Eye-movements during reading in children with hearing loss
Consider moderate amounts of research describing the reading process in children with dyslexia and adults with aphasia or groups with other speech disorders.Study of highly developed peripheral vision. The essence of design, stimuli, visual search task.
| Рубрика | Биология и естествознание |
| Вид | дипломная работа |
| Язык | английский |
| Дата добавления | 17.07.2020 |
| Размер файла | 1,6 M |
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As for Raven's Colored Progressive Matrices, two our participants who completed the test had normal nonverbal intelligence. Both of them had the results even higher than the average value for their age. Our first participant, a 8-years-old girl got 32 points, while the average value for typically developing children between 8.5 and 9-years-old is 26 right answers (range: 18 - 34). Second participant who completed the test is 9-years-old girl. She got 35 points her results are also higher than the average value for children between 9 and 10 years old (average = 29, range 20 - 35).
This combination of high results for Raven's Colored Progressive Matrices and extremely low results of vocabulary test for children with hearing loss demonstrates that children with hearing loss have nonverbal intelligence on the same level as typically developing children at the same age. It means that the results of vocabulary test do not come from lower nonverbal intelligence. Children with hearing loss do not have enough practice in Russian language and reading experience. In addition, it is important to remember that for RSL-speakers Russian is a foreign language. This could be the reason why they do not know so many words as their peers.
Despite lower vocabulary scores, children with hearing loss got surprisingly high comprehension score in the reading task. Their comprehension response accuracy reached 87%. It seems that our sample of children with hearing loss consists of efficient readers: they have good reading speed and quite good accuracy compared to the control group of typically developing hearing children.
Conclusion
The main goal of this study was to collect the data of eye-movements during reading in children with hearing loss and to compare their eye-movements patterns during reading to those of typically developing children without hearing loss and to those of the group of children with diagnosed dyslexia. Additionally, we collected the data for vocabulary test, IQ test based on Raven's Colored Progressive Matrices and an eye-tracking experiment with a visual search task targeting peripheral vision. We collected this data only for children with hearing loss, but due to the pandemic restrictions we are unable to provide results for all of these tests.
As we expected, children with hearing loss had low Russian vocabulary level. However, high nonverbal intelligence excludes all other possible reasons of low vocabulary level except one. Children with hearing loss read in a foreign language. As it was mentioned before, sign languages and spoken ones have completely different structure and grammar. Therefore, we can conclude, that low vocabulary level is caused by the lack of experience in Russian language.
When it comes to the eye-tracking data, we expected that the reading level of children with hearing loss will be close to that of the control group of hearing efficient children due to the highly developed peripheral vision of the former group. At the same time, we predicted that their reading comprehension may be lower than for typically developing children, but close to or on the same level as in children with dyslexia. Our first results confirmed our hypothesis: developed peripheral vision and greater parafoveal preview appears to allow children with hearing loss to catch up and even outperform in reading speed with the children without hearing loss and reading disorders. These skills also give them certain advantages, in particular, children with hearing loss have higher probability of skipping a word and a lower probability of fixating a word more than once. These patterns are quite noteworthy, as they characterize children with hearing loss as proficient readers. On top of that, children with hearing loss got unexpectedly good results in comprehension question response accuracy compared to typically developing children without hearing loss and children with dyslexia. Both children with hearing loss and children with dyslexia had high accuracy levels.
Acknowledgments
Our study was supported by our colleagues from the Center for Language and Brain of National Research University `Higher School of Economics'. We thank Anastasiya Lopukhina (research fellow) and her students who collected the data for children with dyslexia and typically developing children without hearing loss and reading disorders.
We also thank Michael Mozgovoy (member of the head educational, research and methodological center for vocational rehabilitation of persons with disabilities of BMSTU) and his colleagues from Bauman Moscow State Technical University who helped us to communicate with the school for hearing impaired children for future collaboration.
