Ecological, economic and biological traits of clary sage and the possibilities of its cultivation in the south of Ukraine

Размещено на http://allbest.ru

Ecological, economic and biological traits of clary sage and the possibilities of its cultivation in the south of Ukraine

Chaban Viktor Oleksandrovych Chaban Viktor Oleksandrovych Doctor of agricultural sciences, associate professor of the department of life safety and applied physical training Kherson State Maritime Academy, Ukraine

Lykhovyd Pavlo Volodymyrovych Lykhovyd Pavlo Volodymyrovych candidate of agricultural sciences, postdoc student, senior researcher of the department of irrigated agriculture and decarbonization of agroecosystems Institute of Climate-Smart Agriculture of NAAS, Ukraine

Piliarska Olena Oleksandrivna Piliarska Olena Oleksandrivna candidate of agricultural sciences, senior researcher, head of the department of marketing and international activities Institute of Climate-Smart Agriculture of NAAS, Ukraine

Резюме

Экологические, хозяйственные и биологические особенности шалфея мускатного и возможности его выращивания на юге Украины

Чабан Виктор Александрович, Лиховид Павел Владимирович, Пиларская Елена Александровна

Summary

Keywords: botanical traits, crop use, cultivation requirements, morphology, Salvia sclarea.

Introduction

Common sage (Salvia L.) is the greatest species of Lamiaceae plants, containing numerous valuable plants, including medicinal, aromatic, honey, and oriental ones. There are about 500 species in the Salvia genus, disseminated in warm, subtropical, and tropical areas of the world. The center of the diversity is mountainous regions of Mexico and Southern America, as well as Mediterranean region and Eastern Asia.

Clary sage (Salvia sclarea) is one of the most prospective species and requires special attention to be paid to its biological, morphological traits and cultivation technology.

Materials and methods. The study is based on the retrospective analysis of the resources available in the domestic and foreign scientific literature to define the main biological features of the plant and the current prospects of its cultivation in the south of Ukraine. As a result of the study, the prospects of clary sage cultivation in the South of Ukraine are to be defined.

Results and Discussion

According to the botanical description, the clary sage is a semi-shrub that has 100-120 cm in height. The stem is straight, simple, long, the inflorescence is covered with hairs with a mixture of stem glands. The lower and middle stem leaves are 5.5-32.0 cm long, 5-22 cm wide, ovate or ovate elongated, sharp or obtuse, serrated at the edge, wrinkled, long-petiole; basal leaves are smaller, curled up; the upper stem leaves are smaller than average ones, on shortened petioles. The inflorescences are broadly ovate, sessile, bulky, shortly pointed with 2-6-flowered cotyledons; calyx is 10-12 mm long; corolla is two to three times longer than the calyx, pink, white or lilac, the upper lip is sickle-shaped, the lower - with a broadly obovate middle lobe and elongated, usually with twisted side lobes. The nuts are brown, ellipsoidal, 2-3 mm long, net wrinkled. The plant blooms in June-September. The fruit ripen in August-September.

The aerial part of clary sage contains essential oil, the yield of which is 0.1 -0.3% (per raw weight) of the inflorescence. Essential oil is a colourless or slightly yellowish liquid with a very peculiar, pleasant smell, reminiscent of the smell of ambergris, orange, or bergamot. The main component of essential oil is esters (50-77%), of which linalyl acetate occupies the leading position. Furthermore, the oil contains linalool, linalyl fornicate, a- and р-pinene, camphene, myrcene, limonene, p-ocimene, n-cymol, free organic acids, formic, acetic, etc.; di- and triterpene carbohydrates were also detected.

