The efficiency of irrigation methods for soybean and corn cultivation
To make an assessment and to determine the effectiveness of different irrigation methods for the growing soybeans and corn, which are based on economic and energy parameters. Definition and characteristics of features of the use of drip irrigation.
| Рубрика | Сельское, лесное хозяйство и землепользование |
| Вид | статья |
| Язык | английский |
| Дата добавления | 28.06.2022 |
| Размер файла | 20,8 K |
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Institute of Water Problems and Land Reclamation of NAAS
The efficiency of irrigation methods for soybean and corn cultivation
І. Ovchatov State Enterprise Experimental farm «Velyki Klyny»
7 Konotopa Str., Velykyi Klyn vill., Holoprystan district, Kherson oblast, 75635, Ukraine
Goal. To make an assessment and to determine the effectiveness of different irrigation methods for growing soybeans and corn, which are based on economic and energy parameters. Methods. Short-term field experiment, analytical and statistical methods of experimental data processing. Results. It is confirmed that the use of irrigation in crop production is a highly effective measure of its intensification and provides high economic and energy parameters. Thus, at growing soybeans and corn the highest conditional net profit was received for drip irrigation -- 37.88 and 73.85 thousand UAH/ha. The level of profitability made 59.5 and 94.2%, and the lowest cost of production made 10.85 and 3, 78 thousand UAH/t respectively. Economic indicators for subsoil drip irrigation and sprinkling were close in values: conditional net income of soybeans -- 19.45 and 18.07 thousand UAH/ha, corn -- 53.65 and 54.51 thousand UAH/ha, the level of profitability -- 37, 3 and 36.3% and 80.2 and 88.7%, the cost of production -- 12.60 and 12.69 thousand UAH/t and 4.07 and 3.88 thousand UAH/t for growing soybeans and corn, respectively. Irrigation increased the energy intensity of soybean and corn cultivation technology by 2.8 and 2.1 times -- to 59.6 and 79.6 GJ/ha and 109.2 and 117.5 GJ/ha, respectively. Without irrigation, the costs of soybean production were in the range of 23.6 GJ/ha, corn -- 53.6 GJ/ha. Conclusions. The maximum efficiency of soybean and corn cultivation was at the use of drip irrigation. The lower and close in values indicators of economic and energy efficiency of cultivation were fixed for the conditions of subsoil drip irrigation and sprinkling. The lowest efficiency of soybean and corn cultivation was obtained in the conditions of natural moisture, which confirms the significant risks and inexpediency of growing these crops in the Steppe without additional artificial moisture.
Key words: sprinkling, drip irrigation, subsoil drip irrigation, economic parameters, energy assessment.
Introduction
Over the past 10-15 years, agricultural production in Ukraine has reoriented to growing the most profitable and highly liquid crops, in particular soybeans and corn, the sown area under which in 2020 amounted to 1,340,000 hectares and 5,450,000 hectares, respectively [1]. It is natural that a high level of productivity when growing these crops, farmers get on irrigation [2]. So, the irrigated areas under soybeans and corn are from 130 to 175 thousand hectares annually [2], and the main method of irrigating these crops is sprinkling. Today, an alternative to sprinkling is a drip irrigation with surface and subsurface laying of irrigation pipelines (PT) at a depth of 20-30 cm [3]. The introduction of these irrigation systems potentially provides higher yields and lower unit costs of irrigation water [4].
An important aspect of the introduction of irrigation technologies is to obtain economic profit based on the preservation of the ecological sustainability of reclaimed agricultural landscapes. Therefore, in a market economy, it is the economic and energy analysis of agricultural technologies that is important, since it gives grounds to justify the options for growing agricultural crops in terms of their profitability and energy conservation.
The substantiation of the effectiveness of soybean irrigation methods is highlighted in the works of scientists from the USA [5, 6] and the Russian Federation [7]. Similar studies on corn crops were carried out by scientists from the Institute of Irrigated Agriculture of the NAAS [8], Kherson State Agrarian University [9] and the University of Kansas (USA) [10].
