Investment real estate as an object of a accounting and analysis

Theoretical aspects of investment real estate accounting, components of the order on the accounting policy of the enterprise regarding such real estate. A comparison of various aspects of valuation of investment real estate at fair and residual value.

Рубрика Бухгалтерский учет и аудит
Вид статья
Язык английский
Дата добавления 20.07.2024
Размер файла 192,3 K

Отправить свою хорошую работу в базу знаний просто. Используйте форму, расположенную ниже

Студенты, аспиранты, молодые ученые, использующие базу знаний в своей учебе и работе, будут вам очень благодарны.

Размещено на http://www.allbest.ru/

National University of Water and Environmental Engineering

INVESTMENT REAL ESTATE AS AN OBJECT OF ACCOUNTING AND ANALYSIS

Zinkevych О.V. Candidate of

Economics (Ph.D.), Associate Professor

Rivne

Annotation

accounting investment real estate

The article systematizes and summarizes the theoretical and methodical aspects of investment real estate accounting. The components of the order on the accounting policy of the enterprise regarding such real estate have been analyzed. The conditions of recognition and types of assessment of investment real estate are characterized. A comparison of various aspects of valuation of investment real estate at fair and residual value was made. Responsibilities of the enterprise's structural divisions regarding the analysis of investment real estate are determined.

Keywords: investment property; accounting; valuation of investment real estate; initial value; residual value; analysis of investment real estate.

Анотація

ЗІНКЄВИЧ О.В. к.е.н., доцент Національний університет водного господарства та природокористування, м. Рівне

ІНВЕСТИЦІЙНА НЕРУХОМІСТЬ ЯК ОБ'ЄКТ ОБЛІКУ І АНАЛІЗУ

У статті систематизовано та узагальнено теоретичні та методичні аспекти бухгалтерського обліку інвестиційної нерухомості. Наведено визначення терміну «інвестиційна нерухомість» відповідно до Національного положення (стандарту) бухгалтерського обліку 32 «Інвестиційна нерухомість».

Проаналізовано складові наказу про облікову політику підприємства щодо такої нерухомості. Зазначено, що такий наказ повинен містити дві групи показників (організаційні та методичні), що убезпечить підприємство від викривлення інформації, що подається у показниках фінансової звітності.

Охарактеризовано умови визнання та види оцінки інвестиційної нерухомості. Наведено підходи до визначення первісної вартості інвестиційної нерухомості залежно від шляхів її надходження: придбання за звичайних умов; придбання за умови відстрочки платежу; одержання у фінансову оренду; створення підприємством.

Проведено порівняння різних аспектів оцінки інвестиційної нерухомості за справедливою та залишковою вартістю при надходженні інвестиційної нерухомості на підприємство, при проведенні переоцінки, при нарахуванні амортизації, при зміні методу оцінки.

Узагальнено інформацію, що відображається на субрахунку 100 «Інвестиційна нерухомість».

Визначені обов'язки структурних підрозділів та посадових осіб підприємства щодо аналізу інвестиційно нерухомості, зокрема бухгалтерії, управління планування та логістики, господарського відділу, фінансового директора, планово-економічного відділу, ревізійної комісії.

Констатовано, що інвестиційна нерухомість є важливим об'єктом обліку. Основні засоби визнаються об'єктом інвестиційної нерухомості, якщо вони використовуються виключно з метою отримання орендної плати (від операційної оренди) та/або для збільшення власного капіталу. Поділ нерухомості на операційну та інвестиційну має відбуватися залежно від того, з якою метою її планують використовувати у майбутньому.

Ключові слова: інвестиційна нерухомість; бухгалтерський облік; оцінка інвестиційної нерухомості; первісна вартість; залишкова вартість; аналіз інвестиційної нерухомості.

Formulation of scientific problem and its significance

Financial accounting in Ukraine is under the influence of the gradual implementation of international financial reporting standards (hereinafter - IFRS), the prerequisite of which is the availability of a modern theoretical, organizational and methodological basis for such reform [1]. The practice of introducing international approaches to the organization and methodology of financial accounting includes, among other things, understanding of new accounting concepts, principles and mechanisms that take place in national accounting regulations (standards) compiled on the basis of IFRS. In 2008, one of these concepts became the concept of «investment real estate», which includes, in particular, real estate intended for rental.

