The demand of modern varieties of winter wheat to mineral nutrition

Miroshnychenko M.1, Panasenko Ye.2, Zvonar A.3, Leonov O.4, Halasun Yu.5, Havryliuk V.6

1-3National Research Center «Sokolovsky Institute of Soil Science and Agrochemistry»

4, Tchaikovskyi Str., Kharkiv, 61024, Ukraine 4V.Ya. Yuriev Institute of Plant Breeding of NAAS 142, Moskovskyi Prospekt, Kharkiv, 61060, Ukraine 5LLC Research and Production Firm «Urozhai»

193, Blagovisna Str., Cherkasy, 18000, Ukraine

6Polissia Research Station of NRC «Sokolovsky Institute of Soil Science and Agrochemistry»

35, Shevchenko Str., Lutsk, 43001, Ukraine

Goal

Generalization of the results of experimental studies of the content of nutrients in grain and straw of winter wheat varieties currently grown in Ukraine. Methods. The research was carried out during 2016-2020 at two objects of variety testing in the forest-steppe zone of Ukraine, on production fields in Western Polissya, Right-Bank and Left-Bank of Forest-Steppe, with statistical analysis of chemical-analytical data. Results. According to the generalization of data on 167 plots of winter wheat cultivation of modern varieties, accumulation of nutrients in grain and straw differs from parameters that were revealed before. Modern varieties are characterized by a narrower ratio of N: P2O5 in the grain (1: 0.30), which differs from the previously developed standards (1: 0.34-0.35), as well as a much higher accumulation of potassium in straw. The content of nutrients in grain has more stable parameters than in straw. High variability of micronutrient composition of grain and straw, especially cobalt and iron, has been found. It is proposed to use as normative not arithmetic means, but geometric means. Similar features of the chemical composition of grain and straw were at all objects of the study. Conclusions. Average parameters of nutrient uptake in winter wheat modern varieties are (kg/t): for grain N - 21.6, P2O5 - 6.5, K2O - 4.6, for straw - 4.9, 1.1 and 17.5 respectively. Average parameters of micronutrient uptake in winter wheat modern varieties are (mg/kg): for grain - Zn 19, Co 0.51, Fe 37, Mn 30, Cu 2.1, for straw - Zn 1.8, Co 0.52, Fe 27, Mn 12, Cu 0.6.

Key words: NPK, microelements, grain, straw, remote standards, variability, variety specificity, strain testing plots.

Winter wheat is the most demanding crop among cereals in terms of mineral nutrition. Due to breeding progress, modern varieties of winter wheat have a high level of nitrogen uptake and its reutilization in plants, that is often accompanied by increased concentrations of other nutrients [1-2]. It is proved that these properties of modern varieties are occurred mainly under the high fertilizing, while old varieties show more stable yield on the lack of nutrients [3]. However, due to lack of information, the peculiarities of the nutrition of new varieties of wheat are not taken into account when agronomists design a fertilizer system, as suggested by E. Klimashevsky 30 years ago [4]. Genetic features of enzymatic systems, absorption and photosynthesis in different varieties of winter wheat require appropriate forms and doses of fertilizers [3, 5-6], but also lead to different resilience to the acid pH [7], salinization [8-9] and other affecting factors in terms of nutrients uptake. Therefore, it is necessary to periodically update the regulatory framework for the development of adaptive farming systems, including fertilizer systems.

In 2014, a draft of Resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine "Regulatory indicators of nutrient removal by crops" [10] was developed in accordance with Articles 30 and 32 of the Law of Ukraine "On Land Protection" and the action plan of the Ministry of Agrarian Policy of Ukraine. This regulatory act provides standards of NPK content per unit of crop yield by nature zones (Table 1).

winter wheat mineral nutrition

1. Standards for nutrient removal with the harvest of winter wheat (according [10])

Due to the fact that the abovementioned project has not yet been approved, researchers use other values of NPK removal with grain and straw of winter wheat. In particular, G. Hospodarenko gives the following values of removal per 1 ton of grain: N - 22.7 kg, P2O5 - 8.0 kg, K2O - 5.5 kg, and per 1 ton of straw - 5.7 kg, 1.9 kg and 10.7 kg, respectively [11]. The method of calculating the balance of NPK by NSC "ISSAR named after ON Sokolovsky” uses slightly different standard parameters in a straw: N - 5.1 kg, P2O5 - 1.6 kg, K2O - 9.9 kg [12]. M. Gorodnyi et al. have mentioned higher nutrient content in grain, namely: N - 2.50%, P2O5 - 0.85%, K2O - 0.65%, and for straw - 0.50%, 0.20% and 0.90%, respectively [13]. Unfortunately, all the above indicators refer mainly to varieties that were in crop production more than 20-30 years ago, and it is currently unknown to what extent they coincide with the requirements of modern wheat varieties.

