Development of agricultural research institutions in Cherkasy region at the beginning of the XX century (to the 70th anniversary of the Cherkasy region formation)

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Uman National University of Hortuculture, Uman, Ukraine

Development of agricultural research institutions in Cherkasy region at the beginning of the XX century (to the 70th anniversary of the Cherkasy region formation)

Maiia Kostiuk

Cand. Sc. (History),

Associate Professor, Department of social,

humanitarian and legal disciplines



Abstract

Based on sources and publications, the article examines the activities of agricultural research institutions in Cherkasy region at the beginning of the 20th century. In the process of the research, a significant number of little-known references containing separate information on the topic of the research were used and analyzed. It was found that several types of agricultural research organizations were created in Cherkasy region: research fields in the privately owned estates of K.A. Balashova, counts Bobrynskyi, count P.P. Shuvalov, descendants of M.A. Tereshchenko. These are, in particular: Moshnohorodyshchenske, Smilianske, Talnivske, Ladyzhynske experimentalfields, which were part of the network of experimental fields of the All-Russian Society of Sugar Growers and experimental fields that were created at agricultural educational institutions; demonstration fields with rental stations and demonstration test plots; collective experiments of Kyiv provincial zemstvo. In addition, there were private and state nurseries (Cherkasy, Zvenyhorodka, Uman, and Kaniv counties), educational (at Bobrytska school of horticulture) and demonstration apiaries (of Moshny andMedvyn beekeeping societies); weather stations; “model” farms were created, which were a model of rational management of a private economy. It was established that the work of Uman-Lypovets Agricultural Society, aimed at setting up research institutions and their successful activities, played an important role in improving agriculture. It was emphasized that the organization of demonstration plots and collective experiments were part of the program of research institutions. It has been proven that the activities of agricultural research institutions contributed to the development and improvement of all branches of agricultural production in Cherkasy region.

Key words: agricultural science, agricultural research, research institutions, Uman-Lypovets Agricultural Society, Cherkasy region.



Майя Костюк, кандидатка історичних наук, доцентка кафедри соціально-гуманітарних і правових дисциплін, Уманський національний університет садівництва, Умань, Україна

Розвиток сільськогосподарських дослідних установ Черкащини на початку xx ст. (до 70-річчя утворення Черкаської області)

Анотація

agricultural branche rental station

У статті на основі джерел та публікацій розглянуто діяльність сільськогосподарських дослідних установ Черкащини початку XX ст. У процесі дослідження використано й проаналізовано значну кількість маловідомих джерелознавчих матеріалів, які містять окремі відомості щодо теми дослідження. З'ясовано, що на Черкащині було створено декілька типів сільськогосподарських дослідних організацій: дослідні поля у приватновласницьких маєтках К.А. Балашової, графів Бобринських, графа П.П. Шувалова, нащадків М.А. Терещенка. Це, зокрема: Мошногородищенське, Смілянське, Тальнівське, Ладижинське дослідні поля, що входили до складу мережі дослідних полів Всеросійського товариства цукрозаводчиків та дослідні поля, які створені при сільськогосподарських освітніх закладах; показові поля із прокатними станціями та показові дослідні ділянки; колективні досліди Київського губернського земства. Окрім цього, існували приватні та земські розсадники (Черкаського, Звенигородського, Уманського, Канівського повітів), навчальні (при Бобрицькій школі садівництва) й показові пасіки (Мошенського та Медвинського товариств бджільництва); метеостанції; створювались «взірцеві» господарства, що стали зразком раціонального ведення приватного господарства. Встановлено, що робота Умансько-Липовецького сільськогосподарського товариства, спрямована на влаштування дослідницьких установ і їх успішну діяльність, відігравала вагому роль в покращенні сільського господарства. Наголошено, що організація показових ділянок і колективних дослідів були частиною програми дослідних закладів. Доведено, що діяльність сільськогосподарських дослідницьких установ сприяла розвитку та вдосконаленню всіх галузей аграрного виробництва Черкаського регіону.

Ключові слова: аграрна наука, сільськогосподарська науково-дослідна справа, дослідні установи, Умансько-Липовецьке сільськогосподарське товариство, Черкащина.



Target setting

Ever since Ukraine gained independence, interest in the history of agricultural science in general and agricultural research in particular has been growing. In the current realities, the regional specificity of the agraricultural development of our country is gaining special importance. Therefore, the analysis of the activities of agricultural research institutions of Cherkasy region, their contribution to the science, the popularization of agricultural knowledge and the improvement of agrarian culture has important scientific and practical significance.