References
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Appendix 1: Data for the other participants
Table A1. Hearing children and children with dyslexia
|
Hearing children |
Children with dyslexia |
|||||||||
|
ID |
Age |
Gender |
Grade |
Raven |
ID |
Age |
Gender |
Grade |
||
|
1 |
9 |
Female |
3 |
35 |
1 |
11 |
Male |
4 |
||
|
2 |
9 |
Female |
3 |
29 |
2 |
10 |
Male |
4 |
||
|
3 |
9 |
Female |
3 |
33 |
3 |
11 |
Male |
4 |
||
|
4 |
9 |
Male |
3 |
28 |
4 |
10 |
Male |
3 |
||
|
5 |
8 |
Male |
2 |
27 |
5 |
10 |
Female |
4 |
||
|
6 |
8 |
Female |
2 |
31 |
6 |
10 |
Female |
4 |
||
|
7 |
8 |
Male |
2 |
34 |
7 |
10 |
Male |
3 |
||
|
8 |
9 |
Male |
3 |
32 |
8 |
10 |
Male |
4 |
||
|
9 |
8 |
Female |
2 |
23 |
9 |
9 |
Female |
3 |
||
|
10 |
8 |
Female |
2 |
30 |
10 |
11 |
Female |
4 |
||
|
11 |
9 |
Male |
2 |
34 |
11 |
10 |
Male |
4 |
||
|
12 |
9 |
Female |
3 |
34 |
12 |
10 |
Male |
4 |
||
|
13 |
7 |
Female |
1 |
35 |
13 |
10 |
Male |
4 |
||
|
14 |
7 |
Male |
1 |
29 |
14 |
9 |
Male |
3 |
||
|
15 |
7 |
Male |
1 |
31 |
15 |
9 |
Female |
3 |
||
|
16 |
7 |
Female |
1 |
32 |
16 |
9 |
Male |
3 |
||
|
17 |
7 |
Female |
1 |
34 |
17 |
10 |
Male |
4 |
||
|
18 |
8 |
Male |
1 |
34 |
18 |
9 |
Female |
3 |
||
|
19 |
8 |
Male |
2 |
27 |
19 |
10 |
Male |
4 |
||
|
20 |
8 |
Male |
2 |
32 |
20 |
11 |
Male |
4 |
||
|
21 |
7 |
Female |
1 |
32 |
21 |
9 |
Female |
3 |
||
|
22 |
7 |
Male |
1 |
33 |
22 |
10 |
Male |
4 |
||
|
23 |
7 |
Female |
1 |
30 |
23 |
7 |
Male |
1 |
||
|
24 |
8 |
Female |
1 |
34 |
24 |
10 |
Female |
4 |
||
|
25 |
7 |
Male |
1 |
27 |
25 |
10 |
Female |
4 |
||
|
26 |
8 |
Male |
1 |
36 |
26 |
7 |
Male |
1 |
||
|
27 |
8 |
Male |
1 |
25 |
27 |
7 |
Male |
1 |
||
|
28 |
8 |
Male |
1 |
24 |
28 |
8 |
Female |
1 |
||
|
29 |
9 |
Male |
3 |
34 |
29 |
10 |
Male |
4 |
||
|
30 |
9 |
Female |
3 |
35 |
||||||
|
31 |
9 |
Male |
2 |
35 |
|
32 |
9 |
Female |
2 |
31 |
||||||
|
33 |
9 |
Male |
2 |
32 |
||||||
|
34 |
9 |
Female |
2 |
29 |
||||||
|
35 |
8 |
Male |
2 |
26 |
||||||
|
36 |
9 |
Female |
2 |
28 |
||||||
|
37 |
8 |
Female |
1 |
29 |
||||||
|
38 |
9 |
Female |
3 |
34 |
Размещено на http://www.allbest.ru/
Appendix 2: Stimuli
Table A2. Stimuli for the reading experiment
|
ID |
Sentence |
Question |
Right answer |
Wrong answer |
|
|
1 |
В каждом углу комнаты сидели по две кошки. |
Где сидели кошки? |
в комнате |
на улице |
|
|
2 |
Петя никак не мог доделать домашнюю работу. |
Кто не мог доделать домашнюю работу? |
Петя |
Коля |
|
|
3 |
Ей никак не суметь испечь такой торт самой. |
Что она может испечь? |
торт |
пирог |
|
|
4 |
