Comprehensive assessment of meat content by the yield of nutrients and bioconversion of protein and feed energy into meat products of livestock

Abstract

Using the genetic potential of the biological capabilities of animals, it is possible to determine the duration of their rearing to standard conditions, taking into account the efficiency of bioconversion of protein and feed energy into meat products. The experiment shows the effectiveness of a comparative assessment of productive qualities, taking into account the yield of basic nutrients, the efficiency of protein bioconversion and feed energy into food protein and the energy of edible parts of the body of two or three-breed bulls. It is known that for human activity, products with biologically valuable proteins are needed, the main source of which is considered to be meat and, in particular, beef, which is obtained from young meat breeds, as well as crosses obtained from crossing the broodstock of dairy and combined breeds with specialized domestic meat bulls. and imported selection. At present, specialized beef cattle breeding cannot fully satisfy the needs of the population in the production of beef. However, obtaining crossbred cattle by industrial crossing makes it possible to solve the problem of producing high-quality beef. The efficiency of beef production depends on the level of beef production of certain cattle breeds, feed payment and the release of key nutrients in the carcass. Experiments have shown that payment for feed with meat products of animals depends on the intensity of bioconversion of feed protein into edible meat protein.

Keywords: gobies, breed, genotype, protein, energy, bioconversion.

Main part

bioconversion beef crossbreeding meat

Beef cattle breeding is the industry that can create the largest number of jobs in the countryside and increase beef production. The rapid development of this industry has no alternative and it must be considered as a problem of a state nature, since there are objective prerequisites for this, as happened in Europe and the USA.

Understanding the prospects for beef cattle breeding prompted the Government of the Russian Federation to intensify work on the development of the industry. This was reflected in the preparation of the State Program «Development of Agriculture and Regulation of Markets for Agricultural Products, Raw Materials and Food for 2013-2020», within which the subprogram «Development of beef cattle breeding» was allocated for the first time with total funding from the budget in the amount of 62.04 billion. rub.

At present, the problem of beef production in the Central Black Earth Region is carried out through the breeding of dairy and combined breeds of cattle. Obviously, this trend will continue in the near future. At the same time, as the experience of countries with highly developed animal husbandry shows, as the productivity of dairy cattle rises, there is an objective need to reduce their numbers. In turn, the resulting kind of shortage of livestock, as a rule, is filled with beef cattle, which allows maintaining the optimal ratio in the production of milk and beef.

The development of specialized beef cattle breeding in the Belgorod region is due to the import of French breeds of meat breeds, on the basis of which reproducers of the Limousin, Charolais, Obraks and Salersky breeds were organized.

An increase in the number of livestock in pure-bred breeding is a rather long process, and the import of animals is a rather expensive undertaking. At the same time, interbreeding is an effective reserve for increasing the meat productivity of animals and is the basis for creating marketable meat herds.

In terms of nutritional and taste qualities, beef is an irreplaceable food product. It contains all nutrients vital for humans: it has a high level of vitamins, amino acids, minerals and enzymes, which determines the biological value of meat. However, one should take into account the fact that in previous years the potential of the beef production industry was used only by 55-65%, but recently the problem of providing the population with beef has become even more acute. This is connected both with the reduction of the breeding stock of cattle, as well as with the weak material base of farms engaged in the cultivation and fattening of young animals - hence the insufficient supply of fodder and, naturally, a decrease in the intensity of animal growth.

In the Central Black Earth Zone of Russia, on the basis of the Simmental broodstock and red - and-white Holstein bulls, a new dairy breed has been created - red-and-white. During its breeding In the Belgorod region, a fairly large number of hybrid Holstein x Simmental cows (more than 30% in the total structure of the dairy herd) remained, which did not correspond to the dairy type of the created breed in a number of ways.

At present, certain conditions have been created in the Belgorod region for the creation of a good breeding base, contributing to the formation of purebred and marketable meat herds. However, there is practically no data on the productive qualities of two or three-breed animals obtained using the producers of Salerskaya, Limousinskaya and Obrakskaya breeds in the conditions of the Central Black Earth zone of Russia.

It is known that for human activity, products with biologically valuable proteins are needed, the main source of which is considered to be meat and, in particular, beef, which is obtained from young meat breeds, as well as crosses obtained from crossing the broodstock of dairy and combined breeds with specialized domestic meat bulls. and imported selection [1].

At present, specialized beef cattle breeding cannot fully satisfy the needs of the population in the production of beef. However, obtaining crossbred cattle by industrial crossing makes it possible to solve the problem of producing high-quality beef [2-12].

The efficiency of beef production depends on the level of beef production of certain cattle breeds, feed payment and the release of key nutrients in the carcass. Experiments have shown that payment for feed with meat products of animals depends on the intensity of bioconversion of feed protein into edible meat protein.

For the research, four groups of crossbred bulls were selected (1 - Holstein x Simmental hybrids, P - Holstein x Simmental x Salerian, W - Holstein x Simmental x Limousine and IV - Holstein x Simmental x Obrak three-breed peers.

In the case of control rearing at 15 and 18 months of age, control slaughter of 3 animals from each group was carried out. The studies investigated the conversion of feed protein and feed energy into food protein and the energy of the carcass pulp of bull calves of the studied genotypes. This allows us to obtain additional information to confirm the optimal age of slaughter of gobies, taking into account the ratio of the main nutrients in the edible part of the carcass and the energy contained in it (Table 1).

In the experiment, it was found that with increasing age, there were changes in the ratio of protein and fat, and, accordingly, the energy value of the pulp of animal carcasses changed. With age, the protein content in 1 kg of carcass pulp tended to decrease slightly, while the amount of fat from 15 to 18 months of age in bulls of different genotypes increased by 24.6-55.0%. Consequently, the energy contained in the pulp of animal carcasses increased mainly due to fat. Moreover, its amount increased in Holstein x Simmental hybrids by 1046.6 kJ (19.9%), Holstein x Simmental x Salerian - by 1244.3 kJ (22.4%), Holstein x Simmental x limousine - by 792.6 kJ (12.0%) and Holstein x Simmental x Obrak peers - by 777.3 kJ (12.3%).

Analysis shows that Holstein x Simmental x Limousine crossbred bulls had higher levels of stored energy in carcass pulp at 15 months of age. Three-breed hybrid peers (Holstein x Simmental x Obraksky and Holstein x Simmental x Salersky) were inferior to them on this basis by 111.8 MJ (8.9%) and 250.7 MJ (20.0%), and two-breed (Holstein x Simmentals) - by 388.3 MJ (30.9%).

At the age of one and a half years, the amount of energy contained in the pulp of the carcasses of experimental animals, in comparison with 15 months of age, in two-breed hybrids increased by 44.5%, and in three-breed (II, III and IV groups) - by 46.4; 36.2 and 40.4%, respectively.

Table 1. Energy value of the edible part of the carcass of gobies