Highly productive herd of black-and-white cattle

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Highly productive herd of black-and-white cattle

V.I. Gudymenko

Abstract

The influence of the Holstein breed bloodline and linear affiliation on milk productivity, reproductive qualities and the exterior of the black-and-white breed cows has been studied. It was found that an increase in the proportion of blood in holsteins from 7/8 to 15/16 has a positive effect on milk productivity. The most promising for increasing productivity and subsequent breeding work is the line of the bull Reflection Sovering 198998.

Keywords: Holstein black-and-white breed, linear affiliation, pedigree, milk productivity, reproductive qualities.

Introduction

The current geopolitical situation on the world stage, the obvious opposition of the EU, the USA and Russia, a whole range of mutual sanctions, including regarding the functioning of the agricultural sector of the economy, have revealed and acutely demonstrated the current problems of ensuring food security of the population of our country.

The importation of imported goods, the obvious disparity in prices for domestic agricultural products, and the lack of fair competition in sales issues pose a real threat to Russia's economic selfsufficiency. According to experts, the fruit and vegetable industry turned out to be the most dependent, and dairy and beef cattle breeding were among the areas of animal husbandry. About 30% of milk powder, 27% of cheeses and 30% of butter were imported into the country annually [4].

However, the food embargo imposed in August 2014 against the states that exerted sanctions pressure largely solved these issues and created unprecedented conditions for the development of the domestic agro-industrial complex. Agricultural producers found themselves in an advantageous position, since, on the one hand, suppliers of cheap milk, cheese, beef, pork in the face of Ukraine, Poland, Germany, Australia, the USA were eliminated, and on the other hand, within the framework of the priority project of de-internationalization of Russia, the volumes and directions of subsidizing agricultural enterprises of various forms of ownership were significantly expanded.

The resulting «window of opportunity» should be used as efficiently as possible and in a fairly short time (the duration of the ban on the import of foodstuffs is only one year). In such a short period of time, it is not possible to radically change the structure of the agricultural economy, the technology of its management, the financing system, etc., but it is quite possible to lay the foundations of reforms that will later bear fruit and revive the village.

World experience shows that one of the main ways to modernize dairy cattle breeding is to intensify the use of genetic resources of the industry [1-3]. Domestic dairy specialized breeds of cattle, thanks to many years of purposeful breeding work, the use of the world's best gene pool and advanced achievements of breeding and genetics, today are not inferior in productive qualities to foreign analogues, and in terms of adaptive ability, strength of the constitution and suitability for use in industrial technology, they even surpass [5-11].

Thus, breeders are faced with the task of establishing the most desirable genotype (the proportion of blood by Holstein), which will ensure high milk productivity it will improve the qualitative composition of milk and will not lead to a decrease in the productive longevity of cows.

In breeding and breeding work, one of the most effective methods of improving already established stable breeds is considered to be line breeding. This selection technique largely determines the economics of milk production, provides quantitative and qualitative growth of the herd. In this regard, it is urgent to establish the most promising and valuable breeding lines, the use of which will determine the further increase in productivity and development of the black-and-white breed. This determined the scientific search and the choice of the direction of research presented in this paper.

Research methodology

The Federal State Unitary Enterprise «Belgorodskoye» of the Russian Agricultural Academy of the Belgorod region, which is a breeding plant for breeding black-and-white breeds, has a highly productive herd that can become a platform for genetic progress throughout the region. The average milk yield per feed cow is 7944 kg, 33% of the total livestock has productivity at the level of 8000-10000 kg of milk per lactation, and 3% - over 10000 kg. The farm has been working for a long time to increase the fat content and protein content, which was reflected in the indicators of 3.86 and 3.38%, respectively.

Despite significant progress in increasing milk production, the animals retained good reproductive qualities: the yield of calves has not fallen below 97 heads for several years in a row, the duration of the main economic periods (service period, dry period, interbody) satisfy zootechnical standards.