The fruits contain up to 31 % (per completely dry mass) of quick drying fatty oil, the main component of which is linoleic acid; the quality of the oil is close to tung oil. Roots contain coumarins. The inflorescences and leaves contain aromatic resins, organic acids (formic, acetic), saponins, and flavonoids. The plant has antibacterial properties and contains phytoncides. Coumarins from the roots have an antitumor effect. In the food industry, essential oil of clary sage is used in the production of liquor and confectionery products to give them a muscat aroma. In the tobacco industry, it is used to flavour expensive types of tobacco. The waste after the distillation of the essential oil contains a significant amount of sclareol, which can be used for the synthesis of aromatic substances with the smell of ambergris. The drying fatty oil is used to produce high-quality oil. In addition, clary sage oil is an aphrodisiac. Having an anti-stress effect, it helps to solve problems of a sexual nature, increases the reproductive function of both men and women. botanical clary sage ukraine

Fresh and dry inflorescences and leaves are used as a seasoning for culinary products, to enhance the aroma of cheese, tea, and other products. In some countries, an aromatic hoppy drink is obtained from sage flowers. In Mexico and Chile, aromatic soft drinks are prepared from the roots and young stems and ground into flour for use in the manufacture of confectionery products. The aerial part of the plant is added to beer and wine, which gives them a muscat taste and smell.

The studied crop has a high content of valuable essential oil in the aerial part during the flowering period; therefore, it is widely used in medicine for baths and applications in polyarthritis, osteomyelitis, arthrosis, and trophic ulcers. The raw material that remains after oil extraction is used for therapeutic antirheumatic baths. In traditional medicine, clary sage is used for urolithiasis, rheumatism, tachycardia, and a decoction of the aerial part in milk was used as an anti-inflammatory agent, as well as as an aromatic and digestive-improving drink. Having a warming and relaxing effect, the oil of clary sage reduces nervous tension, which is very important in cases of fever and panic. At the same time, concentration and memory improve, brain activity is stimulated, creativity increases, and intuition is awakened. Clinical trials have shown the effectiveness of an ointment containing 5-20% clary sage extract, which was highly effective in the treatment of psoriasis.

Although Salvia sclarea L. and Salvia officinalis L. belong to the same family and genus, these plants have many differences in the botanical description [1,2]. Salvia officinalis L. is found exclusively in culture. In its wild form, Salvia sclarea L. is found in the countries of Southern Europe, Central Asia, the Black Sea, and the North Caucasus. It grows on stony, clay, and sandy slopes, among shrubs, up to the middle belt. As a weed, it is found in gardens and fields. This plant does not form continuous thickets in natural conditions, which is why it must be grown in culture.

Common sage is cultivated in Ukraine, Kazakhstan, Moldova, Kyrgyzstan, France, Italy, Bulgaria. Clary sage is mainly cultivated to obtain essential oil and diterpene alcohol sclareol from the inflorescences, which is used for the synthesis of aromatic substances with the smell of ambergris [3].

Clary sage requires additional critical study and observations in natural areal. With such a large distribution area, the culture studied has certain morphological differences, as it develops under different ecological conditions. Plants from different areas of cultivation differ in subtle ways, for example, by a greater or lesser degree of glandularity, the long and sharp end of the teeth of the calyx, large flowers, their colour, etc. In the Crimea, a more xerophytic form attracts attention, which is found here alongside the typical form with smaller sizes of aerial bodies, much larger, often flaky pubescence of the stem and leaves, smaller, often downwardly bent bracts [4].

Salvia plants accumulate essential oil components, phenolic compounds, diterpene, triterpene and steroid compounds, quinones as the main groups of biologically active substances [5].

The composition of the essential oil of representatives of the genus Salvia is represented by a wide range of substances. The literature contains information on the qualitative and quantitative composition of the essential oil of more than 15 types of sage. The study on the composition of the components of oil from inflorescences and leaves of clary sage cultivated in Uzbekistan was carried out. Up to 17 components were detected in the essential oil of flowers by gas-liquid chromatography, the main of which were linalool (up to 35%), linalyl acetate (up to 51%), nerol and geraniol (6-12%). The essential oil of clary sage leaves consisted of linalool (38%), caryophyllene (14%) and unidentified sesquiterpenoids [6]. Pitarokili used the chromato-oil spectroscopy method to establish that the main components of the essential oil of wild clary sage from Greece are linalyl acetate (19.8-31.1%), linalool (18.5-30.4%), geranyl acetate (4.5-12.1%) and terpineol (5,1-7,6%) [7]. In the South of Ukraine, crops resilient to stressful conditions (high temperature, low relative humidity), which have high productivity and high-quality characteristics of raw materials, are important. Climate change, observed in recent decades, has attracted a great deal of attention from society and is the centre of attention.