The difference between our studies lies in the analysis and substantiation of the effectiveness of three methods of irrigation: sprinkler irrigation, drip irrigation and subsoil drip irrigation in a short-term crop rotation "soybean - corn".
The aim of the research is to evaluate and establish the effectiveness of various irrigation methods for growing soybeans and maize based on economic and energy parameters.
Materials and methods of research. The research was conducted on the lands of Kam'yansko- Dniprovska research station IWPaLR NAAS in 2018-2020. Three methods of irrigation were studied: sprinkling (hose-drum DM - IRTEK 43FBT / 120), drip irrigation and subsurface drip irrigation with pipelines at the depth of 25 cm. Conditional control was the option without irrigation. The research was carried out according to the generally accepted methods: placement of plots - systematic, repetition - four times, area of accounting plots - 30 m2 [11, 12], maize hybrid - DKC 5276 (FAO 460), soybean variety - Oksana. Irrigation source - a well with water salinity from 0,76 to 1.14 g/dm3 (quality class II according to DSTU 2730, DSTU 7286, DSTU 7591). The cost of supplying 1 m3 of water for irrigation was UAH 1,05. The soil of the experimental site is ordinary medium loam chernozem, the density of formation is 1,35-1,50 t/m3, the root layer is 18,8%, the reaction of the soil solution is close to neutral. The level of pre-irrigation humidity, which was maintained in the experiment - 80% of MMHC, calculation of irrigation norms and control of moisture reserves - in accordance with the recommendations [13]. The economic efficiency of irrigation methods was calculated on the basis of the accepted standards, norms and prices [14] of the current year, energy efficiency - according to the method of energy assessment of technologies for growing crops [15]. Depreciation period of units and parts of irrigation systems (except for the one-year period of use of the drip irrigation system) is 10 years.
Research results and their discussion
The calculation of the main economic parameters showed that at 2020 prices, the positive profitability of growing soybeans on drip irrigation is provided with a yield of 3,68 t/ha, on subsurface irrigation - from 3,02 t/ha, on sprinkling - from 2,88 t/ha and without irrigation - not less than 1,31 t/ha. The positive profitability of growing corn on drip irrigation is provided with a yield of 10,66 t/ha, with subsoil irrigation - from 9,12 t/ha, by sprinkling - from 8,38 t/ha and without irrigation - at least 3,36 t/ha (Table 1).
Table 1. The main economic indicators of soybean and corn cultivation depending on irrigation methods
|
Irrigation method |
Costs, thousand UAH/ha, |
per: |
Crop capacity, t / ha |
Gross income, thous UAH/ha * |
Conditionally net profit, UAH / ha |
Cost, thousand / t |
Profitability level,% |
|||
|
Cultivation technology |
irrigation system (depreciation, operation) |
assembly and logistics |
common |
|||||||
|
Soybeans |
||||||||||
|
Drip irrigation |
41,20 |
20,79 |
1,68 |
63,67 |
5,87 |
101,55 |
37,88 |
10,85 |
59,5 |
|
|
Subsurface drip irrigation |
39,05 |
11,94 |
1,18 |
52,17 |
4,14 |
71,62 |
19,45 |
12,60 |
37,3 |
|
|
Sprinkling |
37,24 |
11,39 |
1,12 |
49,75 |
3,92 |
67,82 |
18,07 |
12,69 |
36,3 |
|
|
Without irrigation |
22,10 |
-- |
0,52 |
22,62 |
1,38 |
23,87 |
1,25 |
16,39 |
5,5 |
|
|
Corn |
||||||||||
|
Drip irrigation |
53,85 |
18,38 |
5,88 |
78,11 |
20,69 |
151,66 |
73,55 |
3,78 |
94,2 |
|
|
Subsurface drip irrigation |
50,81 |
11,36 |
4,69 |
66,86 |
16,44 |
120,51 |
53,65 |
4,07 |
80,2 |
|
|
Sprinkling |
46,09 |
10,85 |
4,51 |
61,45 |
15,82 |
115,96 |
54,51 |
3,88 |
88,7 |
|
|
Without irrigation |
23,52 |
-- |
1,10 |
24,62 |
3,85 |
28,22 |
3,60 |
6,39 |
14,6 |
*In the calculations, the selling price of soybeans was taken as 17,30 thous./t, corn - 7,33 thous./t. (as of November 16, 2020).