It is important to note that the duration of production use of cows is in the range of 3.31-3.51 calving. Over 30% of the animals of the main herd are at the age of 4 or more calves. Thus, the repair of the herd is fully replenished at the expense of its own livestock of young animals, and the costs of reproduction are covered by the profit from the sale of milk. milk productivity breed cow

The analysis of the genetic structure of the herd allowed us to establish that the animals under study are descendants of black-and-white cows and Holstein (CHPG) bulls-producers (partly of foreign breeding) of the III and IV generations. The linear composition is extremely diverse, but most of them are representatives of the genealogical groups of bulls M. Chieftain, V.B. Idial and R. Sovering.

Results and discussion

In order to identify the most promising genotype in conditions of intensive technology, studies were organized on the basis of a breeding plant in the period 20182020 on a comprehensive assessment of the economic and biological characteristics of full-aged Holstein black-and-white cows and the economic efficiency of their breeding. During the experiments, the following indicators were studied: live weight and exterior, including detailed morphological and functional properties of the udder, features of dairy productivity of animals and their reproductive qualities, as well as the economic efficiency of milk production by representatives of different genotypes.

To achieve the set goals and objectives, two groups of cows of 30 heads each were formed, taking into account breed, age, and calving period. Within the groups, the distribution was also carried out depending on the linear affiliation of the animals (M. Chieftain, V.B. Idial and R. Sovering). Cows were raised according to the technology adopted in the farm, and during the experiment were not isolated from the total livestock. Feeding was carried out according to the technology established in the FSUE «Belgorodskoe» and fully corresponded to modern detailed standards, taking into account the live weight, the level of milk yield and the physiological state of the animals.

The basis of the feed base was feed of its own production (hay, silage, root crops, grass of annual and perennial legumes). The nutritional value of the feed products used was evaluated on the basis of laboratory tests, at least twice a year. To balance the diet in terms of sugar content and rationing the sugar-protein ratio, beet molasses was additionally introduced into the feed at the rate of 1.5 kg per head. Trace elements were added as part of vitamin and mineral fertilizing in quantities corresponding to the physiological needs of animals.

The farm constantly monitors the usefulness and balance of animal feeding by clinical examination of the livestock of the herd and laboratory tests for the content of total protein, ketone bodies, calcium, phosphorus, carotene and the initial alkalinity of the blood.

Keeping cows at the enterprise in winter (from October to May) stall-tethered, with the organization of active exercise on the paddock. Milking of cows is carried out three times a day in specially equipped milking parlors. The farm uses milking units with UDM-200 milk pipeline with milk supply to the DF 953 Wedholms brand cooling tank, which significantly improves the sanitary quality of the milk produced. During the summer period, the animals were kept in camps on loose maintenance with feeding with green fodder. In summer camps, milking was organized similarly to this process in winter. Milking parlors were lightweight structures with adjacent platforms covered with canopies.

In breeding and breeding work with dairy cattle, the central place is occupied by accounting and evaluation of productivity indicators. The studied livestock was distinguished by high indicators of milk production, as evidenced by the materials of Table 1.

Table 1 - Dairy productivity of cows for III lactation

Note: hereafter * - P>0.95; ** - P>0.99; *** - P>0.999.

Group I animals were inferior to their peers in milk yield by 150.5 kg and 1.9%, in fat content - by 0.01%, in the amount of milk fat in natural indicators - by 7.2 kg and 2.2%. With Holstein, the protein-milk content of cows decreased by 0.05% (P>0.95). However, the increase in milk yields led to the fact that the amount of protein obtained practically did not change and reached the level of 265.9-267.0 kg.

The productive qualities of holstinized animals of the III and IV generations were characterized as high, since they significantly exceeded the standard of the black-and-white breed for the third lactation - in milk yield by 3619.0-3769.5 kg and 86.2-90.0%; in fat content in milk - by 0.28-0.29%; protein - 0.35-0.40%; by the amount of milk fat - by 156.2-163.0 kg and 100.8105.2%; by the amount of protein - by 139.9-141.0 kg and 111.0-112.0%.

