Markers of immunological reactivity in sows in the fetal period of gestation
Studies of the information content of immunological reactivity indicators in connection with changes in the state of sows during the prenatal period of gestation. Changes in the leukocyte profile reflecting immune restructuring were established.
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Markers of immunological reactivity in sows in the fetal period of gestation
Aleksey Gavrilovich Shakhov,
Larisa Yuryevna Sashnina®,
Yuliya Yuryevna Vladimirova
Abstract
The article represents the studies on the informational content of immune reactivity indices in connection with changes in the state of sows during the fetal period of gestation. Changes in the leukocyte profile were established, which reflect the immune restructuring that manifests itself at the beginning of the fetal period (38-- 40 days) by a decrease in the content of neutrophils and an increase in the number of lymphocytes on days 38-- 40, a decrease in the number of lymphocytes, an increase in the level of leukocytes, neutrophils on days 78--81 and eosinophils and monocytes in all periods of research. The noted changes in the values of the immunoreactiv- ity indices indicate the immune restructuring of sows during the gestation period, aimed at forming their body's tolerance to embryonic antigens, preventing their rejection and ensuring the physiological gestation course and fetal development.
Keywords: sows, gestation, blood, leukocyte profile, immunoreactivity indices immunological prenatal leukocyte
Gestation is the most important period of pig reproduction, during which there is an increase in the activity of endocrine and metabolic processes caused by increased cell differentiation, the formation of new organs and tissues, and a multiple increase in the mass of embryos [1].
One of the critical periods during the gestation of sows is the fetal period, starting from day 30 after fertilization, in which the formation of organs, systems and bone tissues of the fetus begins [2].
The state of immunological reactivity in different periods of gestation, the study of which is one of the urgent tasks of veterinary science and practice [3, 4], can be judged by the leukocyte profile of peripheral blood [5]. It is known that its morphological composition reflects the state of many physiological functions in the animal body and characterizes the immune status, since it is associated with the functional activity of internal organs and tissues and changes under the effect of various exogenous and endogenous factors [5, 6]. To assess the immune status, leukocyte indices are widely used, which reflect the relationship of the leukocyte blood cells [5, 7] and do not require additional studies. It has been established that they make it possible to assess the work of the effector mechanisms of the immune system and the level of immunological reactivity, which determine the process of formation of nonspecific adaptive reactions [5--8]. The direction of changes in leukocyte indices, reflecting the state of the body's immune system, has not been studied enough in sows during gestation. The objective was to study the significance and informational content of the immune reactivity indices in connection with the change in the state of sows during the fetal period of gestation.
Material and methods
The studies were carried out on clinically healthy sows of three-breed crossing (Large White + Landra- ce + Duroc) of the 3rd-4th farrowing on the basis of an industrial pig breeding farm in Voronezh region.
Blood for research was taken from sows (n = 15) 5--7 days before insemination and on days 38--40 and 78--81 of gestation. The content of leukocytes and the leukocyte formula were determined in the blood.
According to the blood leukogram, integral leukocyte indices were calculated:
— the ratio of the sum of granulocytes to the sum of monocytes and lymphocytes - blood cell index (BCI);
— the ratio of the product of neutrophils to the product of the sum of lymphocytes, basophils and monocytes by the percentage of eosinophils - the reactive response of neutrophils (RRN);
— the ratio of lymphocytes in a tenfold increase to the amount of granulocytes - lymphocytic-granulocytic index (LGI);
-- the ratio of neutrophils to lymphocytes (RNL) [5]. The obtained data were statistically processed using the program Statistica 8.0 (Stat Soft Inc., USA) and Microsoft Excel, the assessment of the significance of differences in arithmetic means - by the Student's test.
Results and discussion
In sows, the content of leukocytes involved in most immunological reactions has increased by 11.0 % on days 78--81 of gestation that is associated with immune restructuring of the body (Table).
Table
Morphological indicators and leukocyte indices in sows
|
Indicators |
Before insemination |
Gestation period, days |
||
|
38--40 |
OO 1 OO С-" |
|||
|
Leukocytes, 109/L |
15.5 ± 0.75 |
15.7 ± 0.77 |
17.2 ± 0.78 |
|
|
Neutrophils: young, % |
-- |
-- |
-- |
|
|
stab, % |
4.3 ± 0.24 |
3.0 ± 0.23** |
5.2 ± 0.41** |
|
|
segmented, % |
42.9 ± 0.9 |
40.2 ± 1.59 |
42.92 ± 0.57 |
|
|
Eosinophils, % |
3.2 ± 0.27 |
4.36 ± 0.25** |
4.69 ± 0.31 |
|
|
Basophils, % |
0.14 ± 0.09 |
0.36 ± 0.028* |
0.92 ± 0.24* |
|
|
Monocytes, % |
3.1 ± 0.23 |
4.0 ± 0.25* |
5.23 ± 0.28** |
|
|
Lymphocytes, % |
46.3 ± 0.77 |
47.9 ± 1.27 |
41.2 ± 0.59*** |
|
|
BCI |
1.01 ± 0.008 |
0.93 ± 0.006** |
1.10 ± 0.005*** |
|
|
RRN |
1.13 ± 0.017 |
0.53 ± 0.002** |
1.04 ± 0.002*** |
|
|
LGI |
9.16 ± 0.031 |
9.90 ± 0.044** |
7.82 ± 0.051*** |
|
|
RNL |
1.01 ± 0.007 |
0.89 ± 0.006** |
1.15 ± 0.004*** |
* P < 0.05
** P < 0.01
*** P < 0.001 - in relation to the previous period
In the leukocyte profile, there was a decrease in the relative number of stab and segmented neutrophils by 30.2 and 6.3 % on days 38--40 and an increase in their content by 74.3 and 6.8 % on days 78--81, respectively.
