Seed production of tomato varieties depending on planting schemes and fertilizers in the conditions of Southern Steppe

Размещено на http://www.allbest.ru/

Seed production of tomato varieties depending on planting schemes and fertilizers in the conditions of Southern Steppe

Kosenko N., Pohorielova V., Institute of Irrigated Agriculture of NAAS

Goal. To determine the influence of planting schemes and fertilizing on the cultivation of different varieties of tomato, their yield and sowing quality of seeds in the conditions of Southern Steppe of Ukraine. Methods. Field, laboratory, calculation, comparative, mathematical-and-statistical analysis. Results. It is established that the seed yield had the influence of the studied factors. The average yield for 2016-2018 for the variety Lehin was 117,62 kg/ha, for the variety Yuvileinyi -- 112,63 kg/ha. On average over the years of researches, it is established that the yield in the scheme of seeding 100 + 50 cm was on 0.6% more than in the scheme of seeding 150 cm. Minimum seed yield is obtained in the variant without fertilizers -- 49,06 kg/ha. Application of the organo-mineral system, combined with foliar feeding had a positive impact on the seed productivity of tomato plants. The increase in the yield of seeds made 56.95 - 67,04% as compared to non-fertilized plots. The seeds obtained in the variants of the experiment had propagation energy of 81 - 90%, and germination rate -- 95 - 100%. Fertilizing increased the weight of 1000 seeds on 0,06 - 0,11 g, germination energy -- 1 - 3%. Conclusions. Seed efficiency was significantly influenced by fertilizers. Variety and sowing scheme to a lesser extent influenced the seed yield. The highest seed yield (159,91 kg/ha) provided the variety Lehin at the use of a planting scheme of 100+50 cm and complex fertilizing. The significant effect of the studied factors on sowing qualities of seeds of tomato was not detected. The highest level of profitability (154%) provided the variety Lehin at the use of planting scheme 150 cm and mineral fertilizers with foliar feeding by Plantafol.

Key words: yield, germination energy, plant nutrition, seed quality.

The use of high quality seed is one of perspective ways of increase of the productivity of tomato plants. Seeds are the source of biological, genetic and economic signs and it is able to provide the high commodity productivity and high quality of vegetables. Application of effective elements of technology, optimal conditions during the impregnation of flowers, forming of harvest and ripening of seed assist the receipt of seed of high quality [3]. Time of harvesting, selection, washing, drying and storage of seed is very important in a seed growing [4]. The seed production of domestic sorts and hybrids of vegetable plants does not answer modern requirements. There is strengthening of competition from the side of foreign seed on this time at the Ukrainian market [5]. The Ukrainian scientists claim that it is necessary to provide priorities to domestic grades and hybrids for the purpose of bringing their share in the register of plant varieties to 50% [6]. Therefore, improvements and implementation of modern technologies of cultivation of sorts of domestic selection that will allow to increase a harvest and to improve quality of seeds now, is very actual.

By researches of many scientists it is established that seed productivity significantly depends on high quality features and conditions of cultivation of seed plants. In the irrigated conditions of the South of Ukraine researches on development of basic elements of technology of cultivation of tomato seeds were conducted. In cultivation from seeds the seed productivity was from 63,5 to 94.4 kg/ha for the variety Naddnepryanskiy 1, that it is suitable for harvest by the combine.

The field experiment of determinate varieties of tomatoes (Bishola, Chali, Cochoro, Fetan, Melkasalsa), indeterminate (Metadel, Miya, Melkashola, Arptomato) and variety Roma VF showed, that a high yield of seed was characterize Bishola 177.26 kg/ha and Melkasalsa 150.81 kg/ha. The productivity of seed of variety Roma VF presented 114.88 kg/ha. The yield of seed of other varieties was within the limits of 58.11-108.00 kg/ha [8]. Studies of fertilization of microelements on seed yields have shown that foliar treatment of plants stimulates an increase the vegetative mass and seed productivity of tomato plants.Under the conditions of spraying tomato plants with a boron solution, seed yield was 193.35 kg/ha. The seed yield 206.72 kg/ha was obtained by processing a solution of zinc sulfate. Less influence on tomato plants was consumed by zinc sulfate, the increase was 22.34 kg/ha. The lowest yield 150.74 kg/ha were in the control variant (without treatment with microelements) [9]. The influence of foliar application of boron and zinc on yield and quality of seed was studied in experiments at method of growing. At application mineral fertilizers in the dose N120P90K60 and foliar treatment B100Zn100 three times during the growing season contributed to an increase in the number of lateral shoots from 4 to 10 pieces, leaves from 54 to 76 and the yield of seeds from one fruit from 4.05 to 6,0 g.

The maximum seed yield 445,54 kg/ha, was obtained by sprinkling of B100Zn100, which is on 144.8 kg/ha (48.2%) more, than without processing. Other combinations of norms of boron and zinc increased the yield of seeds by 5.4-27.4% compared with the control variant [10]. Organic fertilizers are given the most important place in the system of measures to increase the yield of agricultural crops and soil fertility. This is due to the fact that they not only enrich the soil with elements of nutrition, but also improve its physical properties. The use of biological preparations has a significant impact on the productivity of many cultures; therefore it is advisable to study the effect on the productivity of tomato plants. Under the biological means are understood the specially prepared biological preparations, containing microorganisms and other biological agents, as well as components, intended for conservation of biological agents properties during their storing and use [11]. To determine the effect of the scheme of sowing and fertilization on the yield of seeds of tomato and sowing qualities of seeds in the conditions of Southern Steppe of Ukraine is our purpose of researches.