When comparing the productive qualities of cows of different lines, it was revealed that the advantage in milk yield was on the side of the animals of the R. Sovering genotype and amounted to 321.5 kg and 4.2% in relation to the analogues of the M. Chieftain line, V.B. Ideal - 310.7 kg and 4.0% in the III generation, and in the IV generation - 298.3 kg and 3.8% and 71.0 kg and 0.9%, respectively.

Similar patterns can be traced in the content of milk fat: in group I, 16.7 kg and 5.5%, 11.6 kg and 3.8%; in group II, 14.3 kg and 4.6%, 6.8 kg and 2.1%, respectively.

In the third generation, the superiority in mass fat content belonged to the cows of the V.B. Ideal line. They showed a result 0.06% higher than similar data of peers of the genotype M. Chieftain (P>0.95) and 0.01% higher than R. Sovering). In the fourth generation, the identified trends persisted, but the boundaries between the groups became less pronounced.

In terms of protein-milk content, the differences in the cross-section of the lines were also more significant between the animals of group I. The highest indicator belonged to the analogues of the M. Chieftain genotype - 3.47%, which is higher than the result of the V.B. Ideal group by 10% (P>0.95), R. Sovering - 0.12% (P>0.99). In group II, the range of variability was 0.04% with a slight increase in animals of the R. Sovering line.

It should be noted that cows of different linear affiliation specifically reacted to an increase in the proportion of blood in the Holstein breed. Thus, the peers of the M. Chieftain group had an increase in milk yield, fat content and a simultaneous decrease in the relative content of milk protein. Animals of the V.B. Ideal line responded with an increase in milk yield, but in terms of fat content and protein content, they reduced the results. Holsteinization had a beneficial effect on all productivity indicators only in the R. Sovering line of analogs. These patterns can be used in further breeding work of the farm to address issues of correction of individual productive traits.

The efficiency of milk production is largely due to factors such as the equalization and intensity of lactation during the entire productive period. Analysis of lactation constancy coefficients revealed no significant differences between 7/8- and 15/16-blood animals. The data obtained (80.67 and 80.68%, respectively, for groups I and II) allow us to attribute the milk-forming activity of cows to a high stable.

In both groups, the leading positions were secured for the animals of the R. Sovering line. In the third generation, they showed a result of 82.72%, which is higher than the data of the peers of the M. Chieftain group by 2.51%, V.B. Idial - 3.64%. In the IV generation, similar data amounted to 0.38 and 3.86%, respectively.

A high level of lactation causes a restructuring of the whole organism, imposes increased demands on the reproductive system of animals, often provoking various forms of infertility and subsequent culling of individuals. Experimental cows showed a tendency to decrease reproduction parameters in comparison with zootechnical standards (Table 2).

Table 2 - Reproductive qualities of cows of different genotypes

Longer lactation periods (317.5 days) and subsequent service periods (101.0 days) were observed in 15/16 blood animals. In combination of factors, this led to an increase in the interbody interval in group II peers by 3.6 days and 1.0% and the coefficient of reproductive ability by 0.010. When comparing the fertility indices of cows of different genotypes, no significant intergroup differences were revealed.

In the context of lines in the third generation, the lowest service period was in fully mature cows-daughters of bulls of the M. Chieftain genotype - 91.3 days, which is 9.1 days and 10.0% more than these analogues of the V.B. Ideal group and by 13.2 days and 14.5% - R. Sovering.

The established differences led to optimal data on the duration of the interbody interval - 368.9 days the representatives of the M. Chieftain line, which affected the indicators of the coefficient of reproductive ability of cows. Similar trends were observed on the studied trait; the advantage of M. Chieftain genotype animals over their peers was 0.016 and 0.042, respectively, along the lines of V.B. Ideal and R. Sovering.

In the IV generation, the shortest period between calving and pregnancy was observed in cows of the V.B. Ideal line - by 6.7 days and 6.9% higher than the daughters of bulls of the M. Chieftain, R. Sovering group - by 4.8 days and 4.9%, respectively. The interbody interval lasts 377.1 days. (the closest to the norm) is also a strong argument in favor of animals of this genotype. The analogues of the M. Chieftain line were inferior to them by 6.6 days and 1.8%, R. Sovering - by 2.2 days and 0.6%.