У них был уютный, спокойный дом, крепкая семья. |
Они часто ругались? |
нет |
да |
|
|
5 |
Дорога вела в глухой лес, петляя по склонам. |
||||
|
6 |
Мне было лень идти сметать снег, лежавший на машине. |
||||
|
7 |
На кустах, росших по берегам реки, появились листочки. |
Где росли кусты? |
по берегам реки |
на берегу озера |
|
|
8 |
Обещают, что в этом году лето будет жарким. |
||||
|
9 |
Вдалеке за рекой виднелись крыши старинного замка. |
||||
|
10 |
Они заметили вагон красного цвета и переглянулись. |
Какого цвета был вагон? |
красный |
жёлтый |
|
|
11 |
В магазине Андрей купил молоко, сметану, творог. |
||||
|
12 |
От смерти его спасла собака, которая приносила ему еду. |
||||
|
13 |
В воскресенье вся дружная семья поехала на дачу. |
Когда семья поехала на дачу? |
в воскресенье |
в субботу |
|
|
14 |
Причиной аварии был мобильный телефон, который отвлекал водителя. |
||||
|
15 |
Они зашли к маминой подруге, которая жила рядом. |
||||
|
16 |
Старые ступеньки лестницы скрипели и выглядели ненадежными. |
Лестница была новая? |
нет |
да |
|
|
17 |
С самой первой страницы история захватывает читателя. |
История интересная? |
да |
нет |
|
|
18 |
В вопросе командира ясно слышался упрек солдату. |
||||
|
19 |
Среди всякого сора девочка нашла разноцветные камушки. |
||||
|
20 |
Я увидел осу, летавшую вперед и назад по комнате. |
Кто летал по комнате? |
оса |
муха |
|
|
21 |
Я купил специальную мазь, которая помогает при ожогах. |
||||
|
22 |
Недалеко был сложен стог сена, рядом стояли грабли. |
||||
|
23 |
Коробку с подарками украшал бант огромного размера. |
Где был бант? |
на коробке с подарками |
на коробке с призами |
|
|
24 |
В доме лесника охотники нашли крупу, сухари и спички. |
||||
|
25 |
Перед поворотом мопед затормозил и остановился. |
||||
|
26 |
В грязной воде микробы размножаются особенно быстро. |
||||
|
27 |
Брошенный мальчиком снежок попал в окно второго этажа. |
В окно какого этажа попал мальчик? |
второго |
первого |
|
|
28 |
Я отдал последнюю монету, найденную в кармане. |
||||
|
29 |
Девочка никак не могла вынуть соринку, попавшую в глаз. |
||||
|
30 |
Чтобы было удобнее, поправь ремешок своего рюкзака. |
||||
|
31 |
Сломанную вчера розетку сумел починить только электрик. |
||||
|
32 |
Вася любил сгущенку, особенно с чаем. |
Что любил Вася есть с чаем? |
сгущенку |
конфеты |
|
|
33 |
На диване лежало покрывало ярко-зеленого цвета. |
Appendix 3: Reading experiment results
This is a comparison of eye movements in children with hearing loss and typically developing children without hearing loss and reading disorders.