The number of eosinophils involved in the destruction and neutralization of toxins of protein origin increased by 36.3 % (38--40 days) and 7.6 % (days 78--81) during gestation, which is a response to antigen stimulation, and is also associated with autointoxication during gestation and reflects the maximum activity of the processes of proliferation and elimination of granulocytes from the bone marrow [9].
The content of basophils that secrete a wide range of biologically active substances (histamine, heparin, serotonin, catecholamines, cytokines, lipid mediators, etc.) [10] and perform anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory functions [11] increased by 2.6 times on days 38--40 of gestation and by 2.5 times on days 78--81.
The number of monocytes with a pronounced phagocytic activity, which play a key role in antigen recognition and participate in the formation and regulation of the immune response, increased by 29.0 and 30.8 % within the indicated periods that indicated the activation of adaptive reactions.
The relative content of lymphocytes, providing the formation of specific immunity, increased slightly by 3.5 % on days 38--40, and decreased by 16.3 % on days 78--81. A decrease in the number of lymphocytes producing a progesterone-induced blocking factor that affects natural killer cells in sows with an increase in gestational age is physiological and ensures the tolerance of the mother's body to fetal antigens [12].
Changes in the morphological blood structure in pregnant sows during the fetal period are due to the effect of fetal alloantigens, which cause sensitization of the mother's body and the formation of immune responses [13, 14].
The immunological reactivity of the body of pregnant sows is ensured by the prevalence of the functional activity of neutrophils or lymphocytes depending on the period of gestation [5] that is confirmed by the multidirectional changes in the values of the indices: BCI, RRN, RNL, LGI, reflecting the relationship of immunocompetent cells [5, 7].
It was found that the blood cell index, which reflects the ratio of granulocytes to mononuclear cells, was by 7.9 % lower in sows on days 38--40 of gestation than the initial value (before insemination) as a result of a decrease in the number of neutrophils and an increase in the content of lymphocytes and monocytes that indicates development of an adaptive immune response to fetal antigens.
In later periods of gestation (days 78--81), there was noted an increase by 18.3 % in the value of the BCI, compared with the previous period, due to an increase in the content of neutrophils, eosinophils and a decrease in the number of lymphocytes. It indicates an increase in the functional activity of granulocytes, providing reactions of a nonspecific defense system [8]
The value of the lymphocyte-granulocytic index (LGI), which characterizes the ratio of lymphocytes to cells of the granulocytic series, increased by 8.1 % on days 38--40 of gestation, and decreased by 26.6 % on days 78--81 that reflects a decrease in the activity of lymphocytes with an increase in periods of gestation along with the activation of the microphage link of immunity.
A 11.9 % decrease in the neutrophil and lymphocyte ratio index (RNL) on days 38--40 of gestation, and then an increase by 29.2 % on days 78--81, indicates an increase in the activity of nonspecific resistance that compensates for the decrease in adaptive immunity and thereby increases the resistance of the mother and fetus to infectious agents [15].
An increase in the content of eosinophils and monocytes against the background of a decrease in the number of neutrophils on days 38--40 of gestation led to a decrease in the value of the index of reactive response of neutrophils (RRN) by 2.1 times and indicated a high degree of antigenic load on the body. On days 78--81, an increase in RRN by 1.96 times was noted, associated with the activation of neutrophilogenesis and the formed tolerance to fetal antigens.
The established changes are consistent with the concept of regulation of the immune system during gestation proposed by Fearon-Loxy [16], which states that cellular and soluble products of the placenta have a multidirectional modulating effect on the innate and acquired parts of the mother's immune system that leads to suppression of the specific immune response and amplification of the non-specific one. At the same time, the suppression of a specific link of the immune system is not only accompanied, but also compensated by the activation of the nonspecific immunity system [16].
Conclusion
Thus, with the onset of gestation, in the process of implantation of embryos and the formation of fetuses, complex immunological relationships are established in the mother-fetus system, which ensure the tolerance ofthe sow to fetal antigens and prevent their rejection. It was established that changes in the leukocyte profile during gestation were characterized by a decrease in the content of neutrophils and an increase in the number of lymphocytes on days 38--40, a decrease in the number of lymphocytes, an increase in the level of leukocytes, neutrophils on days 78--81 and eosinophils and monocytes in all periods of research. Changes in the values of leukocyte indices indicate the immune restructuring of sows during gestation, aimed at the formation of tolerance of their body to embryonic antigens and ensuring the physiological course of gestation and fetal development.
References
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