It is noteworthy that the experimental cows showed high heterogeneity in terms of the duration of the dry period. In group I, the animals of the R. Sovering line went into launch faster - for 59.5 days, which is 6.4 days and 10.8% (P>0.99) more than similar data of cows of the M. Chieftain genotype and 4.2 days and 7.1% (P>0.95) - V.B. Idial. In the IV generation, the shortest period was observed in the experimental group of V.B. Idial. The peers of the M. Chieftain line surpassed them by 11.6 days and 20.4% (P>0.99), R. Sovering - by 5.0 days and 8.8%.

A lower level of the fertility index was recorded in animals of the M. Chieftain line in both breed variants - 43.8 and 42.9, respectively, in groups I and II. In 7/8-blooded cows, we also found significant differences between the animals of the lines R. Sovering and V.B. Idial. The advantage of the latter was 2.5 units and 5.7% (P>0.95). In the IV generation, the analogues of the V.B. Ideal group showed a result 3.1 units and 7.2% (P>0.95) higher than the data of cows of the M. Chieftain genotype and 1.7 units and 3.8% higher than R. Sovering. The reproductive qualities of the experimental livestock of the studied genotypes were assessed at the average level.

Thus, the analysis of reproductive qualities depending on the breed of cows did not reveal significant differences, however, there were trends of a decrease in reproductive ability as the blood of animals of the Holstein breed increased. Cows of the R. Sovering line, regardless of breed, showed the longest service periods, which is probably due to prolonged lactation. However, according to general indicators, such as the coefficient of reproductive ability and the fertility index, they occupied an intermediate position among their peers of other genotypes.

The study of exterior features is an important link in assessing the productive qualities of animals. Visual assessment of the physique of the experimental livestock showed that all cows had a harmonious, proportionally developed body, relatively tall and strong bones. The head was characterized as light, dry, with a long facial part and an average width of the forehead. The neck is thin, smooth, with many lateral skin folds. The chest is deep and wide enough. The lateral profile was distinguished by angularity, with a greater degree of development of the posterior third of the trunk. The withers are high of medium width, the back line is straight, the loin is even. When examining the limbs, no defects and shortcomings were found, the setting of the legs is correct, and the hind legs are wider than the front ones, which gives a margin for the development of the udder in length. The hoof horn is strong and smooth in most cases, but loose fragile hooves have been recorded in some animals. In general, the studied livestock had a pronounced dairy type, a strong and tender dense constitution and corresponded to the characteristics of a black-and-white breed.

In order to supplement the analysis of exterior features, we calculated the main body indices. Animals of group I surpassed analogues of the IV generation in legginess (by 1.2%), downness (by 1.8%) and bony (by 0.2%), but showed lower values of stretch indices (by 1.5%), pelvic (by 1.0%), thoracic (by 0.4%) and overgrowth (by 0.1%). Milk forms were more pronounced in representatives of the R. Sovering genotype.

The experimental animals turned out to be heavier and larger in comparison with the standard of the black-and-white breed - by an average of 12.1%. In cows of the III generation, the live weight reached a value of 561.0 kg, which is 1.5 kg and 0.3% higher than these analogues of the IV generation. In the context of the lines, the greatest fluctuations of the trait were observed in animals with a blood density of 7/8 according to the Holstein breed. Cows of the M. Chieftain genotype were heavier than peers of the V.B. Ideal line by 8.9 kg and 1.6%, R. Sovering - 17.3 kg and 3.1% (P>0.95). There were no significant differences in the IV generation.

Thus, the increase in the proportion of blood in the Holstein breed from the level of 7/8 to the level of 15/16 did not entail significant changes in the constitution of cows. In general, all animals met the requirements of the standard for black-and-white cows of this age.