Analysis of recent publications

The issues of accounting and analysis of investment real estate arouse scientific interest in the works of many domestic scientists, such as Bohutska L. T., Chudovets V. V., Suprunova I. V., Ivanchenkova L. V., Lahodienko N. V., Uzhva A. M., Serova I. A. However, certain aspects remain insufficiently explored, necessitating further investigation.

The aim of the study

The purpose of the article is to systematize and generalize the theoretical and methodical aspects of investment real estate accounting.

Presenting main material

Methodological principles of formation of information about investment real estate in accounting and its disclosure in financial reporting are determined by the National Accounting Standard 32 «Investment real estate» [2] (hereinafter - NAS 32).

Investment real estate is defined as «land plots, buildings, structures located on the land, owned or leased under the terms of a financial lease, held for the purpose of receiving rental payments and/or increasing equity, and not for the production and supply of goods, provision of services, administrative purposes or sale in the course of ordinary activity» [2].

An enterprise that owns and disposes of investment real estate objects must reflect the approaches to their accounting in the accounting policy order.

According to Bohutska L. T., the components of the accounting policy for investment real estate include two groups of indicators:

1) Organizational (selection of the organizational form of accounting; definition of authority and responsibility for organizing the accounting of investment property by the manager and chief accountant; list of authorized signatories; list of accountable individuals with job descriptions; list and composition of reporting items to be provided to users based on investment property transactions during the reporting period).

2) Methodological (criteria for classifying objects as investment property; categories of investment property; main criteria for distinguishing investment property from operational property; initial valuation of investment property objects; selection of valuation method for investment property on the balance sheet date; depreciation policy for investment property objects; range of useful life terms for investment property; chart of accounts specifically related to investment property objects; document flow schedule and list of primary documents for the accounting of investment property; provisions on the organization of inventory work for investment property objects) [4, pp. 65-66; 8, p. 9].

The method of organizing management accounting of transactions with investment real estate requires separate coverage, which includes: analysis of the dynamics, composition and structure, efficiency of the use of non-current assets (mechanism for the selection of investment real estate objects from non-current assets available at the enterprise that are inefficiently used); analysis of the feasibility of purchasing investment real estate (at the same time, the financial capabilities of the business entity should be taken into account, other ways of acquiring the investment real estate object at the enterprise should be considered); analysis of the dynamics, composition and structure of investment real estate; study of the technical condition of investment real estate objects and methods of their renewal; determination of efficiency indicators of investment real estate use and development of proposals for the future [4, pp. 65-66].

The presence of the specified indicators in the order on the accounting policy will protect the enterprise from distortion of the information provided in the financial reporting indicators and provide users with quality information.

The criteria for recognizing investment real estate do not differ significantly from the criteria defined for other types of company assets and provide that «investment real estate is recognized as an asset if there is a possibility that the company will receive economic benefits from its use in the future in the form of rental payments and/or an increase equity, and its original value can be reliably determined» [2]. A specific feature of investment real estate is the generation of cash flows mainly independently of other assets of the enterprise [6, p. 274].

Recognition of investment property on the balance sheet is done at its initial cost, which is determined depending on the method of its acquisition by the enterprise (see Figure 1).

Fig. 1 Determination of the initial value of investment real estate in accordance with NAS 32 [2; 6, p. 275; 7]

As of the balance sheet date, investment real estate can be valued according to one of two methods: 1) at original cost, which is reduced by the amount of accrued depreciation and loss of usefulness of investment real estate; 2) at fair value (Fig. 2). The selected approach is used to evaluate all similar objects.

Fig. 2 Valuation of investment real estate in accounting [5, p. 214]

Suprunova I. V. considered the main differences in the assessment of investment real estate at fair and original value, reduced by the amount of accrued depreciation, taking into account losses from impairment and benefits from its restoration. Let's consider the most significant features (Table 1).