The most costly irrigation technology for both soybeans and corn is drip irrigation: annual operating costs, including depreciation deductions, are 20,79 and 18,38 thous./ha, respectively. At the same time, we note that with this irrigation method the highest yield was obtained (5.87 t / ha of soybeans and 20.69 t / ha of corn), which ensured the highest gross income and conditionally net profit per hectare, the maximum level of profitability and the lowest cost price grains.
The main economic indicators of soybean and corn cultivation under subsurface drip irrigation and sprinkling were close in values. Thus, with subsurface drip irrigation, a slightly higher level of yield was obtained (+0,22 t/ha for soybeans and +0,62 t/ha for corn), however, the costs of implementing the technology were 4,9% higher than for sprinkling (soybeans) and 8,8% (corn).
The lowest economic indicators and the highest cost of production were obtained in the conditions of natural moisture, which convincingly testifies to the significant risks and inexpediency of growing these crops in the Steppe without additional artificial moisture. growing soybean corn irrigation
Along with the methods of assessing the efficiency of crop production through cost indicators, it is important to use a universal energy parameter - the coefficient of energy efficiency (table 2).
Table 2. Energy assessment of soybean and corn cultivation depending on irrigation methods
|
Irrigation method |
Energy input with harvest, GJ / ha |
Energy consumption for cultivation, GJ / ha |
Energy efficiency factor Ke |
|
|
Soybeans |
||||
|
Drip irrigation |
93,7 |
79,6 |
1,18 |
|
|
Subsurface drip irrigation |
66,1 |
62,2 |
1,06 |
|
|
Sprinkling |
62,6 |
59,6 |
1,05 |
|
|
Without irrigation |
22,0 |
23,6 |
0,93 |
|
|
Corn |
||||
|
Drip irrigation |
275,2 |
117,5 |
2,34 |
|
|
Subsurface drip irrigation |
218,7 |
112,9 |
1,94 |
|
|
Sprinkling |
210,4 |
109,2 |
1,93 |
|
|
Without irrigation |
51,2 |
53,6 |
0,96 |
The analysis shows that irrigation increased the energy intensity of soybean and corn cultivation technology by 2,8-2,1 times - up to 59,6-79,6 GJ/ha and 109,2-117,5 GJ/ha, respectively. Without irrigation, the costs of soybean production were in the range of 23,6 GJ/ha, and corn - 53,6 GJ/ha.
Analysis of the value of the energy efficiency ratio (Ke) indicates an average level of energy efficiency of soybean cultivation under irrigation (Ke = 1,05-1,18) and a low level of energy efficiency of the option without irrigation (Ke = 0,93). The cultivation of corn with drip irrigation (Ke = 2,34) was highly efficient and low efficient (Ke = 0,96) without irrigation. With subsurface drip irrigation and sprinkler irrigation, the level of energy efficiency of corn cultivation was determined as average (Ke = 1694-1693, respectively).
Conclusions
Drip irrigation provides maximum economic and energy efficiency of growing both soybeans and corn. Significantly lower and similar in values indicators of economic and energy efficiency of cultivation were determined for the conditions of subsurface drip irrigation and sprinkling. The lowest efficiency of soybean and corn cultivation was obtained in conditions of natural moisture, which confirms the significant risks and inexpediency of growing these crops in the Steppe without additional artificial moisture.
References
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