Aspects of the innervation mode of the adjacent anatomical formations of the coxofemoral joint in dogs

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Aspects of the innervation mode of the adjacent anatomical formations of the coxofemoral joint in dogs

Dumitriu A., Technical University of Moldova,

Kishinev, Republic of Moldova

The canine coxofemoral joint is a remarkable structure, similar to that of humans. Anatomo-topographically, the canine hip region includes a bony base, articular surfaces with ligamentous structures and intra-articular as well as extra-articular joining means represented by a vast muscle mass. Orthopedic diseases, such as coxofemoral dysplasia in dogs, are common, and the relationship between body structure and joint load during locomotion, as well as topographic and morphometric research can facilitate the diagnosis of such diseases. The objective of this study was to specify the structure of the coxofemoral joint, the ligamentous and muscular component. Each muscle was dissected from the surrounding tissues and divided into groups based on their innervation. The hip joint and its components were visually examined for damage to the articular cartilage.

Keywords: dog, coxofemoraljoint, ligaments, muscles.

Аспекти режиму іннервації наближуючих анатомічних утворень тазобедреного сустава у собак

Вступ. Кульшовий суглоб собак має велике клінічне значення, оскільки дисплазія тазостегнового суглоба є складним ортопедичним порушенням розвитку, що характеризується слабкістю суглоба і остеоартритом, які надзвичайно часто зустрічається у собак. Структурно це типовий енартроз, синовіальний, кулястий суглоб.

Мета роботи. З'ясування морфофункціональної організації компонентів зони кульшового суглоба у собаки, зв'язкових, м'язових структур та їх нерухомих, рухомих прикріплень.

Матеріали і методи досліджень. Наукові дослідження проводилися на 5 трупах собак-напівкровок, відповідно, десяти кульшових суглобів. Тіла собак були взяті із різних ветеринарних клінік Кишинева.

Результати досліджень та їх обговорення. Після отримання трупа досліджували кульшові суглоби для визначення розбовтаності суглобів, крепітації та обсягу рухів. Шкіру та підшкірну клітковину ретельно видаляли. Були ідентифіковані всі м'язи навколо кульшового суглоба у кількості 25 та визначено джерело іннервації. Зв'язкові компоненти кульшового суглоба візуалізували і візуально досліджували щодо пошкодження суглобового хряща.

Висновки та перспективи подальших досліджень. Результати дослідження підтверджують, що м'язи кульшового відділу згруповані шарами та систематизовані у м'язи тазу та стегна, у кількості 25 штук. Структури, прилеглі до кульшового суглоба, іннервуються наступними нервами: стегновим нервом, замикаючим нервом, краніальним сідничним нервом, каудальним сідничним нервом, каудальним шкірним нервом стегна і сідничним нервом.

Ключові слова: собака, тазостегновий суглоб, зв 'язки, м 'язи.

Introduction

The canine coxofemoral joint (Articulatio coxae) has major clinical importance, because hip dysplasia is an orthopedic disorder of complex development characterized by joint laxity and osteoarthritis, extremely common in dogs [1-3]. As a result, all the literature, conventional, anatomical sources consulted describe the anatomy of the hip joint.

Structurally, it is a typical enarthrosis, synovial, spheroidal joint [4-8]. The articular surfaces of the hip are formed by the head of the femur (Caput ossis femoris) which presents the acetabular fossa (Fovea capitis); acetabulum (Acetabulum) with the articular surface and acetabular fossa (Fossa acetabuli); the ridge of the acetabular cavity with an acetabular fibrocartilaginous spring (Labrum acetabulare), which jumps over the acetabular notch forming the transverse acetabular ligament (Ligamentum transversum acetabuli) [9].

As means of connecting the intra-articular structures are the pericapsular ligaments (described by very few authors): the iliofemoral ligament (Lig. iliofemorale) with fixation on the cranial side of the joint capsule; the iliofemoral ligament (Lig. ischiofemorale) with fixation on the caudal side of the joint capsule and the pubofemoral ligament (Lig. pubofemorale) with fixation on the ventral side of the joint capsule; which are some soft tissue structures, deriving from the joint capsule in the form of bundles of fibers with a role in the connection between bone surfaces [9, 10].

The ligament of the femoral head, designated in the official nomenclature as Ligamentum capitis ossis femoris [9], is unambiguously described and reflects general knowledge. This ligament is located inside the articular capsule, which is very strong, represented by a conoid sleeve with the large insertion base on the coxal and the small base on the femur and connects the acetabular fossa (Fossa acetabuli) with the Fovea capitis ossisfemoris [4, 11-14]. This ligament plays an important role, especially during the growth period, as a “bridge” for blood vessels, and later not only as a support but also as a brake in the movement process [15]. The ligament is quite elastic and can stretch with a potential for rupture [11, 14].

The hip also consists of a muscle mass, these structures are confirmed by a multitude of authors, crossing the coxo-femoral joint, represented by long, voluminous and strong muscle masses [16], adapted to squatting, propulsion and fast movement [17].

Authors such as Cotofan V., et al. (1999), describe 26 muscles acting on the coxo-femoral joint, and Shahar R., and Milgram J., (2001) demonstrate the insertions and action of 29 muscles on the movements of the pelvic limb, of which 26 muscles form directly the thigh with action on the coxo-femoral joint [6, 18].