Table 1

Comparison of various aspects of investment real estate valuation at fair and residual value [6, pp. 279-280]

Application feature

Valuation at fair value

Valuation at residual value

Note

income to the enterprise/ crediting to the balance sheet

Provided that it can be reliably determined

In case of impossibility of determining the fair value of investment real estate

The selected approach is applied to the evaluation of all similar objects of the investment real estate

Carrying out revaluation

Not conducted

Not conducted

-

Calculation of depreciation (depreciation)

Not conducted. The change in the market price can give an indirect assessment of the wear object

It is carried out in accordance with National Accounting Standard 7 «Fixed assets»

The liquidation value of investment real estate is equal to zero

The possibility of changing the valuation method (from fair value to residual value and vice versa)

The priority is valuation at fair value, but there is a transition to valuation at original cost

Transition to fair value assessment is foreseen

NAS 32 is limited to the requirement to indicate in the notes the reason for the transition from valuation at fair value to valuation at residual value

Accounting for the availability and movement of investment real estate objects is kept on subaccount 100 «Investment real estate». Business operations reflected in subaccount 100 are summarized in Table 2.

Table 2

Information displayed on subaccount 100 «Investment real estate» [8, pp. 9-10]

By debit

On credit

- availability and receipt of

investment real estate objects;

- transfer of other assets to investment real estate;

- profit from the change in fair value (if accounting for investment real estate is carried out at fair value);

- benefits from restoring the usefulness of investment real estate objects (if accounting is carried out at original cost);

- expenses related to

modernization, modification, completion, retrofitting, reconstruction of investment real estate, which lead to an increase in future expected benefits originally expected from its use

- disposal of investment real estate,

- transfer of investment real estate to other assets;

- loss from a change in fair value (if accounting for investment real estate is carried out at fair value);

- losses from impairment of investment real estate objects (if accounting is carried out at original cost)

In general, the synthetic accounting of investment real estate is similar to the accounting of fixed assets (taking into account the use of specific sub-accounts 100 «Investment real estate», 135 «Depreciation of investment real estate»). An essential difference in the methodology of investment property accounting is that it can be revalued by the accountant, whereas the revaluation of fixed assets requires a professional appraiser [5, p. 214].

Proper organization of investment property analysis and highquality accounting and analytical support are prerequisites and the foundation for the successful functioning of any business entity. Table 3 summarizes the responsibilities of the structural divisions of enterprises that can participate in the analysis of investment real estate and are part of the structure of almost every enterprise.

Table 3

Duties of structural subdivisions of enterprises regarding the analysis of investment real estate [9, p. 116]

Unit

Responsibilities for analysis of investment real estate

Accounting

Reliable accounting of investment real estate: reliable registration of economic transactions regarding the movement of investment real estate; formation of account correspondence; compliance with the requirements of normative legal acts regarding the accounting of investment real estate; control of the cost of selling investment real estate; control over the status of payments for rental or sale of investment real estate; analysis of the volume and composition of investment real estate; analysis of reporting in the part of investment real estate

Department of Planning and Logistics, Economic Department

Preparation of forecasts for the purchase, lease and sale of investment real estate; planning of costs for maintenance of the investment real estate, the cost of its sale; analysis of the impact of the development of science and technology on investment real estate and determination of the degree of moral wear; market analysis and search for customers ready to rent investment real estate; analysis of consumer requirements of clients for the quality of investment real estate; analysis of the fulfillment of contractual lease obligations; analysis and control of completeness and timeliness of return of investment real estate objects from tenants; analysis of investment real estate, in terms of providing data on timely and high-quality repairs and improvements of objects before their transfer to investment real estate; analysis of the implementation of the schedule of improvements and repairs of investment real estate; analysis of the age structure of assets that are recognized as investment real estate

CFO

Analysis of documents from the registration of investment real estate for the subject of correctness of filling, legal literacy in the design and compliance of the document with the essence of the transaction with investment real estate; assessment of violations of contractual obligations to lease investment real estate and development of fines

Planning and Economic Department

Development of measures aimed at the rational organization of the analysis of transactions with investment real estate; determination of the volumes of investment real estate, at which: a) break-even operation is ensured, b) the level of risk of the enterprise becoming bankrupt is of critical importance for the existence of the enterprise as an economic unit, c) maximum profitability is ensured;

analysis of the composition and structure of investment real estate; analysis of the dynamics and movement of investment real estate; evaluation of the effectiveness of the management of investment real estate; identification of negative and positive causes and trends of changes in the investment real estate

Audit Commission

Control over the state of the investment real estate and compliance with the conditions of recognition of the investment real estate; assessment of the correctness of accounting records, inventory results; evaluation of the method of analysis of investment real estate, etc.

Internal subjects of the analysis of investment real estate will conduct the analysis in the most qualitative way if they are directly interested in the activity and development of the enterprise.

