Dependence of red clover production processes on technological elements

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Dependence of red clover production processes on technological elements

H.Ya. PANAKHYD, doctor of agric. sciences

N.І. KOZAK, postgraduate

В.М. SENDETSKYI, doctor of agric. sciences

Institute of Agriculture of Carpathian Region of NAAS

v. Obroshyne

The sown area of red clover in Ukraine is more than 25 % of the total sown area of perennial grasses, or more than 300,000 ha [7]. In order to sustainable agricultural management, thanks to the recognition of the usefulness of legumes and red clover, in particular, an increase in the area of its use is encouraged [24]. This culture is considered one of the best predecessors of many agricultural crops regardless of the method of its use [23, 28]. Red clover is mainly used for livestock feed (and it is fed to almost all types of animals and poultry in a wide variety of forms: hay, haylage, hay straw, loose and granulated grass flour, etc.). Its productivity can be 9-15 t/ha of dry matter [16], and a sufficient amount of nitrogen accumulates in the soil to grow the following crop rotations with reduced rates of nitrogen fertilizers by 10-12 % and without reducing economic efficiency [17]. Red clover ensures 12-13 t/ha of fodder units and 1.7 t/ha of digestible protein with a feed unit content of up to 142 g of digestible protein [6, 12].

In recent years, the attention of scientists to the use of perennial grass, and in particular red clover, for bioenergy purposes has increased [22, 19, 26]. The use of grass biomass, especially if it is in excess for use in animal husbandry, as an energy source it is an alternative way of using this agricultural crop [30]. Many studies have been conducted to determine the bioenergetic potential of grass plants from semi-natural and sown grass stands [18, 21, 20, 24, 29]. Biomass, which is cultivated regularly, and its use as an energy source is not accompanied by a decrease in the number of green spaces in the region, is recognized as a renewable resource and is considered ecologically neutral because it has a zero balance of carbon dioxide emissions.

The intensity of the growth of the above-ground mass, and therefore the productivity of agrophytoceonoses, has a direct dependence on the rates of production processes in plants [4, 13, 27], which are a total of processes of formation, accumulation, and transformation of organic matter, absorption and passage of energy through the biota of the ecosystem at different levels of organization [14].

The main factor in plant development and yield formation is photosynthesis, which is the basis of production processes and significantly depends on many landscape and ecological factors (light, temperature, water, and nutrients in the soil). Photosynthesis and growth are considered as interrelated processes. The energy supply of the growth function by photosynthesis is an indispensable condition for growth [9]. The productivity of plant photosynthesis is determined by two main indicators - the total leaf area (assimilation surface) and the intensity of dry matter growth per unit of leaf area per day. The net productivity of photosynthesis makes it possible to determine the limiting indicators of increasing the productivity of the grass stand and to establish the biological potential of plants. A leaf surface index (LSI) has been developed for counting the number of leaves in a certain area, which is an important indicator for studies of the condition of agricultural crops since leaves are an important part of plants and occupy up to 90 % of their biomass. In it, the process of photosynthesis takes place, as a result of which the nutrients necessary for the healthy development of plants are produced. LSI is used as an input parameter for the productivity forecasting model. In today's high-precision technologies, the LSI was introduced for the NASA MODIS sensor to refine the Normalized Differentiated Vegetation Index data. Unlike the latter, it takes into account topographic features and the spectral zones used for its calculations undergo atmospheric correction [2].

The increase in the area of the leaf apparatus of the herbage of sown hayfields is closely related to the level of its mineral nutrition and the species composition of agrophytoceonoses [3, 15]. Due to the fertilization of meadow clover plants in the phase of the beginning of flowering, high intensity of the process of biosynthesis of pigments (chlorophyll and carotenoids) occurs, the presence of which in plants is a determining factor in the formation of productivity and is considered as a factor of crop productivity [11]. According to the research conducted in the Forest-Steppe zone [7, 8], it was established that the growth of leaf-stem mass of meadow clover depends on fertilization by 44 % and by 18 % on the period of regrowth (cut).

In order to find ways to increase the productivity of agricultural crops and to develop methods of managing the production process, knowledge about it is important both at the level of natural ecosystems and agrophytoceonoses, as well as individual plant species. Therefore, the aim of this work is to establish the dependence of the production processes of red clover, as the main component of legume-grass, on the use of lime, inoculant, growth enhancers, and phosphorus-potassium fertilizer.