Table A3. Landing position
|
Predictors |
Estimates |
CI |
p |
|
|
(Intercept) |
0.44 |
0.35 - 0.54 |
<0.001 |
|
|
Group |
-0.01 |
-0.09 - 0.08 |
0.908 |
|
|
Frequency |
0.00 |
-0.00 - 0.00 |
0.127 |
|
|
next.freq |
0.00 |
-0.00 - 0.00 |
0.296 |
|
|
prev.freq |
-0.00 |
-0.00 - -0.00 |
0.023 |
|
|
word.length |
-0.02 |
-0.02 - -0.01 |
<0.001 |
|
|
POS [ADV] |
0.02 |
-0.06 - 0.11 |
0.557 |
|
|
POS [FUNCTION] |
-0.04 |
-0.14 - 0.06 |
0.423 |
|
|
POS [NOUN] |
0.02 |
-0.03 - 0.06 |
0.500 |
|
|
POS [PRONOUN] |
0.00 |
-0.07 - 0.08 |
0.936 |
|
|
POS [VERB] |
0.02 |
-0.03 - 0.07 |
0.462 |
|
|
Ambig |
0.01 |
-0.02 - 0.05 |
0.406 |
|
|
base.form |
0.00 |
-0.04 - 0.05 |
0.909 |
|
|
group * frequency |
0.00 |
-0.00 - 0.00 |
0.052 |
|
|
group * next.freq |
0.00 |
-0.00 - 0.00 |
0.268 |
|
|
group * prev.freq |
0.00 |
-0.00 - 0.00 |
0.110 |
|
|
group * word.length |
0.01 |
-0.00 - 0.01 |
0.105 |
|
|
group * POS [ADV] |
0.02 |
-0.06 - 0.09 |
0.692 |
|
|
group * POS [FUNCTION] |
-0.07 |
-0.16 - 0.03 |
0.177 |
|
|
group * POS [NOUN] |
0.01 |
-0.03 - 0.05 |
0.572 |
|
|
group * POS [PRONOUN] |
0.01 |
-0.06 - 0.08 |
0.770 |
|
|
group * POS [VERB] |
0.01 |
-0.04 - 0.05 |
0.742 |
|
|
group * ambig |
0.02 |
-0.02 - 0.05 |
0.330 |
|
|
group * base.form |
-0.01 |
-0.05 - 0.03 |
0.650 |
|
|
RandomEffects |
||||
|
у2 |
0.08 |
|||
|
ф00 word.id |
0.00 |
|||
|
ф00 DATA_FILE |
0.01 |
|||
|
ф00 item.id |
0.00 |
|||
|
N word.id |
127 |
|||
|
N DATA_FILE |
41 |
|||
|
N item.id |
30 |
|||
|
Observations |
5223 |
|||
|
Marginal R2 / Conditional R2 |
0.059 / NA |
able A4. Fixation count
|
Predictors |
Estimates |
CI |
p |
|
|
(Intercept) |
0.96 |
-0.00 - 1.92 |
0.050 |
|
|
Group |
-0.14 |
-0.90 - 0.62 |
0.713 |
|
|
Frequency |
-0.00 |
-0.00 - 0.00 |
0.604 |
|
|
next.freq |
-0.00 |
-0.00 - 0.00 |
0.823 |
|
|
prev.freq |
0.00 |
-0.00 - 0.00 |
0.170 |
|
|
word.length |
0.32 |
0.24 - 0.40 |
<0.001 |
|
|
POS [ADV] |
0.03 |
-0.80 - 0.85 |
0.952 |
|
|
POS [FUNCTION] |
-0.39 |
-1.32 - 0.53 |
0.405 |
|
|
POS [NOUN] |
0.13 |
-0.32 - 0.59 |
0.560 |
|
|
POS [PRONOUN] |
0.22 |
-0.53 - 0.97 |
0.563 |
|
|
POS [VERB] |
-0.00 |
-0.48 - 0.48 |
0.992 |
|
|
Ambig |
-0.06 |
-0.41 - 0.29 |
0.727 |
|
|
base.form |
-0.05 |
-0.48 - 0.38 |
0.823 |
|
|
group * frequency |
0.00 |