During the research, we found that in recent years, the sums of active and effective temperatures in the territory of the southern steppe of Ukraine have a steady upward trend. Thus, in 2012, the sum of active temperatures of +15°C was 40% higher than the long-term norm. At the same time, precipitation is unstable, fluctuates significantly from year to year and does not meet the requirements of plants.

The genetic conditions of the natural distribution of clary sage make it possible to consider it a quite resistant plant, capable of withstanding high temperatures. In the areas of natural dissemination, it grows on gravelly soils, which allows us to consider this plant undemanding to this factor. Clary sage is widespread in Europe (Black Sea region, Crimea, Caucasus); Central Asia - mountainous Turkmenistan, Kyrgyzstan, Tien-Shan; North Africa. It usually grows in arid conditions, in mountainous and foothill areas on stony soil, clay and sandy slopes, among bushes. When clary sage was moved from mountainous areas to the valley, a tendency to shorten the growing season was observed, and one-year forms appeared in the crops, which died after vegetation.

It is explained by the fact that, falling into more favorable conditions for development, perennial forms of clary sage manage to go through all stages of ontogenetic development within one year and die after fruiting, as spring crops refer clary sage to perennial plants and indicate its cultivation in the conditions of the Crimea and North Caucasus. For Central Asia, where clary sage was grown in relatively poor soils, it was possible to obtain a full yield in the third year of its cultivation [8]. It was first cultivated in France in 1909 [9]. It has been cultivated in Ukraine since 1929. The average yield of clary sage inflorescences in Ukraine is 3.5-4.0 t/ha. Petrychenko and Lykhochvor note that the productivity of clary sage inflorescences ranges from 3.0 to 8.5 t/ha. The yield of essential oil is 15-23 kg/ha. Therefore, the issues of improvement and development for the specific soil and climatic conditions of the region of the main aspects of the cultivation technology of clary sage, which would ensure an increase in the productivity of the crop and obtaining the maximum possible yield of ecologically safe and high-quality raw materials from it, are relevant. In the first year of life, clary sage forms a basal rosette of leaves, and in the second year it forms stems, inflorescences, and fruits. On crops of the second year of life in the southern regions of Ukraine, flowering begins in early July and ends in August.

In the conditions of the Crimea, the study was carried out on the development of the root system of clary sage. It has been established that clary sage seeds germinate with one root with well-defined zones: division (2-3 mm long), growth (34 mm) and absorption, the length of which varies considerably. At the tip of the root, there is a clearly defined cover. The division zone has a smooth, hairless surface, the absorption zone is densely covered with thin root hairs, the number of which reaches 150-200 pieces per 1 mm. This indicates that the plant is adapted to conditions of insufficient moisture and a low supply of nutrients to the soil. The length of the root hairs reaches 2.0-2.5 mm. Before the appearance of cotyledons on the soil surface, the root deepens by 10-16 cm. The daily growth of the root in length is 10-25 mm, at the same time, the periodicity of its growth is clearly expressed.

Thus, during the period of intensive leaf development, the rate of root growth decreases and during the period of slow leaf development, its growth increases. From the cotyledon phase to the rosette formation phase, the main root grows, which penetrates to a depth of 50-60 cm, and then the lateral roots begin to grow, the growth rates of which are higher than those of the main root. The radius of distribution and depth of penetration of the lateral roots of clary sage in the first year of vegetation are 10-12 and 20 cm in the phase of six pairs of leaves (July) and in the phase of 18 pairs (October) - 30 and 30-35 cm, respectively. In the phase of six pairs of leaves, up to 72% of the lateral roots are concentrated in the plough layer with a radius of up to 15 cm, and the rest can penetrate the middle of the row. At the same time, up to 4% of suction roots develop near the soil surface, under the rosette of leaves, at a depth of 3-5 cm, where sufficient soil moisture is maintained.

The plant has taproot, which penetrates the soil 90-120 cm in the first year, 130-150 cm in the second, which allows plants to use moisture from deep soil layers and produce yields in dry years. The seeds are small (up to 2.5 mm long), rounded, and dark brown. The weight of 1000 seeds are 3.5-5.0 g [10].

