sowing rate was 5.0 million similar seeds per hectare.

The research was based on fertilization systems (factor A) at different doses, application times: 1. N30P90K120 - background; 2. Background + N60 (lime-ammonium nitrate) - after SVR + N60 (ammonium nitrate) - initial booting + N10 (urea) - a flag leaf; 3. Background + N30 (lime-ammonium nitrate) - after SVR + N30 (nitrogen-sulfur fertilizer) - after SVR + N60 (ammonium nitrate) - initial booting. + N10 (urea) - flag leaf; 4. Background + N60 (lime-ammonium nitrate) - after SVR + Oracul colofermin phosphorus, 2.5 l/ha - after SVR + N60 (ammonium nitrate) - initial booting + N10 (urea) - flag leaf; 5. Background + N50 (lime-ammonium nitrate) - after SVR + N 10 (urea foliar) - after SVR + Oracul colofermin phosphorus, 2.5 l/ha - after SVR + N60 (ammonium nitrate) - initial booting + N10 (urea) - flag leaf. Crop care (factor B) included the application of growth stimulant Vimpel 2 (0.6 kg/ha) and the variant (without treatment).

The system of plant protection at the experimental plot included application of herbicide Calibr, 75% 0.06 kg/ha, three fungicidal treatments with preparations such as: 1 - Birex, 50% e.c. - 0.6 l/ha; 2 - Acanto plus, 50% e.c. - 0.6 l/ha; 3 - Abacus, 18.3% e.c. - 1.6 l/ha, one insecticide treatment BI-58 new 1.5 l/ha, retardant Chlomequid, w.s.c. - 2.0 l/ha.

Field experiments were conducted using the following methods as estimation-weight, chemical, physical, mathematical-statistical and calculation-comparative.

Weather conditions in the years of research were not entirely favorable for the cultivation of spiked cereals.

The period of soil preparation for sowing winter crops for the 2016 harvest was characterized by dry weather. The reserves of productive moisture at the end of the second decade of September for winter rape as a forecrop were critical: in the arable layer it was 0.89 mm, in the meter - 38.34 mm, which made it impossible for seeds to germinate at all. The situation with moisture supply was significantly improved in the third decade of September, when 58.5 mm of precipitation fell, i.e. 127% of the monthly norm.

A stable average daily temperature less than +5^оС was observed from November 21.

Winter weather was characterized by high temperature conditions in December and February (above the norm by 4.5^оС and 6.9^оС, respectively). At the beginning of January there observed the lowest temperatures to minus 19.6^оС, the absence of snow cover in contrast to strong winds caused significant damage to leaf blades on winter wheat crops and the death of some plants. Precipitation for the whole winter period was 88.6 mm (89.4% of the norm). The snow covered the land for a short period of time and did not exceed 10 cm. The soil froze to 35 cm. Vegetation resumed in the third decade of February.

Reserves of productive moisture at the time of vegetation renewal were in the arable layer of 0-20 cm - 45.3 mm, in the meter - 142.9 mm. During the spring-summer vegetation, they were sufficient for normal plant development. Maturing of winter wheat crops took place at the end of the second decade of July.

The period of soil preparation for the winter of 2017 was also characterized by hot dry weather. At higher temperatures in August and September, only 35.0 and 3.3 mm of precipitation fell, respectively, which made it impossible to carry out high-quality tillage and winter sowing. However, in October there was a decrease in air temperature with excessive rainfall (306% of the climatic norm). The cessation of active vegetation of plants occurred on October 30. There were no critical conditions for overwintering winter crops. From the third decade of February there was a significant increase in temperature, which led to the renewal of plant vegetation.