Conclusions

Investment property is a significant object of accounting. Fixed assets are recognized as investment property objects if they are exclusively used for generating rental income (from operational leasing) and/or for increasing owner's equity. The classification of property into operational and investment categories should be determined based on the intended purpose for future use.

Література

1. Про бухгалтерський облік та фінансову звітність в Україні: Закон України від 16 липня 1999 року № 998-XIV. Дата оновлення: 19.07.2022 року. URL: http://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/996-14#Text (дата звернення: 01.06.2023).

2. Національне положення (стандарт) бухгалтерського обліку 32 «Інвестиційна нерухомість»: наказ Міністерства фінансів України від 02.07.2007 р. № 779. Дата оновлення: 09.07.2022 р. URL: http://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/z0823-07#Text (дата звернення: 01.06.2023).

3. Інструкція про застосування Плану рахунків бухгалтерського обліку активів, капіталу, зобов'язань і господарських операцій підприємств і організацій: наказ Міністерства фінансів України від 30 листопада 1999 р. № 291. Дата оновлення: 26.05.2022 р. URL: http://zakon0.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/z0893-99 (дата звернення: 01.06.2023).

4. Богуцька Л. Е. Інвестиційна нерухомість як об'єкт облікової політики підприємства. Науковий вісник Ужгородського університету. Сер. Економіка. 201 5. Вип. 1(45). Т. 2. С. 64-67. URL: http://www.visnyk-ekon-old.uzhnu.edu.ua/images/pubs/45/2/45_2_064-067_Богуцька.pdf (дата звернення: 01.06.2023).

5. Іванченкова Л. В., Лагодієнко Н. В., Ужва А. М., Сєрова І. А. Теоретикометодичні аспекти обліку інвестиційної нерухомості. Вісник Хмельницького національного університету. Сер. Економічні науки. 2022. № 2 (304). Т. 1. С. 211-216. URL: https://doi.org/10.31891/2307-5740-2022-304-2d )-30 (дата звернення: 01.06.2023).

6. Супрунова І. В. Визнання та оцінка інвестиційної нерухомості в бухгалтерському обліку. Проблеми теорії та методології бухгалтерського обліку, контролю і аналізу: міжнародний збірник наукових праць. 2010. Вип. 1 (16). С. 273283. URL: http://eztuir.ztu.edu.ua/bitstream/handle/123456789/5133/29.pdf?sequence=1&isAll owed=y (дата звернення: 01.06.2023).

7. Національне положення (стандарт) бухгалтерського обліку 14 «Оренда»: наказ Міністерства фінансів України від 28.07.2000 р. № 81. Дата оновлення: 19.01.2023 р. URL: http://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/z0487-00#top (дата звернення: 01.06.2023).

8. Бондар М. І., Бондар Т. А. Відображення інвестиційної нерухомості в поточному обліку. Інвестиції: практика та досвід: журнал. 2008. № 21. С. 9-14. URL: http://www.investplan.com.ua/pdf/21_2009/5.pdf (дата звернення: 01.06.2023).

9. Карпенко Є. А., Шаяхметова К. О. Організаційні аспекти аналізу інвестиційної нерухомості. Розвиток фінансового ринку в Україні: загрози, проблеми та перспективи: матеріали ІІІ Міжнар. наук.-практ. конф., 27 жовтня 2021 р. Полтава: Нац. ун-т ім. Юрія Кондратюка, 2021. С. 115-116. URL: http://reposit.nupp.edu.ua/bitstream/PoltNTU/9968/1 /zbirnikmaterialiv_Карпенко.pdf (дата звернення: 01.06.2023).

References

1. Pro bukhhalterskyi oblik ta finansovu zvitnist v Ukraini: Zakon Ukrainy vid 16 lypnia 1999 roku № 998-XIV. Data onovlennia: 19.07.2022 roku. URL: http://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/996-14#Text (data zvernennia: 01.06.2023).

2. Natsionalne polozhennia (standart) bukhhalterskoho obliku 32 «Investytsiina nerukhomist»: nakaz Ministerstva finansiv Ukrainy vid 02.07.2007 r. № 779. Data onovlennia: 09.07.2022 r. URL: http://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/z0823-07#Text (data zvernennia: 01.06.2023).