The obtained results will contribute to more complete use of the potential of red clover when growing it for fodder or energy purposes or for increasing soil fertility. clover production technological elements

Materials and methods. The study was carried out at the legume- grass grasslands created in 2011 within the framework of a stationary longterm field experiment of the Institute of Agriculture of the Carpathian Region of the National Academy of Agrarian Sciences of Ukraine (Stavchany 49°41' N 23°50' E longitude, altitude 320 m) on drained pottery drain in low meadows with dark gray podzolized surface-gleyed soil with a humus content of 3.20-3.94 0/ЃZ in a layer of 0-20 cm, pHsat. - 4.2-5.1, the content of alkaline hydrolyzed nitrogen (by Kornfield) - 142-187 mg/kg of soil, exchangeable potassium and mobile phosphorus (by Kirsanov) 62-97 and 70-164 mg/kg of soil, respectively. The grassland was grown by sowing a mixture of red clover cultivar `Peredkarpatska 6' (4 kg/ha), goat's rue cultivar `Kavkazkyi branets'Ѓi4 kg/ha), meadow fescue cultivar `Dibrova' (8 kg/ha), timothy cultivar Pidhirianka (6 kg/ha). ha) and awnless bromus cultivar `Topaz' (10 kg/ha). Determination of the production processes of red clover was carried out by theoretical calculations, which are based on the share of field clover in legume-grass planted in 2011.

The experiment included the unfertilized plots, the plots with phosphorous-potassium fertilizer (Р60К90), and plots where in the background (Р60К90) the effect of a composite organo-mineral fertilizer (dobrodii), an inoculant (rhizobophyte based on Rhizobium trifolii) and growth enhancer (ecostym) and limestone materials by two and three-time studying was studied. The size of the experimental plots was 15 m2 with four repetitions.

The climate is semi-continental (a lot of precipitation with rapid temperature changes), which was formed under the influence of Atlantic and continental atmospheric masses. In terms of temperature, the weather conditions during the years of research were favorable for the growth and development of perennial grasses and differed in the amount of precipitation, which in 2011-2015 was 2-20% lower than the average perennial values. 2012 and 2015 were characterized by insufficient moisture supply.

Determination of the phytoceonotic, botanical composition, and structure of the crop of agrophytoceonosis was carried out according to the methodology of the Institute of Fodder of the National Academy of Sciences [1]. Determination of the area of the leaf was carried out by a calculation method, while the area of each individual leaf was determined by measuring the length and width using conversion coefficients, the net productivity of photosynthesis was determined periodically by sampling plants, in which the total mass, the mass of individual organs and the area of the leaves were determined [5]; the photosynthetic potential of grass stands was calculated according to M. M. Makrushyn [14], taking into account the duration of inter-mowing periods and the area of the leaf.

Theoretical calculations were carried out using the Microsoft Excel program. The obtained data were processed by the method of dispersion and correlation analysis according to V.O. Ushkarenko et al. [10].

Results and discussion

The percentage of red clover in the sown agrophytoceonosis depended on the kind of fertilizers, and the number of cuts, and changed by the years of use. The highest share of red clover was noted in the second (38-49 %) and third (30-59 %) years of use (Table 1).

The percentage of leaves was quite high and amounted to 37-39 % in the structure of red clover in unfertilized grass and with background fertilization (Р60К90), (Table 2).

The use of bacterial preparations, growth enhancers, and liming contributed to better growth and development of red clover, as a result of which the plants formed powerful shoots - the number of stems in the yield was 36-61 %, depending on the type of fertilizer. The smallest proportion of shoots (35 % in the first cut, 30 % in the second, and 11 % in the third) and the highest percentage of leaves (53 %, 60 %, and 61%, respectively) was recorded with the use of a composite organic-mineral fertilizer dobrodii on the background of phosphorus-potassium fertilizer and liming. With the same fertilization, but excluding liming, the proportion of leaves was 2-9 % lower.

1. The percentage of red clover in the legume-grass depending on fertilization, inoculation, growth enhancers, and liming, the average for two (three*) cuts, % of the total yield

* Three cuts.

2. The structure of the red clover yield in the newly created legume- grass depending on different types of fertilization and the use, the average for 2011-2015, % of the total yield

* Three cuts.

Liming has a noticeable effect on the increase in the proportion of red clover leaves. When it was used twice in combination with ecostym (growth enhancer), the increase of leaves was 1 % in the first cut and 7 % in the second. When mowing three times by the combination of liming with organo-mineral fertilizer, the percentage of legume leaves increased by 2 % in the first cut, and by 9 % in the second and third cut. In the case of double mowing, the highest proportion of leaves (38 % in the first cut and 49 % in the second cut) was provided by inoculation of leguminous grass seeds with rhizobophyte.

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