Evaluation of the quality of milk thistle seed
The results of phytoexamination of the seeds of milk thistle (Silybum marianum), which were grown in the Poltava region, are presented. Indicators of seed quality, degree of infection and species composition of pathogenic microorganisms were studied.
| Рубрика | Сельское, лесное хозяйство и землепользование |
| Вид | статья |
| Язык | английский |
| Дата добавления | 19.03.2024 |
| Размер файла | 15,5 K |
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Evaluation of the quality of milk thistle seed
Pospielova Ganna Dmytrivna
Candidate of Agricultural Sciences, associate professor
Poltava State Agrarian University, Ukraine
Pospielov Sergii Viktorovych
Doctor of Agricultural Sciences, Professor, Head of V.I. Sazanov Department of Agriculture and Agrochemistry
Poltava State Agrarian University, Ukraine
Nechiporenko Natalia Ivanivna
Candidate of Agricultural Sciences, associate professor
Poltava State Agrarian University, Ukraine
Summary
The results of phytoexamination of the seeds of milk thistle (Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn.), which were grown in the Poltava region (Ukraine), are presented. Indicators of seed quality, degree of infection and species composition of pathogenic microorganisms were studied. 7 species of fungi have been identified, which according to classification belong to two classes: Deuteromycetes (species of the genera Fusarium, Alternaria, Botrytis, Sordariomycetes) and Zygomycetes (representatives of the genus Mucor). Fungi from the genera Alternaria and Mucor predominated among the detected micromycetes. Fungi of the genera Fusarium, Botrytis and Stachybotrys were less common.
Keywords: milk thistle, Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn., phytoexpertise, endogenous and exogenous infections, micromycetes.
In connection with the growing pollution of the environment and the increase in the number of liver diseases, the demand for herbal medicines is increasing. Cultivation and use of milk thistle to some extent will solve the problem of improving people's health around the world [1,3,8]. Milk thistle contains a rich complex of over 400 valuable substances. The seed contains fatty oils of about 32 %, which are easy to obtain in industrial conditions. Due to its chemical composition, in addition to pharmacology, it is also used in cosmetology, the perfume industry, for the manufacture of food products, etc. [1,4]. The flavonoid complex of thistle fruits, in which silymarin predominates, is the basis of medicinal formulations. It is the only natural compound known today that effectively protects liver cells and restores its functions [2,8].
One of the main criteria for obtaining high and stable crop yields is the sowing quality of seeds. According to the National Standards of Ukraine, the varietal and sowing quality of seeds must meet the requirements of state standards and other normative documents in the field of seed production. The sowing and technological qualities of milk thistle seeds depend on many factors, the leading place among which is their damage by disease-causing organisms, in particular, phytopathogenic fungi. Seeds affected by micromycetes reduce their sowing quality, losing laboratory and field germination, as a result of which it is impossible to obtain first-class seed material. An increase in the area of milk thistle cultivation, a change in weather factors and growing conditions can lead to the development of pathogens on this crop, an increase in seed infection and a redistribution in the species composition of the seed mycoflora [7].
The research was conducted on production crops of milk thistle and in the phytosanitary monitoring laboratory of the Poltava State Agrarian University. Germination energy and laboratory germination of milk thistle seeds were carried out according to DSTU, and phytopathological examination according to the method of N.A. Naumova [6]. Morphological features of fungi were studied by the crushed drop method [6]. phytoexamination pathogenic milk
According to the results of the research, the total infection of milk thistle seeds with micromycetes over the years of research was 53.5 %-69.0 %. Germination energy and laboratory germination, despite the significant level of contamination, were quite high. Thus, the energy of germination varied in the range of 74.6 %- 82.0 % over the years of research, and the laboratory germination was 86.8 %- 93.0 %. In fact, the microflora had no significant effect on seed germination.
In the pathogenic complex, only representatives of the fungal infection were found, which belonged to two classes: Deuteromycetes (species of the genera Fusarium, Alternaria, Botrytis, Stachybotrys) and Zygomycetes (representatives of the genus Mucor).