3. Instruktsiia pro zastosuvannia Planu rakhunkiv bukhhalterskoho obliku aktyviv, kapitalu, zoboviazan i hospodarskykh operatsii pidpryiemstv i orhanizatsii: nakaz Ministerstva finansiv Ukrainy vid 30 lystopada 1999 r. № 291. Data onovlennia: 26.05.2022 r. URL: http://zakon0.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/z0893-99 (data zvernennia: 01.06.2023).

4. Bohutska L. E. Investytsiina nerukhomist yak obiekt oblikovoi polityky pidpryiemstva. Naukovyi visnyk Uzhhorodskoho universytetu. Ser. Ekonomika. 2015. Vyp. 1(45). T. 2.

5. 64-67. URL: http://www.visnyk-ekon-old.uzhnu.edu.ua/images/pubs/45/2/45_2_064-067_Bohutska.pdf (data zvernennia: 01.06.2023). 5. Ivanchenkova L. V., Lahodiienko N. V., Uzhva A. M., Sierova I. A. Teoretyko-metodychni aspekty obliku investytsiinoi nerukhomosti. Visnyk Khmelnytskoho natsionalnoho universytetu. Ser. Ekonomichni nauky. 2022. № 2 (304). T. 1. S. 211-216. URL: https://doi.org/10.31891/2307-5740-2022-304-2(1)-30 (data zvernennia: 01.06.2023).

6. Suprunova I. V. Vyznannia ta otsinka investytsiinoi nerukhomosti v bukhhalterskomu obliku. Problemy teorii ta metodolohii bukhhalterskoho obliku, kontroliu i analizu: mizhnarodnyi zbirnyk naukovykh prats. 2010. Vyp. 1 (16). S. 273-283. URL: http://eztuir.ztu.edu.ua/bitstream/handle/123456789/5133/29.pdf?sequence=1&isAll owed=y (data zvernennia: 01.06.2023).

7. Natsionalne polozhennia (standart) bukhhalterskoho obliku 14 «Orenda»: nakaz Ministerstva finansiv Ukrainy vid 28.07.2000 r. № 81. Data onovlennia: 19.01.2023 r. URL: http://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/z0487-00#top (data zvernennia: 01.06.2023).

8. Bondar M. I., Bondar T. A. Vidobrazhennia investytsiinoi nerukhomosti v potochnomu obliku. Investytsii: praktyka ta dosvid: zhurnal. 2008. № 21. S. 9-14. URL: http://www.investplan.com.ua/pdf/21_2009/5.pdf (data zvernennia: 01.06.2023).

9. Karpenko Ye. A., Shaiakhmetova K. O. Orhanizatsiini aspekty analizu investytsiinoi nerukhomosti. Rozvytok finansovoho rynku v Ukraini: zahrozy, problemy ta perspektyvy: materialy III Mizhnar. nauk.-prakt. konf., 27 zhovtnia 2021 r. Poltava: Nats. un-t im. Yuriia Kondratiuka, 2021. S. 115-116. URL: http://reposit.nupp.edu.ua/bitstream/PoltNTU/9968/1/zbirnikmaterialiv_Karpenko.pdf (data zvernennia: 01.06.2023).

Размещено на Allbest.ru

...

Подобные документы

  • Under an obligation to present her. Is responsibility which for her presentation. Legislative norms. Pluses and minuses of the electronic accounting. List of obliged. Ministry of finance about the fiscal accounting. Order of presentation. Responsibility.

    реферат [20,5 K], добавлен 02.11.2010

  • Definition and subject of managerial accounting. General characteristic and main indicators of activity of JSC "Milland". The analysis of efficiency of managerial accounting in JSC "Milland" and its influence on adoption of administrative decisions.

    курсовая работа [33,8 K], добавлен 12.09.2014

  • Принципы формирования финансовой отчетности. Характеристика структуры отчетов о совокупном годовом доходе, о движении денег и о собственном капитале компании ТОО "Real Price". Анализ и оценка текущих активов, ликвидности, платежеспособности, доходов.

    дипломная работа [168,1 K], добавлен 29.04.2014

  • Aspects of the concept and of consolidated financial statements. Procedure for consolidation. Development of methodological recommendations on the formation of the consolidated accounts. Automating the process of consolidated financial statements.

    реферат [43,7 K], добавлен 09.10.2012

  • Theoretical aspects of investment climate in Ukraine. The essence of investment climate. Factors that forming investment climate. Dynamics of foreign direct investment (FDI) in Ukraine. Ways of improving the mechanism of attracting foreign investment.