Weather conditions in the autumn of 2017 were characterized by a moderate temperature and excessive rainfall. Thus, in September the average daily air temperature was 14.3^оС, in October - 8.5^оС, in November - 8.5^оС at the climatic norm of 13.1^оС, 8,5^оС and 2.2^оС, respectively. The first frosts (0.7^оС below zero) were observed at night in early October. When the average daily temperature of not less than 5^оС above zero was recorded on November 11, i.e. at the level of many years and became stable, active vegetation of winter crops was checked in growth. During the autumn the level of atmospheric precipitation accounted for 98.5 mm in September, which was 205% of the climatic norm, in October it was 74.1 mm (195%), in November it was 46.9 mm (130%).

December was characterized by humid weather with increased heat supply at a monthly average daily air temperature plus 1.3^оС, which is 3.7^оС above the climatic norm. Its third decade was extremely warm, when this indicator exceeded the norm by 5.6^оС, and the temperature maximum on some days reached 9.4^оС. During the month, 70 mm of precipitation (189% of the climatic norm) fell in the form of rain and wet snow.

At the beginning of January 2018, there was a cooling, but the weather was quite changeable: there were fluctuations in the average daily air temperature from plus 4.7^оС to minus 12.5^оС. In January, 28.1 mm of precipitation fell (at the monthly rate of 30 mm). At the end of the first decade there was a complete freezing of the soil.

The weather in February differed close to the climatic norm by the average daily temperature in the first and second decades (minus 2.8^оС and minus 3.5^оС, respectively) and an anomalous decrease of this indicator in the third decade to minus10.6°C at the norm of minus 3.8°C. The coolest periods were the middle of the first decade and the end of the month, when the minimum air temperature was 17.4°С - 23.2°С below zero. The monthly precipitation (31.4 mm) corresponded to long-term data.

Snow cover appeared in the second decade of January. Its greatest height (about 20 cm) was observed in late February. The maximum freezing of the soil was recorded in late January. However, a jump in air temperature to positive values (during the day to 6-8°С above zero) in the period from January 28 to February 3 led to the ending of snow cover and thawing of the soil to a depth of 12 cm, and subsequent cooling resulted in refreezing of its top layer . At the end of the winter, the depth of soil freezing was 23 cm with an unfrozen layer at a depth of 9-12 cm.

The lowest soil temperature at the depth of lodging the tillering node for the whole winter period (6.2°С below zero) was observed in the second half of January. At the end of February, this figure was 5.1°С.

Thus, winter weather conditions were not critical for overwintering of winter wheat.

March 2018 appeared to be cold and wet. During the month, 35.2 mm of precipitation fell (135.4% of the climatic norm). The average daily temperature was 1.9°С below zero, which is 2.2°С lower than the long-term indicator. Vegetation resumed on March 30. Reserves of productive moisture at this time were in the layer of 0-20 cm 27-29 mm, 0-100 cm - 166-169 mm. April was characterized by hot dry weather, especially in the second decade, when in the absence of precipitation, the average daily air temperature was twice the norm and amounted to 14.6°С. In general, only 10.1 mm of precipitation fell during the month, і.e. a quarter of the climatic norm. The average daily air temperature for the month was 13.4°С , which is 5.7°С higher than long-term data. Hot weather was observed in May. The average daily air temperature was 19.1°С, which is 4.3°С higher than the average one for the years. Precipitation fell in the amount of 32.8 mm (58.6% of the climatic norm) only in the second decade. The first two decades of June were also characterized by a higher temperature regime of 3.7°С and 3.4°С above the norm, respectively, and insufficient moisture supply. The end of the month at moderate temperatures was rainy. Rainy weather was observed in the second half of July, which greatly complicated the harvest. The crops ripened at the beginning of the second decade of the month, but due to daily rains they were harvested in early August.

Research results and their discussion. Analysis of the data showed that fertilization systems, which involved the use of different types of fertilizers to crop feeding, provided a significant increase in yield on average over 3 years by 32.5-39.2% compared to the control, where fertilizers were applied only to the main fertilization (Table 1). Double application of growth stimulant Vimpel 2 (0.6 kg/ ha) in combination with pesticides and microfertilizer Oracul multicomplex (2 l/ ha) in the tillering phase and on the flag leaf increased crop productivity by 9.6-10.9%.