Little is known about the micronutrient composition of grain products. Modern farming systems in Ukraine are usually deficient in the balance of micronutrients [14]. According to D. Garvin and R. Welch, genetic improvements in the United States have led to a decrease in the concentration of Fe, Zn Se in grain, although yields are increasing [15]. On the other hand, the study of K. Hamner et al. [2], as well as Z. Svecnjak et al. [16] show that the increase in nitrogen uptake during the wheat growing season is also accompanied by a greater accumulation of Fe, Zn, Mn, Cu and B in plants.

The purpose of this article is to generalize results of experimental research regarding nutrients content in grain and straw of winter wheat varieties currently grown in Ukraine.

Methods

The research was carried out during 2016-2020 at two objects of variety testing in the forest- steppe zone of Ukraine and by expeditionary research on crop production fields in Western Polissya, Right- Bank and Left-Bank Forest-Steppe.

24 winter wheat varieties in 2016 and 36 winter wheat varieties in 2017 were studied at the demonstration and research field of LLC "PRF "Urozhay" (Korsun-Shevchenkivskyi district of Cherkasy region), where Phaeozems predominate in soil cover. Particularly, it were studied varieties by German breeding - Etana, Patras, Matrix, Kombin, Arctis (Deutsche Saatveredelung AG), Skagen, Torild (SAATEN UNION); Austrian breeeding - Panonicus, Tacitus, Fidenius, Balitus (Saatzucht Donau); Czech breeding - Bodicek, Bordotka, Daria (RAGT Semences), Croatian breeding - Annica, Mandica (Zagreb Bc Institute), and Ukrainian breeding - Svitanok Myronivsky (Myronivsky Wheat Institute named after V.M. Remesla), Chorniava (Institute of Plant Physiology and Genetics of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine) .

Four varieties that are a national standards of Ukraine - Rozkishna (V. Yuriev Institute of Plant Breeding). Yuriev), Bunchuk (Breeding and Genetics Institute), Smuglyanka and Podolyanka (Institute of Plant Physiology and Genetics of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine), as well as 8 varieties of foreign breeeding - the above-mentioned Balitus, Arctis, Matrix, Annitsa, Manditsa, Bodicek and Daria were studied at the research field of the Plant Production Institute named after V.Ya. Yuriev NAAS (Kharkiv district of Kharkiv region, 20182020) on Chernozem haplic.

The peculiarities of winter wheat nutrient uptake were studied during the expeditionary research in Western Polissya on Luvisols and Phaeozem, in the Right-Bank Forest-Steppe - on Phaeozems, Chernozem luvic, in the Left-Bank Forest-Steppe - on Phaeozems, Chernozem luvic and haplic. Samples were taken random, and the agrochemical properties of soils differed greatly in some cases.

Samples of grain and straw were taken before harvest in 3 repetitions, each sample consisted of 15-20 plants. The content of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in grain and straw was determined by the method of wet chemistry ashing with analytical ending on the spectrophotometer SF-4 and flame photometer CL-22D, the content of trace elements - on atomic absorption spectrophotometers AANALYST 400 and Saturn-76. During 2016-2020, grain and straw were analyzed in 167 plots, which differed in soil type, level of nutrient supply and fertilizer. Data analysis was performed by Statistica 10.

Results. Generalization of all data on the content of macro- and microelements in grain and straw of winter wheat in 2016-2020 allows to take into account not only genetically determined features of modern varieties, but also due to soil-climatic, weather conditions and fertilizers, which differed significantly in some cases. The sample met the criteria of Shapiro-Wilkes normality in terms of NPK content in grain (W = 0.98-0.99; p = 0.16-0,56). The main statistical characteristics of NPK content are shown in the table 2.

2. Main statistics of NPK content in grain and straw in 2016-2020 (n=167)