The muscles of the coxo-femoral region are grouped in layers and systematized in the muscles of the pelvis and the thigh, which ensure both triplanar mobility and joint stability [6, 15].

Probably this relatively different systematization and grouping of the muscles of the coxo-femoral region, described by different authors, give different numerical results.

The geometry of the canine hip region is represented by three axes, offering the possibility of movement in all directions. The biodynamics of the musculature is strictly dependent on the axial orientation, which is very important in statics and locomotion [19, 20], having a greater influence on locomotor dynamics than the thoracic limbs [8, 21], and the balance is maintained by the antagonism between the abductor and adductor muscles.

The coxo-femoral joint produces movements of flexion - extension, abduction - adduction, circumduction and internal rotation - external rotation. The amplitude of movement of the joint in flexion is 100°-110°, and in extension 130°-135°, the abduction angle is approximately 50 °-60° and the adduction angle is slightly smaller, the rotation around the diaphyseal axis of the femur, from the inside to the outside reaches 100^° [22].

The goal of the work. Elucidation of the morphofunctional organization of the components of the coxo-femoral joint region in the dog, of the ligamentous, muscular structures and their fixed, mobile insertions.

Materials and methods

The scientific research was carried out in the specialized laboratory of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine of the Technical University of Moldova. In order to specify the anatomical structure of the canine pelvic limb, especially of the coxofemoral joint, 5 half-breed dog cadavers, respectively ten coxo-femoral joints, were subjected to an anatomo-topographical study. The bodies of the dogs were taken from different veterinary clinics of Chisinau.

The hindquarters, pelvis, and hindlimbs were dissected using various morphological exploration techniques to highlight the regional topography. The anatomical components were previously fixed in 10% formalin solution for several days. In order to avoid inhalation of dangerous formalin vapors, a few days before preparation, the preservation solution was changed according to the method proposed by B. Berne. In the scientific examination process, the following were used: anatomical instruments (scalpel, dissecting needles, anatomical forceps, etc.), AFMA anatomical magnifier.

Anatomical-morphological methods have a significant value for assessing age changes, as well as structural components and dysfunctions.

Results of research and discussion

Upon receipt of the cadaver, the coxo- femoral joints were examined to determine joint laxity, crepitation and ran ge of motion. The skin and subcutaneous tissues were meticulously removed. All the muscles surrounding the coxo-femoral joint were identified and the source of innervation determined. They were categorized into 5 groups, depending on the sources of innervation (Tab. 1), as follows: group no. 1 includes the muscles innervated by the cranial and caudal gluteal nerves, group no. 2 with innervation from the sciatic nerve, group no. 3 with innervation from the femoral nerve, group no. 4 with innervation from the obturator nerve and group no. 5 with innervation from the caudal femoral cutaneous nerve.

Thus, the component muscle masses of the pelvis and thigh are: superficial gluteal muscle (M. glutaeus superficialis), middle gluteal muscle (M. glutaeus medius), piriform muscle (M. piriformis), gluteal muscle deep (M. glutaeus profundus), tensor muscle of the fascia lata (M. tensor fasciae latae), m. sartorius (M. sartorius) with the two portions, vastus lateralis (M. vastus lateralis), vastus intermedius (M. vastus intermedius) and vast medial muscle (M. vastus medialis), straight femoral muscle (M. rectus femoris), femoral biceps muscle (M. biceps femoris), caudal abductor muscle of the calf (M. abductor cruris caudalis), semimembranosus muscle (M. semimembranosus), semitendinosus muscle (M. semimembrano), gracilis muscle (M. gracilis), long adductor muscle (M. adductor longus), large adductor muscle (M. adductor magnus) and adductor muscle short (M. adductor brevis), pectineus muscle (M. pectineus), internal obturator muscle (M. obturatorius internus), external obturator muscle (M. obturatorius externus), twin muscle (Mm. gemelli), m. femoral quadriceps (M. quadratus femoris), articular m. (M. articularis coxae), m. iliopsoas (M. iliopsoas) and the caudal crural abductor muscle (M. abductor cruris caudalis) (fig. 1).

coxofemoral joint dog

Table 1

Muscle groups of the pelvis and thigh and sources of innervation

Researching the ligamentous structures of the coxofemoral joint, we would find that the femoral head ligament (Ligamentum capitis ossis femoris) is not the only structure that adheres to the acetabular fossa (fossa acetabuli), as is generally accepted, but also adheres to the transverse acetabular ligament (ligamentum transversum acetabuli) and is completed by a strong accessory ligament that runs in the caudal direction to attach to the acetabular ridge through the notch and that extends on the cranio-ventral surface of the body of the ischium (fig. 2).

Fig. 1 (A, B): 1 - Plexus lumbalis caudalis, 2 - N. femorales, 3 - N. obturatorius, 4 - nerve branches in depth mm. iliopsoas, 5 - nerve branches for m.sartorius, 6 - branches of n. femorales, 7 - N. gluteus cranialis, 8 - N. ischiaticus, 9 - nerve branches for m. tensor fasciae latae, a - m. rectus femoris, b - articulatio genus, c - m. pectineus, d - m. adductor, e - m. gracilis, f - m. sartorius, g - m. gluteus superficialis, h - m. tensor fasciae latae, i - trochanter major, Ї - m. gluteus medius, j - m. vastus medialis.