-0.00 - 0.00 |
0.635 |
|
|
group * next.freq |
-0.00 |
-0.00 - 0.00 |
0.095 |
|
|
group * prev.freq |
-0.00 |
-0.00 - 0.00 |
0.808 |
|
|
group * word.length |
-0.09 |
-0.15 - -0.04 |
0.001 |
|
|
group * POS [ADV] |
0.26 |
-0.31 - 0.84 |
0.371 |
|
|
group * POS [FUNCTION] |
0.01 |
-0.61 - 0.63 |
0.984 |
|
|
group * POS [NOUN] |
0.07 |
-0.24 - 0.39 |
0.658 |
|
|
group * POS [PRONOUN] |
0.44 |
-0.09 - 0.97 |
0.102 |
|
|
group * POS [VERB] |
0.14 |
-0.20 - 0.48 |
0.421 |
|
|
group * ambig |
0.11 |
-0.14 - 0.36 |
0.379 |
|
|
group * base.form |
-0.12 |
-0.43 - 0.19 |
0.446 |
|
|
Random Effects |
||||
|
у2 |
42491 |
|||
|
ф00 word.id |
0.30 |
|||
|
ф00 DATA_FILE |
1.00 |
|||
|
ф00 item.id |
0.08 |
|||
|
ICC |
0.21 |
|||
|
N DATA_FILE |
41 |
|||
|
N word.id |
127 |
|||
|
N item.id |
30 |
|||
|
Observations |
5801 |
|||
|
Marginal R2 / Conditional R2 |
0.201 / 0.370 |
Table A5. Gaze duration
|
Predictors |
Estimates |
CI |
p |
|
|
(Intercept) |
24228 |
5.35 - 5.97 |
<0.001 |
|
|
group |
-0.08 |
-0.34 - 0.18 |
0.562 |
|
|
frequency |
-0.00 |
-0.00 - 0.00 |
0.558 |
|
|
next.freq |
-0.00 |
-0.00 - 0.00 |
0.785 |
|
|
prev.freq |
-0.00 |
-0.00 - 0.00 |
0.518 |
|
|
word.length |
0.07 |
0.05 - 0.09 |
<0.001 |
|
|
POS [ADV] |
-0.02 |
-0.26 - 0.23 |
0.897 |
|
|
POS [FUNCTION] |
-0.25 |
-0.55 - 0.05 |
0.098 |
|
|
POS [NOUN] |
-0.04 |
-0.17 - 0.09 |
0.548 |
|
|
POS [PRONOUN] |
-0.13 |
-0.35 - 0.10 |
0.271 |
|
|
POS [VERB] |
-0.08 |
-0.22 - 0.07 |
0.299 |
|
|
ambig |
-0.02 |
-0.12 - 0.09 |
0.725 |
|
|
base.form |
0.00 |
-0.13 - 0.14 |
0.943 |
|
|
group * frequency |
-0.00 |
-0.00 - 0.00 |
0.673 |
|
|
group * next.freq |
-0.00 |
-0.00 - 0.00 |
0.714 |
|
|
group * prev.freq |
0.00 |
-0.00 - 0.00 |
0.775 |
|
|
group * word.length |
-0.04 |
-0.06 - -0.02 |
<0.001 |
|
|
group * POS [ADV] |
-0.07 |
-0.24 - 0.11 |
0.475 |
|
|
group * POS [FUNCTION] |
-0.02 |
-0.25 - 0.21 |
0.867 |
|
|
group * POS [NOUN] |
-0.11 |
-0.21 - -0.01 |
0.025 |
|
|
group * POS [PRONOUN] |
-0.07 |
-0.23 - 0.10 |
0.413 |
|
|
group * POS [VERB] |
-0.06 |
-0.17 - 0.04 |
0.241 |
|
|
group * ambig |
0.01 |
-0.06 - 0.09 |
0.748 |
|
|
group * base.form |
0.02 |
-0.08 - 0.12 |
0.678 |
|
|
RandomEffects |
||||
|
у2 |
0.45 |
|||
|
ф00 word.id |
0.03 |
|||
|
ф00 DATA_FILE |
0.14 |