Materials and methods

The researches were conducted on the experimental field of the vegetable growing laboratory of the Institute of Irrigated Faming of Ukraine in 2016-2018. The soil of the experimental field is dark chestnut. For this soil is characterized by a weak salinity and the average content of clay fraction. Humus contents in arable (0-30 cm) a layer of earth 2.14%, total nitrogen 2.24%, mobile phosphorus and exchangeable potassium respectively 62 and 323 mg/kg of soil. The lowest moisture content in the meter layer of soil is 21.3%, the moisture content of the wilting is 9.5% of the dry ground weight. The density of the soil structure is 1.41 g/cm³. The pH of the aqueous extraction of the arable layer of soil is 7.2.

The technology of cultivating seed plants in the experiment is generally accepted for irrigation conditions in the south of Ukraine, except for the elements studied, according to the following scheme: factor A - tomato variety: Legin, Jubilee; factor B - scheme of sowing: 100+50 cm, 150 cm; factor C - fertilizer of plants: 1) without fertilizers (control); 2) the estimated dose of mineral fertilizers; 3) the estimated dose of fertilizers and foliar treatment with Plantafol; 4) the estimated dose of fertilizers and Bioproferm; 5) Estimated fertilizer dose, Bioproferm and Plantafol. Our Researches conducted growing of plants at method cultivation from seed with the use of drip irrigation. During the vegetation applied the differentiated mode of irrigation after the phases of development of plants. The sown area was of 14 m², the accounted area was of 10 m². The research had four times reoccurrence. Estimated dose of fertilizers N219P102K40, that was determined for the harvest of fruits 80 т/ha.

The bioproferme is organic fertilizer, in one ton of which contains active substance nitrogen10-15 kg, phosphorus - 9-14 kg a.s., potassium - 6-10 kg a.s., calcium - 10-30 kg a.s. The introduction of this preparation on experimental plots was carried out at the rate of 6 t/ha. Foliar application with Plantafol was performed four times for the vegetation of plants: the first - Plantafol N10P54K10, the next three - Plantafol N20P20K20. On the experimental sites, varieties of tomato breeding were planted at the Institute of Irrigation Farming of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine.

The variety Legin is the middle-aged by the period of reaching. The vegetative period from mass stairs to the beginning of maturation is 110-112 days. Plant by type of growth is determinant, height 50-55 cm. The first inflorescence is laid over 6-7 leaf, the following - 1-2 leaves. The fruits have an elliptical shape (index 1.15), reaching red color, without green spots in the peduncle, weighing 65-70 g. Fruits are dense, fleshy, not cracked, high transportability. The variety is suitable for combine harvesting of fruits. The content in the fruit of a soluble dry substance is 5.6-5.9%, total sugars 3.2-3.5%, ascorbic acid 21.522.5 mg/100 g. The variety is entered in the Register of plant varieties of Ukraine since 2013.

The variety Jubilee is the middle-agedby the period of reaching. The vegetative period from mass stairs to the beginning of maturation is 112-115 days. Plant by type of growth is determinant, height 5055 cm. The first inflorescence is laid over 6-7 leaf, the following - 1-2 leaves. The fruits are reversed- egg-shaped (index 1.3), for reaching red color, without a green spot in the peduncle, weight - 90-100 g. Fruits are dense, fleshy, have high portability. The variety is suitable For fruit harvesting, the content in the fruit of a soluble dry matter is 5.7-5.9%, total sugars are 3.3-3.5%, ascorbic acid is 22.523.5 mg/100 g. The variety Jubilee is undergoing state variety testing. When laying the test and performing related studies, guided by generally accepted methodological recommendations for growing of vegetable and melon plants [12, 13]. The selection of fruits for the separation of seeds was carried out with 2-4 inflorescences in the phase of maturation. The weight of the test sample was 10 kg for seed separation. Seeds were extracted from fully mature red ripe fruits. Separation of seeds was carried out manually, followed by fermentation within 1-3 days. After washing the seeds in water, it was dried to a moisture content of 14%. Seed yield per ha was calculated based on seed yield per plot and expressed in kilogram per hectare.

Sowing quality of seeds was determined according to the normative and technical state standards: DSTU 7160: 2010 and DSTU 4138-2002. Germination energy and laboratory germination was determined using the standard laboratory method. In each variance, 4x100 seeds were tested. Wet sterilized sand was used as the medium and the seeds were incubated in a germination chamber at a temperature of 23-25°C and 95% relative humidity. Germination energy was assessed on the fifth day, laboratory germination on tenth day by counting the number of typical seedlings. The statistical and cross-correlation analyses of results of researches conducted, using LSD value at 5% significance level.

During realization of researches drew on the complex of methods, namely: the field, instrumentation- calculation, comparative, mathematically-statistical analyses.

Meteorological conditions during vegetation periods in the years of researches differed on basic hydrothermal indexes (temperature, precipitations) from long-term data. Weather conditions were on the whole friendly to growing tomato plants. For vegetation period (April-September) in 2016 precipitations are 674 mm fell out, in 2017 - 406 mm, in 2018 - 341 mm. The irrigation rate in 2016 presented 1430 M³/ha, in 2017 - 1243 M³/ha, in 2018 - 1619 M³/ha.

The results of the researches

The main indicator of the performance of the seed is an index of the unit area yield of seeds. Found that yields seeds had the influence of the studied factors. Yield of seeds in 2016, for the variety Legin was within 40.36-164.88 kg/ha, to variety Jubilee 44.74-139.61 kg/ha (Table).

Table 1/ Yield of seeds of tomato, depending on the factors examined