The species composition of micromycetes on the seeds of milk thistle
|
Species of fungi |
Frequency of manifestation of infection |
|
|
Alternaria alternate Fr. Keissi |
+ + + |
|
|
Fusarium spp. Link |
+ |
|
|
Stachybotris ssp. |
+ |
|
|
Mucor mycedo Frens. emend. Bref. |
+ + + |
|
|
Botrytis ssp. |
+ |
Notes:
+ - the species was found very rarely - up to 5% of the studied achenes;
+ + - the species was rarely found - 6-15% of seeds;
+ + + - the species was found often - 16-30% of seeds.
Milk thistle seeds turned out to be a good substrate for the vital activity of both epiphytic and parasitic microflora. Fungi from the genera Alternaria and Mucor predominated among the detected micromycetes. Fungi of the genera Fusarium, Botrytis and Stachybotrys were less common. Researchers associate this sporulation of seeds with a high content of fatty oils (according to O.I. Marchenko, about 28 %) [5]. It is worth noting that differences in the species composition of pathogens on the seeds of milk thistle were actually not observed over the years of the study, the difference was only in the prevalence of fungi. As a rule, fungi of the genus Alternaria dominated the pathogenic complex of representatives of the primary flora (12.5 %-19.0 %). The percentage of damage to thistle seeds by fungi of the genera
Fusarium and Botrytis was low (4 %-6 %). Saprophytic fungi of the genus Mucor were quite widely represented on the seeds of milk thistle, the share of which was 24.0 %- 44.0 %. It should be noted that parasitic fungi of the genus Botrytis and saprophytes of the genus Stachybotris were found in small quantities.
All the fungi isolated during phytoexamination of thistle seeds are necrotrophs and can exist as saprophytes and as parasites. For example, fungi of the genera Alternaria, Fusarium, and Botrytis in a parasitic way of life cause root rot and in the case of diffuse damage can develop according to the trachomycosis type, i.e. clog the conducting tissues of the plant with mycelium, causing wilting and their subsequent death.
Thus, it was established that the most dangerous for milk thistle seeds is field infection represented by fungi of the genera Alternaria, Fusarium and Botrytis. During the storage period, Mucor and Stachybotrys species joined the main pathogenic complex, which led to active seed mold.
References
1. Bokelmann, Jean. (2022). Milk Thistle (Silybum marianum). 10.1016/B978-0-323-84676- 9.00061-1.
2. Jadwiga, Andrzejewska & Zbigniew, Skinder. (2006). Milk thistle - comments on the nomenclature, active substances and development of plant. Acta Scientiarum Polonorum Agricultura.
3. Karkanis, Anestis & Bilalis, D. & Efthimiadou, Aspasia. (2011). Cultivation of milk thistle (Silybum marianum L. Gaertn.), a medicinal weed. Industrial Crops and Products - Ind. Crops Products. 34. 825-830. 10.1016/j.indcrop.2011.03.027.
4. Liu, Yanxia & Wu, Minghuo & Ren, Miaomiao & Bao, Haijun & Wang, Qing'an & Wang, Nan & Sun, Shibo & Xu, Jianqiang & Yang, Xiaojing & Zhao, Xu & Bao, Yongming & He, Gaohong & Xu, Weiping. (2023). From Medical Herb to Functional Food: Development of a Fermented Milk Containing Silybin and Protein from Milk Thistle. Foods. 12. 1308. 10.3390/foods12061308.
5. Marchenko, O. I. (2005). Kharakterystyka deiakykh hospodarskykh oznak nasinnia roztoropshi pliamystoi v umovakh Lisostepu Ukrainy. Nauk. pratsi Poltav. derzh. ahrar. akademii. Poltava, T. 4(23). S. 87-88. (in Ukrainian).
6. Naumova, N. A. (1970). Analiz semjan na gribnuju i bakterial'nuju infekciju. L.: Kolos, 1970. 207 s. (in Russian).
7. Pospelov, S. V. & Samorodov, V. N. A ne posejat' li nam chertopoloh? Zerno. 2009. №6. S.66-70. (in Russian).
8. Pospelov, S.V. & Samorodov, V.N. & Kislichenko, V. S. & Ostapchuk, A. A. Rastoropsha pjatnistaja: voprosy biologii, kul'tivirovanija i primenenija. Poltava, 2008. 164 s. (in Russian).
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