Clary sage has spring, winter, and biennial forms. Winter varieties are more common in practice. It has the following phases: seedling, rosette, stalking, flowering, technical ripeness, full ripeness of seeds. Clary sage does not have high requirements for heat. Its seeds begin to germinate at 10-12°C. Seedlings tolerate frosts minus 6 to 8°C, and adult plants tolerate frosts up to 28°C. Naturally, the higher the temperature during flowering is, the greater the oil content in the raw material is. Clary sage demands light, especially at the beginning of development. Young plants do not tolerate shading. They develop better with a daylight length of 14-16 hours. It is a cross-pollinated plant. It is pollinated mainly by bumblebees and bees.

The crop studied is cultivated in special crop rotations. The best fore crops are winter wheat, annual grasses for green forage, which are harvested early. To destroy the seedlings, which appear from the dropped seeds, the gap between clary sage crops should be 2-3 years. Clary sage also belongs to drought-resistant crops. At the same time, it responds to humidification. It has particularly high requirements for moisture during the period of seed germination. It absorbs water 3.5 times and the fruit shell is 40 times its weight. In the rosette phase, clary sage is resistant to drought. During the stemming period, moisture consumption increases dramatically. Its deficiency in this phase will negatively affect the yield, while too high humidity leads to the development of fungal diseases. Clary sage is a heat-loving plant. In the first year of vegetation, it needs the sum of temperatures of 3260-3300°C, in the second - 1500-1550°C. Young clary sage seedlings easily tolerate short-term frosts down to minus 6-8°С. In the first year, the leaves die off by spring, only the growth points are preserved, covered with a thick felt down and covered with dead leaves.

Taking into account the above-mentioned facts, it is obvious that the current soil and climatic conditions of Ukraine are quite favourable for the cultivation of clary sage. Therefore, the FAO Food Commission classifies Ukraine as one of the countries that will occupy its place soon among the leaders in the field of the cultivation and processing of medicinal plants in Europe [11].

Conclusions

Lack of scientific knowledge on the biological, morphological, and ontological features of annual and perennial clary sage and the influence of environmental factors on its growth and development, the success and prospects of its introduction have not yet been evaluated, as well as the characteristics of the production process and the accumulation patterns of primary and secondary metabolites in plants have not been studied.

Therefore, the current state of scientific gaps in clary sage investigation requires robust scientific research of the crop to provide strong evidence for its cultivation in the conditions of the Southern Steppe zone of Ukraine.

References

[1] Zhuravliov, O.V. (2015). Formation of wetting zones under drip-irrigated onion at lightclay soils. Irrigated Agriculture, (63), 67-73.

[2] Zymovets, V. (2003). Financial support of the innovative development of the economy. Economics of Ukraine, (11), 9-17.

[3] Romashchenko, M.I., Shatkovskyi, A.P., & Riabkov, S.V. (2012). Conceptual preconditions for the development of drip irrigation in Ukraine. Herald of Agrarian Science, (2), 5-8.

[4] Popov, A.P. (1994). Medicinal plants in folk medicine. Kyiv.

[5] Moroz, P.A. (1979). Peculiarities of drip irrigation in the field crops. Land Reclamation and Water Economy, (45), 7-11.

[6] Grigorov, M.S. (2009). Differentiated irrigation schedule of potato at drip irrigation. Potato and Vegetables, (9), 19-20.

[7] Kondratenko, P.G., Kur, S.D., & Rozhko, F.M. (1971). Storage, cultivation and processing of medicinal plants. Moscow: Medicine.

[8] Tanasiyenko, F.S. (1985). Essential oils. Contents and composition in the plants. Kyiv: Naukova dumka.

[9] Vasylenko, Yu.K. (1988). Industrial products of aromatic crops processing as the source of anti-sclerotic compounds. Proceedings of the Conference on Medicinal Botany. (pp. 211-212). Kyiv.

[10] Shevchenko, S.V. (1973). Seasonal and daily dynamics of the essential oils content in Salvia sclarea L. Plant Resources, (4), 566-570.

[11] Trybel, S.O. (2012). Strategic crops. Kyiv: Phoenix.

Размещено на Allbest.ru