    курсовая работа [155,2 K], добавлен 19.05.2016

  • Investments as an economic category, and their role in the development of macro- and microeconomics. Classification of investments and their structure. Investment activity and policy in Kazakhstan: trends and priorities. Foreign investment by industry.

    курсовая работа [38,8 K], добавлен 05.05.2014

  • Задачи маркетинга в сфере коммерческой недвижимости. Проблемы компаний на рынке недвижимости. Анализ работы отдела маркетинга и рекламы ООО "Imagine Estate". Характеристика специфики маркетинговых коммуникаций на всех этапах жизненного цикла объекта.

    курсовая работа [561,3 K], добавлен 07.03.2015

  • Initial data for the term paper performance. Order of carrying out calculations. Analyze uncompensated system. Synthesize the real PD-compensator ( ) which would guarantee desired phase margin at gain crossover frequency . Analyze compensated system.

    курсовая работа [658,7 K], добавлен 20.08.2012

  • Standards of bank service, accepted in European Union. Directives, regulative accounting of commercial objects. Models of measuring of risks. Principles of Advice of Accounting Standards. A place of banks of Poland is in international surroundings.

    реферат [18,0 K], добавлен 04.07.2009

  • А real haunted house is a place that hides many secrets of good and evil, of morality and crimes. Human beings are unable to understand these phenomena because they don't want to accept things that frighten them.

    топик [7,9 K], добавлен 09.12.2004

  • Potential investor - Coffee Day Holdings. Characterization of the investment object. General characteristics of the country's investment. Business conditions in the UK and promising markets. The factors that provide competitive advantages to firms.

    бизнес-план [24,4 K], добавлен 12.01.2012

  • Government’s export promotion policy. Georgian export promotion agency. Foreign investment promotion. Government’s foreign investment promotion policy. Foreign investment advisory council. Taxation system and tax rates in Georgia.

    курсовая работа [644,0 K], добавлен 24.08.2005

  • Selected aspects of stimulation of scientific thinking. Meta-skills. Methods of critical and creative thinking. Analysis of the decision-making methods without use of numerical values of probability (exemplificative of the investment projects).

    аттестационная работа [196,7 K], добавлен 15.10.2008

  • The pillars of any degree of comparison. Morphological composition of the adjectives. An introduction on degrees of comparison. Development and stylistic potential of degrees of comparison. General notes on comparative analysis. Contrastive linguistics.

    курсовая работа [182,5 K], добавлен 23.12.2014

  • Consideration of the nature of the business. Definition of basic forms and principles of its organization. Provide basic information on marketing and personnel management. Accounting organization in the enterprise. Basics of international trade.

    учебное пособие [36,1 K], добавлен 24.03.2011

  • Сharacteristics of the current state of agriculture in Ukraine, including an analysis of its potential, problems and prospects of development. Description of major agricultural equipment used in Ukraine. Features of investment in agriculture in Ukraine.

    реферат [23,8 K], добавлен 28.06.2010

  • Fisher Separation Theorem. Consumption Vs. Investment. Utility Analysis. Indifference Curves. The satisfaction levels. Indifference Curves and Trade Off between Present and Future Consumptions. Marginal Rate of Substitution. Capital Market Line.

    презентация [1,5 M], добавлен 22.06.2015

  • Strategy of foreign capital regulation in Russia. Russian position in the world market of investments. Problems of foreign investments attraction. Types of measures for attraction of investments. Main aspects of foreign investments attraction policy.

    реферат [20,8 K], добавлен 16.05.2011

  • Analysis of the causes of the disintegration of Ukraine and Russia and the Association of Ukraine with the European Union. Reducing trade barriers, reform and the involvement of Ukraine in the international network by attracting foreign investment.

    статья [35,7 K], добавлен 19.09.2017

  • The economic benefits to the recipient countries by providing capital, foreign exchange. The question of potential causality between foreign debt and domestic savings in the context of the Kyrgyz Republic. The problem of tracking new private businesses.

    реферат [26,7 K], добавлен 28.01.2014

Работы в архивах красиво оформлены согласно требованиям ВУЗов и содержат рисунки, диаграммы, формулы и т.д.
PPT, PPTX и PDF-файлы представлены только в архивах.
Рекомендуем скачать работу.