Analysis of basic research and publications

Their contemporaries [1; 13; 32] wrote the first publications about agricultural research institutions. For decades, Soviet historiography practically did not consider the activities of agricultural educational institutions and research in a certain region, in particular, in Cherkasy region. At the present stage, V.A. Verhunov made a significant contribution to the historiography of agricultural science and research. The results of his research were thorough publications on the general development of the history of agricultural science and the research from its inception to academic existence [2-4]. Under his leadership, the Center for the History of Agrarian Science of the National Scientific Agricultural Library of the National Academy of Sciences conducts complex studies of the development of domestic agricultural research. The carried out historiographical analysis of the problem proved that certain aspects of the mentioned topic were reflected in the scientific works of O.P. Harbar, A.P. Kotsura, I.M. Karasiuk, H.M. Pipan, O.F. Hloba, P.P. Yevych and others [7; 9; 22; 33]. However, despite the significant number of publications, this topic of research remains relevant.

The methodological basis of the research is general scientific principles and methods. The source base of the research covers a wide range of published and unpublished references; its basis consists of archival materials, statistical materials, periodicals, reports of agricultural schools, agricultural societies, and experimental fields.

Statement of basic material

At the beginning of the 20th century, research in the imperial Russia was not generally organized. There were government research stations; Zemstvo research fields and stations; urban experimental fields; experimental fields at agricultural educational institutions; control seed stations; dairy laboratories; research and demonstration commercial establishments; stations of special crops of cotton and tobacco; machine testing stations; horticulture; experimental farms [2, p. 19; 23, p. 129].

During the investigated period there were three research organizations of Podilsk, Kyiv and Uman-Lypovets agricultural societies in the South-Western region, which had a network of research fields. Several research organizations worked on the territory of Kyiv province, such as the network of experimental fields of the All-Russian Society of Sugar Growers, the network of experimental fields of Kyiv and Uman-Lypovets agricultural societies and Collective experiments of Kyiv provincial zemstvo. Within the territorial limits of Cherkasy Region were the Ladyzhynske, Moshnohorodyschenske, Talnivske, Smilyanske experimental fields, which were part of the network of experimental fields of the All-Russian Society of Sugar Growers and other experimental fields.

The Ladyzhynske experimental field was located in Ladyzhenka estate of the descendants of M.A. Tereshchenko near the Ladyzhenka station in Kyiv province. The sizes of the research plots and their budgets varied from year to year. The experiments were carried out in one economy - Velyka. They related to sugar beet culture. The samples were divided into 2 groups. These are experiments with purely technical methods of beet culture, such as sowing with balls of different sizes and experiments with beet varieties and experiments with fertilizers. Detailed information on the methodology and tasks of the experimental field were placed in the description of the central station of the network of experimental fields of the All-Russian Society of Sugar Growers in Kyiv [12; 28, p. 230-231].

The Moshnohorodyschenske experimental field was located in Baibuzy section of Moshnohorodyschenkyi estate of K.A. Balashova. Experimental plots were laid out in two farms - Valiavska and Semenivska. The main issues studied in the experimental field were as follows: experiments with purely technical methods of beet culture and experiments with thinning; experiments on the application of artificial fertilizers and manure; influence of certain nutrients; form of nutrients; experiments with green manure. The methodology and work program were also given in the descriptions of the central station of the network of experimental fields of the All-Russian Society of Sugar Growers in Kyiv [28, p. 231-232; 32].

The Smila experimental field was one of the complete in a whole series of experimental plots, which were established in various farms of the Bobrynskyi counts. The initiative and organization of its establishment belonged to the administration of the estate. The tasks of the experiments were to solve issues related to sugar beet culture. The printed works of the experimental field were as follows: «Reports on the experimental fields in the Smila estate of the Bobrynskyi counts» (for different years) and a consolidated report for 1903-1904 by K. Borovskyi [16; 28, p. 233].