The udder of almost all animals was characterized as bulky, spread forward under the belly, symmetrical, with no external defects and shortcomings, tightly attached to the abdominal wall. The bottom of the udder is horizontal, high above the floor level. The mammary glands of cows had a soft, fine-grained consistency. The animals had a large stock of udders with many skin folds, milk veins were distinguished by relief and were well expressed.

The best morphological features were found in group II peers, since the number of animals with tub-shaped udders was 6.7% higher, and vicious signs (goat and primitive udders) were not registered. The frequency of occurrence of a rounded shape turned out to be the same in both breed variants - 6.7% each.

When analyzing the influence of linear affiliation on the characteristics of the mammary gland, it was found that animals of the genotypes V.B. Idial and R. Sovering are more promising for machine milking technology. In group I, in the section of lines, the udder length of the genotype of M. Chieftain was 5.3 cm and 13.1% (P>0.99) and 4.2 cm and 10.4% (P>0.95), in width - 2.8 cm and 7.7% (P>0.95) and 2.5 cm and 6.9%, in terms of girth, they were 9.7 cm and 7.6% (P>0.99) and 6.0 cm and 4.7% inferior to the analogues of the lines V.B. Ideal and R. Sovering. In the IV generation, these measurements were taken by representatives of the M line. The chieftain was lower, respectively, by 1.8 cm and 4.1% and 2.5 cm and 5.7% (P>0.95); by 0.7 cm and 1.8% and 1.6 cm and 4.1%; by 7.5 cm and 5.7% (P>0.95) and 9.3 cm and 7.1% (P>0.95).

The analysis of the functional qualities of the udder of the studied animals showed that according to the udder index, high results were obtained in the entire experimental livestock: from 46.4 to 48.4%, depending on the genotype. No significant and significant differences were found as a result of the influence of the genotype of cows. However, the best development of the anterior lobes in comparison with their peers was characterized by the daughters of bulls of the R. Sovering line (47.7 and 48.4%, respectively, in groups I and II). The intensity of milk production has reached the level of 2.06-2.09 kg/min., which meets the requirements of machine milking technology and allows us to evaluate the functional properties of the udder of the studied livestock as high.

When assessing the possibilities of intensification of the cattle breeding industry on the basis of rational use of breeding resources, the analysis of the economic efficiency of milk production is crucial (Table 3).

It was revealed that the cows of group II were characterized by a lower cost of 1 ts of products (by 15.0 rubles and 1.5%). The explanation is expressed in different levels of animal productivity: 15/16-blood analogues produced milk of the highest grade with a fat content of 3.4% by 191.5 kg and 2.1% more than peers of the third generation, while increasing the cost of their maintenance by only 579.0 rubles and 0.6%.

Table 3 - Economic efficiency of milk production by animals of different genotypes (on average per 1 head)

The analysis of profit indicators shows that cost compensation is higher in animals of group II - by 2274.4 rubles and 5.4% per head. This largely led to an increase in the profitability of milk production by 2.1%.

The most expedient in both breed variants was the use of cows of the R. Sovering line; profitability reached the level of 48.8 and 49.8%, respectively, in groups I and II. The analogues of the V.B. Idial genotype were somewhat inferior to them - by 5.6 and 3.7%, and the animals of the M. Chieftain line - by 6.8 and 5.3%, respectively.

Conclusion

The world experience, as well as the results of our own research, are very diverse and ambiguous, and often contradict each other. This allows us to state that the realization of the productivity potential largely depends on the gene pool of a particular population, the conditions of feeding and keeping animals, the mode of their operation, the organization of reproduction and other things.

Summing up the results of comprehensive studies of the economic and biological characteristics of Holstein black-and-white cows of various genotypes, it can be concluded that working with the R. Sovering line will make it possible to receive the third lactation from animals with a blood ratio of 15/16 to 9545 kg of milk of basic fat content at a profitability level of 49.8% in conditions of a high level of feeding. The high productive potential of cows of the studied genotype, excellent technological qualities of the udder, the strength of the constitution and health of Holstein black-and-white animals give the right to consider them the most in demand in the prevailing economic realities and able to fully meet the requirements of agricultural producers and consumers.

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