|||
|
ф00 item.id |
0.00 |
|||
|
ICC |
0.28 |
|||
|
N word.id |
127 |
|||
|
N DATA_FILE |
41 |
|||
|
N item.id |
30 |
|||
|
Observations |
5223 |
|||
|
Marginal R2 / Conditional R2 |
0.189 / 0.413 |
Table 6. First fixation duration
|
Predictors |
Estimates |
CI |
p |
|
|
(Intercept) |
286.01 |
186.15 - 385.87 |
<0.001 |
|
|
Group |
-2.32 |
-101.06 - 96.41 |
0.963 |
|
|
Frequency |
0.03 |
-0.26 - 0.33 |
0.825 |
|
|
next.freq |
0.06 |
-0.04 - 0.17 |
0.237 |
|
|
prev.freq |
-0.01 |
-0.14 - 0.11 |
0.814 |
|
|
word.length |
27791 |
-5.68 - 11.20 |
0.521 |
|
|
POS [ADV] |
-22.96 |
-106.98 - 61.06 |
0.592 |
|
|
POS [FUNCTION] |
-54.11 |
-161.89 - 53.68 |
0.325 |
|
|
POS [NOUN] |
20.36 |
-25.73 - 66.46 |
0.387 |
|
|
POS [PRONOUN] |
-8.50 |
-83.21 - 66.20 |
0.823 |
|
|
POS [VERB] |
-40.16 |
-90.39 - 10.07 |
0.117 |
|
|
Ambig |
-26.85 |
-63.98 - 10.28 |
0.156 |
|
|
base.form |
35.28 |
-12.42 - 82.97 |
0.147 |
|
|
group * frequency |
0.08 |
-0.21 - 0.36 |
0.610 |
|
|
group * next.freq |
0.04 |
-0.06 - 0.14 |
0.455 |
|
|
group * prev.freq |
0.01 |
-0.11 - 0.14 |
0.820 |
|
|
group * word.length |
-1.26 |
-9.56 - 7.04 |
0.766 |
|
|
group * POS [ADV] |
-30.51 |
-112.93 - 51.90 |
0.468 |
|
|
group * POS [FUNCTION] |
-21.52 |
-127.61 - 84.57 |
0.691 |
|
|
group * POS [NOUN] |
43282 |
-38.18 - 52.54 |
0.756 |
|
|
group * POS [PRONOUN] |
37.87 |
-35.56 - 111.30 |
0.312 |
|
|
group * POS [VERB] |
-30.92 |
-80.35 - 18.51 |
0.220 |
|
|
group * ambig |
-36.31 |
-72.87 - 0.26 |
0.052 |
|
|
group * base.form |
26.15 |
-20.92 - 73.21 |
0.276 |
|
|
RandomEffects |
||||
|
у2 |
49972.87 |
|||
|
ф00 word.id |
222.22 |
|||
|
ф00 DATA_FILE |
11686.59 |
|||
|
ф00 item.id |
0.00 |
|||
|
N word.id |
127 |
|||
|
N DATA_FILE |
41 |
|||
|
N item.id |
30 |
|||
|
Observations |
3427 |
|||
|
Marginal R2 / Conditional R2 |
0.016 / NA |
Table A7. Single fixation duration
|
Predictors |
Estimates |
CI |
p |
|
|
(Intercept) |
303.51 |
222.71 - 384.32 |
<0.001 |
|
|
Group |
-31.14 |
-109.18 - 46.91 |
0.434 |
|
|
Frequency |
-0.05 |
-0.24 - 0.13 |
0.578 |
|
|
next.freq |
-0.03 |
-0.12 - 0.06 |
0.494 |
|
|
prev.freq |
-0.00 |
-0.12 - 0.11 |
0.935 |
|
|
word.length |
0.28 |
-7.32 - 7.88 |
0.942 |
|
|
POS [ADV] |
-16.84 |
-89.93 - 56.26 |
0.652 |
|
|
POS [FUNCTION] |