The Talne experimental field was located in Uman District in the estate of Count P.P. Shuvalov. The field was founded in 1902. The experiments were laid in the Lysohirska economy. The issues that were resolved at the experimental plot mainly concerned the culture of sugar beet [15; 28, p. 233-234]. The county zemstvos of Kyiv province arranged demonstration fields, agricultural warehouses of the latest type of agricultural tools for delayed sale, rental stations with a complete set of agricultural machinery, which were sold to peasants at the lowest prices, as agronomic assistance. Thus, in Uman district in 1912, there were 37 demonstration fields with rental stations, among which Kuzmynske, Synytske and Ositnianske. The size of the demonstration fields was from 3.5 to 8 arpents with four-field and seven-field crop rotation systems. In 1911, 14 demonstration plots were laid, where on a small area (from / to 1 arpent), various methods of cultivation of agricultural plants new to the region, improved varieties of bread and various herbs were demonstrated [6, p. 9-10].

In 1914, a special commission of farms of the South-Western region studied problems important for the entire sugar beet region of the region: about the possibility of reducing the steam area and increasing the sown area; about the role of crop rotation; about the most rational ways of using and applying manure and mineral fertilizers. A trend towards intensification of agriculture and further expansion of sugar beet area was observed [30]. The commission organized and conducted a survey of local seed farms. The following issues were investigated: about the method of selection - individual, mass or crossing one; on the organization of breeding fields; on the method of determining the economic suitability of varieties; on the peculiarities of seed crops in this farm. In the course of two months of expedition research, 10 seed farms were studied and data were obtained on the techniques of seed production in these farms [31].

The research stations played the role of scientific agronomic centers serving the given area. They systematically studied the theory in agrarian-historical connection with the local population through agronomic assistance and coordinated their activities with educational agricultural institutions.

At the end of the 19th century 61 lower agricultural schools functioned in prerevolutionary Russia. In 1895, 18 educational institutions of the lower type of agricultural profile were opened in Ukraine. In 1910, there were 256 agricultural educational institutions of various grades in imperial Russia, 54 of them had officially allocated experimental fields [1, p. 1617]. At the beginning of the 20th century there were 5 lower agricultural educational institutions in Cherkasy region: Moshnohorodyshchenske lower agricultural school of the 1st category, Zolotonsha agricultural school, Prusianski agricultural classes, Zlatopilsk lower agricultural school, Bobrytsk school of horticulture.

(It is important to note that the research activity of Uman School of Horticulture and Agriculture, as a specialized institution of secondary agricultural education, was out of the focus of this research and was investigated by the author in a number of works) [11; 40; 41].

The research work was actively practiced in lower agricultural institutions. Research fields, where students based on the use of new technologies, conducted research and experimental work, became widespread. Thus, the Zolotonosha research field with an area of 9 arpents, 370 square sazhen was founded at Zolotonosha Agricultural School of the 1st grade by the district zemstvo [29, p. 52; 34, p. 94]. The results of the scientific and practical activities of the experimental field were provided in school reports [17]. Various issues of technology, agriculture, including winter crop care in the spring were studied here. Spring harrowing of winter crops was developed and introduced into the practice of agriculture at the initiative of Zolotonosha experimental field. The program of experiments was drawn up by S.F. Antsibor, the Head of Zolotonosha Agricultural School, and put into effect with the opening of the experimental field in 1898. In 1903 it was revised by M.D. Semenov [24, p. 162]. The program experiments were divided into 5 groups. These are experiments related to soil cultivation; planting; fertilization; testing plant varieties; testing fodder plants [28, p. 165].

The main task of the experimental field was to resolve conflicting positions in agriculture through field experiments and to develop rational methods in order to increase the profitability of the farms of the local population. The soils of the experimental field were subjected to chemical analysis in the laboratory of Poltava experimental field. Work on the experimental field established the norm of applying manure per arpent (2,400 poods), determined the normal amount of seeds in a mixture of vetch and oats (when sowing green fodder and hay) and the normal amount of grain per arpent of rye, wheat and oats. Its advantages relative to green and American ones are established according to the dead fallow. The experimental field did not carry out control analyzes [17; 24, p. 164].

At the experimental field, there was a meteorological station of the 2nd grade, 1st class with a set of soil thermometers for observing the soil temperature in the plots. Meteorological data existed since the field was opened. They were kept in copies, and the originals were sent to Mykolaiv Main Physical Observatory [17, p. 126]. In order to make the population more familiar with the results of experiments, articles were published annually in the weekly agricultural newspaper «Khutorianin» and digital data of experiments and reports were published in separate editions [28, p. 166 167]. Reports on Zolotonosha Experimental Station were published for all years of its activity, starting with 1898. In addition, the works of M.D. Semenov «Experimental field at Zolotonosha Agricultural School and its program of experiments», «Experimental field and results of experiments in 1900» were published [26; 27].

In 1913, the area of the experimental field was reduced to 8 arpents, on which were placed: blocks of experimental plots, a nursery, plots for perennial grasses and a botanical weather station. Various crop rotations were established in the quarters of the experimental plots: two-field Bessarabska (spring wheat, varietal potatoes and cinquantino corn); triple-crop peasant improved (fertilized steam, winter rye, amber sorghum: У for hay, У for green fodder, У for grain); four- field cereal: (age mixture, winter wheat or rye, legumes and buckwheat or millet); eight-field (fertilized steam, rye, beets, mogar and seeds, steam fertilized with tomas slag, winter rye, Leo and Rosa potatoes, oats and barley) [17, p. 90-91]. From the experimental field, the yield in 1914 was as follows: spring wheat - 5 poods, rye - 335, barley - 60, millet - 45, buckwheat - 41. In the botanical area, in addition to different varieties of perennial plants, experiments were carried out on plots with various artificial fertilizers, combining their setting up so that the previous fertilizers do not affect the current ones.

Zolotonosha experimental field played an extremely important role in the spread of agricultural knowledge. The experimental field was engaged in the cultivation and distribution of improved seeds. With the establishment of the experimental field, the farm economy of the school district improved significantly due to a more conscious choice of seed material, the application of rational methods of soil cultivation and the introduction of suitable crop rotations. Under the influence of the experimental field activity, the most profitable methods of farming found the widest application: dead fallow, age mixture, row crops, use of improved agricultural machines etc. [24, p. 164].

The Bobrytska Lower School of Horticulture (1909) had a good educational and practical base, which allowed to pay significant attention to research [39, sheet 52]. Spraying of trees with fungicides and insecticides, application of sticky and trapping rings, cleaning of bark from trunks of old trees was used to combat garden pests. In 1912, in order to obtain cuttings in the school farm, some old fruit trees were grafted with the varieties that had industrial value: Parmen zimovyi Zolotyi, Renet Landsberga, Ranet Symyrenko, Bostonske, Boyken, Renet Baumanka, Renet Karelskyi [14, p. 15]. A dwarf pomological garden was established to familiarize students with the varieties of apples and pears and the importance of dwarf culture in fruit growing. Planting material was received from Vaidinger (Kyiv) and Symyrenko (Horodyshche). A fruit nursery was established for educational and demonstration purposes and the distribution of fruit trees among the population. Varietal apple trees, pears, plums, cherries and apricots were bred there. Starting from 1913, 2-year-old trees were sold. The school had a vineyard formed according to the Guyot system; the bushes were grafted onto the American vine. There was also its own educational apiary (in 1911, 5 beehives in logs were purchased from local peasants for the school economy; over time, all families were transferred to frame beehives of the Dadan-Blatt system) [14, p. 18]. Since 1912, a meteorological station of the 2nd category operated, which carried out observations and sent information to the meteorological bureau of the provincial zemstvo administration [14, p. 24].

The Moshnohorodyshche Agricultural School, like the entire estate as a whole, being at a high level of agricultural culture, exerted a significant influence on local peasant farms. While working in the estate, the peasants learned various ways of caring for plants and, at the first opportunity, used them in their farms. Thus, the peasants began to grow sugar beets, borrowing them from privately owned farms, used Sakka plows, small row drills, and iron harrows. At moderate prices, the estate released varietal seeds of wheat, oats, sugar beets, etc. to the peasants. Peasants who rented pastures on the estate were given a purebred bull of the Wilstermarsh breed from the Sofiiska dairy farm for the whole summer, and Yorkshire and Berkshire pigs were sold at discounted prices, which of course contributed to improving livestock productivity in peasant farms [18]. All the above-mentioned schools carried out active economic and research activities, which were fully subordinated to the tasks of professional training and had a significant impact on the development of various branches of agriculture in Cherkasy region.

An extremely important role in the dissemination of agricultural knowledge in Cherkasy region was played by research activities carried out under the leadership of Uman-Lypovets Agricultural Society, founded on December 2, 1901. It should be noted that no public research organization worked in the area of its activity until 1910. According to the Society's Charter, one of its main tasks was to take care of the development of the most rational methods of farming, by testing various methods of cultures that were cultivated in other areas both in Imperial Russia and abroad, in order to spread those that would be most useful for local farms, creating research stations and fields, farms, gardens and nurseries [3, sheet 11-12].