-58.19 |
-149.12 - 32.74 |
0.210 |
|
|
POS [NOUN] |
-34.31 |
-74.49 - 5.87 |
0.094 |
|
|
POS [PRONOUN] |
-44.51 |
-113.85 - 24.83 |
0.208 |
|
|
POS [VERB] |
-42.29 |
-85.38 - 0.79 |
0.054 |
|
|
Ambig |
24807 |
-17.99 - 43.33 |
0.418 |
|
|
base.form |
41883 |
-29.66 - 47.95 |
0.644 |
|
|
group * frequency |
-0.05 |
-0.22 - 0.13 |
0.597 |
|
|
group * next.freq |
-0.00 |
-0.09 - 0.08 |
0.918 |
|
|
group * prev.freq |
0.06 |
-0.04 - 0.17 |
0.247 |
|
|
group * word.length |
-0.34 |
-7.65 - 6.97 |
0.927 |
|
|
group * POS [ADV] |
-48.89 |
-119.10 - 21.33 |
0.172 |
|
|
group * POS [FUNCTION] |
-50.73 |
-138.43 - 36.97 |
0.257 |
|
|
group * POS [NOUN] |
-37.91 |
-76.31 - 0.50 |
0.053 |
|
|
group * POS [PRONOUN] |
-69.63 |
-136.34 - -2.91 |
0.041 |
|
|
group * POS [VERB] |
-9.81 |
-51.08 - 31.46 |
0.641 |
|
|
group * ambig |
18.83 |
-10.34 - 48.01 |
0.206 |
|
|
group * base.form |
19.74 |
-17.61 - 57.10 |
0.300 |
|
|
RandomEffects |
||||
|
у2 |
30549.57 |
|||
|
ф00 word.id |
317.43 |
|||
|
ф00 DATA_FILE |
5237.22 |
|||
|
ф00 item.id |
133.38 |
|||
|
ICC |
0.16 |
|||
|
N word.id |
127 |
|||
|
N DATA_FILE |
41 |
|||
|
N item.id |
30 |
|||
|
Observations |
1796 |
|||
|
Marginal R2 / Conditional R2 |
0.034 / 0.185 |
Table A8. Total viewing time
|
Predictors |
Estimates |
CI |
p |
|
|
(Intercept) |
32264 |
5.54 - 6.22 |
<0.001 |
|
|
Group |
-0.28 |
-0.51 - -0.05 |
0.018 |
|
|
frequency |
-0.00 |
-0.00 - 0.00 |
0.209 |
|
|
next.freq |
0.00 |
-0.00 - 0.00 |
0.621 |
|
|
prev.freq |
0.00 |
-0.00 - 0.00 |
0.457 |
|
|
word.length |
0.11 |
0.08 - 0.14 |
<0.001 |
|
|
POS [ADV] |
-0.05 |
-0.30 - 0.21 |
0.715 |
|
|
POS [FUNCTION] |
-0.34 |
-0.64 - -0.05 |
0.022 |
|
|
POS [NOUN] |
0.01 |
-0.13 - 0.15 |
0.882 |
|
|
POS [PRONOUN] |
-0.09 |
-0.31 - 0.14 |
0.460 |
|
|
POS [VERB] |
-0.09 |
-0.23 - 0.06 |
0.258 |
|
|
Ambig |
-0.06 |
-0.17 - 0.05 |
0.280 |
|
|
base.form |
0.04 |
-0.09 - 0.17 |
0.523 |
|
|
RandomEffects |
||||
|
у2 |
0.34 |
|||
|
ф00 word.id |
0.05 |
|||
|
ф00 DATA_FILE |
0.20 |
|||
|
ф00 item.id |
0.01 |
|||
|
ICC |
0.43 |
|||
|
N word.id |
127 |
|||
|
N DATA_FILE |
41 |
|||
|
N item.id |
30 |
|||
|
Observations |
5223 |
|||
|
Marginal R2 / Conditional R2 |
0.217 / 0.556 |
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