In 1911 Kyiv provincial zemstvo developed a program of collective experiments, which was supposed to solve the issue related to the use of additional fertilizers, with the aim of testing varieties of bread crops and root crops [19, p. 37-38]. With the assistance of Uman-Lypovets Agricultural Society, an agricultural laboratory and a control seed station were opened, and a program of research activities and collective experiments was adopted and approved. 16 estates were included in the research [20, p. 72]. In 1914, the Department of Agriculture established collective experiments, an agricultural chemical laboratory, and a control seed station. 20 estates were part of the network in 1914 [20, p. 71]. Rain gauge stations were installed in all farms investigated by the society. The observations were sent to Warsaw Meteorological Station and Kyiv Provincial Zemstvo Meteorological Bureau. A total of 39 experiments were conducted. In 16 estates, an experiment on the nutritional needs of the soil for oat crops was established. Experiments with the effect of fertilizers on beets, potatoes, and plantings were also conducted. 12 varieties of oats, 4 varieties of barley and 5 varieties of potatoes were studied [20, p. 73]. In 1913, 129 experiments were laid, namely: experiments with fertilizer for oats, wheat, barley, peas, beets, planting and potatoes [20, p. 74]. In 1914, experiments were already carried out in 19 estates and their number increased to 144. 9 varieties of wheat, 9 varieties of oats, 1 variety of barley and 3 varieties of potatoes were studied. Meteorological observations were already recorded in 10 estates [20, p. 75].

The chemical laboratory was opened on November 15, 1913. It carried out 224 analyzes related to soil, various seeds, and superphosphate.

O. Bydlovskyi, the Head of the Department of Agriculture, in his report for 1912-1915 noted that very few of these analyzes were conducted. However, the laboratory in the city of Dubliany (center of agricultural science and agrarian education of Western Ukraine) conducted 76 experiments in the first year of its existence, and laboratory of Kyiv Agricultural Society - 36 [20, p. 77]. The purpose of the collective experiments was, first of all, to solve individual issues of the use of additional fertilizers and the selection of varieties of agricultural plants adapted to local conditions. The laboratory of the agricultural society paid great attention to the needs of the agricultural economy, as a result of which works on the study of bard appeared [20, p. 112]. In 1915, collective experiments were already conducted in 20 places. The laboratory tested a new potash fertilizer and bard, and the control seed station tested 179 seed samples. Meteorological observations were carried out at 19 rain gauge stations. The first Dairy Control Union in Kyiv province operated at the Livestock Department [21, p. 38]. In 1912, the Department of Agriculture maintained 5 demonstration fields of Uman (Ivakhny village; Rusalivka village; Rosokhovatec village - two fields) and Baltic districts (Svornovata village).

At the beginning of the 20th century in Cherkasy region, in addition to Uman-Lypovets Agricultural Society, there were several small agricultural societies. Their task was to strengthen and improve the agricultural culture of the region. In particular, there were such societies in Uman, Zvenygorodka, Chyhyryn, Kaniv and other districts [35, sheet 10-12]. Thus, Moshny Beekeeping Society of Cherkasy District took care of beekeeping, establishing research stations, model, training apiaries, fields and nurseries of honey-bearing plants, carried out various studies, and tests of methods of bee care [38, sheet 175, 177]. At the society, a scientific demonstration apiary was arranged in the Moshnohorodyshchenske estate of K.A. Balashova [5, p. 20]. The beekeeping department in Medvyn Society of Kaniv District worked exemplarily [37, sheet 1176].

In 1911, 14 rental stations operated in Zvenyhorodka District in the villages of Hanzhalovtsi, Lysianski Budyshcha, Vynohrad, Shubyni Stavy, Ripky, Pohiblyanka, Kamianyi Brid, Boiarka, Yerky, 2 stations in the city of Kalihorka and in the villages of Luky, Kapustyno, Moryntsi. Later, 24 more stations were opened. By opening these stations, the zemstvo provided an opportunity for the local population to get acquainted with the improved machines and tools, by testing them in operation and purchasing them for their own use. In the village of Kuzmyna Hreblia of Uman district the agricultural society created rolling and grain cleaning stations with agricultural machines [10, p. 9-10].

Among the largest and richest, diverse in terms of composition of exemplary «model farms» of the South-Western region, the Moshnohorodyshchenke farm of Kateryna Andriivna and Mykola Petrovych Balashov stood out. It included: Horodyshche economic district with beet farming in twelve farms with an area of 9,000 arpents, Baibuzy economic district with potato farming in four farms with an area of 24,000 arpents, Oleksandriia distillery, forestry with an area of 22,800 arpents, Mariinskyi sugar factory and other separate institutions: animal husbandry with the Sofiiska dairy farm, Moshnohorodyshchenske lower agricultural school of the first category and schools in the estate in general, hospitals and sanitary facilities, manor houses [8, p. 686; 18].

Sugar beet farming in the (Horodyshche) district was best organized in the estate. In 1848, Yakhnenko brothers and F.S. Symyrenko built the Horodyshche sugar factory on the land of the estate in the village of Mliiv. The sugar beet for the factory was grown in the farms. The choice of plants that were grown on the estate was determined by the tasks of the private economy: sugar beet is the main crop that defines the economy system; winter wheat: banatka, red Ukrainian; winter rye and spring: oats, millet and barley, which were the most productive in this area, and beet plantings [25, p. 84; 18].

The farming system adopted at the farm was crop rotation. The main one was the eight-field system: black, fertilized; winter wheat; beet; dead fallow, fertilized with defecation mud; winter wheat; dead fallow, fertilized with meadow mud; beet; spring crops. In mountainous areas, mountain crop rotation is ten-field: green, fertilized; winter wheat; beet; spring with grass seeding; grass; grass; steam is fertilized; winter wheat; beet; spring crops.

Cultivation of the fields was carried out by the own forces. Plowing with 14 Sakka plows for wheat up to 5 inches and for beets. Soft plowing up to 3-3V2 inches was carried out with two-hull Sakka plows. In addition, the plowing of two steam fields, for wheat and sugar beets, was carried out annually with a Fowler and К0 steam plow with two scooters - the first field was 5 inches deep, and the second - with a steam cultivator to a depth of 10-12 inches. For surface loosening of the soil, the farm had Howard harrows. Sowing was carried out with Eckert, Mendel, Sack, Siedersleben planters. About V4 of all arable land was fertilized with manure in the farm. About 2,400 poods were used for one arpent. Defecation mud was fertilized only for winter wheat, and meadow mud - for sugar beet. About 600 poods were used for a arpent of these substances. The average annual yield of a cow on a dairy farm was up to 150 buckets of milk, which was separated either whole or separated in a de Laval manual centrifuge. The resulting cream was processed into butter by the Lefeld oil mill. An average of 1.2 pounds of butter was obtained from each bucket of milk [18; 25, p. 84-85]. The Balashov estate in Moshnohorodyshche was repeatedly awarded with gold and silver medals and other honorary awards.

«Model farms» by A.A. Ivanskyi in the village Ryzhavka and V.V. Lipkovskyi in the village Zatyshok and Horodnytsia of Uman district also stood out among other private farms of Cherkasy region. Thus, the estate of A.A. Ivanskyi is one of the few in the region that exploited the forest at its own risk. The first-class material was exported. A sawmill worked in the estate. The locomobiles from threshing machines were used as engines. Field farming was conducted in an exemplary manner, which was closely connected with the beet and sugar factory near the Kolodyste village, which was equipped with all the latest machines, an electric motor, a turbine. The estate of V.V. Lipkovskyi is a first-class Simmental factory with hygienic breeding of young animals. State-of-the-art equipment worked in the mentioned estates - I.H.C. tractors. Titan D [20, p. 59]. The intensification of the economy forced the owners of private estates to use all the latest achievements of agronomic science for more profitable management of the economy.

Thus, the agricultural research institutions contributed to the improvement of all branches of agricultural production in Cherkasy region. Clearly identified directions of the research were: conducting field, vegetation and laboratory experiments, meteorological observations for the preparation of recommendations for crop rotation, technical techniques, varieties and planting materials, fertilizers, adaptation to local conditions. In general, the research activity and experimental work contributed to the development of agricultural science at that time.



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38. ЦДІАУ м. Київ. Ф. 442. Оп. 636. Спр. 647. Ч. 7. Арк. 175-177.

39. ЦДІАУ м. Київ. Ф. 442. Оп. 661. Спр. 244. Арк. 52.

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