Taxonomic analysis of the Cirsium Mill. genus in flora of Azerbaijan

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Institute of Botany Ministry of Science and Education Republic of Azerbaijan

Taxonomic analysis of the Cirsium Mill. genus in flora of Azerbaijan

Fatdayeva A.

Baku, Azerbaijan

Abstract

The main goal was a systematic analysis of the Cirsium Mill. genus (Asteraceae) in flora of Azerbaijan. Floristic-systematic, comparatively morphological, ecological and other methods were used. In addition, materials stored in the Herbarium Fund of the Botanical Institute of Ministry of Science and Education, Republic of Azerbaijan were studied related to this genus. As a result of the research, it was established that 31 species of the genus Cirsium Mill. are widespread in the flora of Azerbaijan.

Keywords: Cirsium, systematic analysis, flora.

Аннотация

Таксономический анализ рода Cirsium mill. во флоре Азербайджана

Фатдаева А. Х., Институт ботаники Министерства науки и образования Азербайджанской Республики, г. Баку, Азербайджан,

Астровые представлены примерно 1300 родами (20 000 видов) во всем мире. Во флоре Азербайджана это семейство представлено 125 родами, относящимися к 584 видам. Представителями семейства, с точки зрения жизненных форм, являются травы, полукустарники, кустарнички, иногда деревья. В умеренном климате представителями этого семейства являются в основном многолетние травы и кустарники.

Cirsium Mill., насчитывающий 250-300 многолетних, двулетних или однолетних видов в Евразии и Северной Америке. Этот род относится к трибе Cardueae, одной из крупнейших триб семейства астровых. Название Cirsium происходит от греческого “хирсос” (вздутая вена), что означает лекарственное применение растений этого рода.

Проведен систематический анализ рода Cirsium Mill. (Asteraceae) во флоре Азербайджана. Использовались флористически-систематические, сравнительноморфологические, экологические и другие методы. Кроме того, были изучены относящиеся к этому роду материалы, хранящиеся в Гербарном фонде Ботанического института Министерства науки и образования Азербайджанской Республики.

В результате проведенных исследований установлено, что во флоре Азербайджана распространен 31 вид рода Cirsium Mill.

Ключевые слова: бодяк, систематический анализ, флора.

Introduction

Asteraceae represented by about 1,300 genera (20,000 species) in worldwide. In flora of Azerbaijan this family represented by 125 genera belonging to 584 species. Representatives of the family, in terms of life forms, are herbs, subshrubs, shrubs, sometimes trees. In temperate climates, members of this family are primarily perennial herbs and shrubs.

Cirsium Mill., numbering 250-300 perennial, biennial or annual species in Eurasia and North America. This genus are members of the Cardueae tribe, one of the largest tribes in Asteraceae. The name of Cirsium comes from the Greek “khirsos” (swollen vein) which given for the medicinal use of plants of this genus. The first study of this genus was carried out in out in Prodromus Sytematis Naturalis by Candolle (1838). In Flora of Orientalis the species (74) of this genus was divided into 4 sections by E. Boisser (1875). In addition, 32 species (C. elodes M. Bieb., C. incanum (S. G. Gmel.) Fisch., C. szovitsii (K. Koch) Boiss., Cirsium tomentosum C. A. Mey., C. cosmelii (Ad) Petr., C. lappaceum (M. Bieb.) Fisch.), C. anatolicum (Petr.) Petr. ex Grossh., C. congestum Fisch. & C. A. Mey. ex DC., C. bracteosum DC., C. ciliatum (Murray) Moench, C. echinus (M. Bieb.) Hand.-Mazz., C. hygrophilum Boiss., C. macrobotrys (K. Koch) Boiss., C. osseticum (Adams) Petr., C. schelkownikowii Petr., C. strigosum (M. Bieb.) Fisch., 1812, C. subinerme Fisch. & C. A. Mey., C. vulgare (Savi) Ten., C. aduncum Fisch. & C. A. Mey. ex DC., C. arvense var. horridum Wimm. & Grab.) were given by A. L. Charadze (1961) in Flora of Azerbaijan and 31 species were given by A.M. Asgarov (2016) Flora of Azerbaijan (Table).

Table

In flora of Azerbaijan the genus of Cirsium is commonly known as the `gangal'. These species grow in different regions of the country and contain several geographical populations with great morphological and genetic variability. Cirsium (gangal) are one of the most taxonomically challenging groups of Asteraceae family in Azerbaijan. These taxonomic difficulties have been hypothesized to be the result of limited morphological differentiation, incipient speciation among taxa. Classification of the genus Cirsium Mill. according to the angiosperm phylogenetic groups (APG IV):

Regnum Plantae

Division Tracheophyta Class Magnoliopsida Ordo Asterales

Superordo Asteranae Familia Asteraceae Tribe Cardueae

Genus Cirsium Mill.

Cirsium Mill. Stems are erect, tall, branched. The leaves are glabrous or pubescent, usually covered with small spines or bristles on top. Flowers hermaphrodite, bisexual or unisexual, red, purple, pink, sometimes yellowish or almost white. The corolla is tubular-funnel-shaped, straight, deeply five-incised or dissected into five narrow segments. Stamens with pubescent filaments. Achenes obovoid-oblong, smooth, glabrous. Pappus plumose, usually deciduous bristles. Blooms in July-September. In the different botanical-geographical regions of Azerbaijan (mainly Guba, Shabran, Nakhchivan), this genus can be found from lowland to high-mountain zones, open forests, wet, damp places, river valleys and meadows.

Material and Methods

Plant materials were collected (2021-2022), during expeditions to the different regions of Azerbaijan. Also, the herbarium specimens stored in the Herbarium fond of the Institute of Botany, Ministry of Science and Education Republic of Azerbaijan were used in this study. Classic comparative morphological methods were used for identification of species [1-7].

Result and Discussion

When checking herbarium specimens in the Herbarium Fund of the Institute of Botany, Ministry of Science and Education Republic of Azerbaijan, it was established that there are 282 herbarium specimens of 20 species (C. aduncum Fisch. & C. A. Mey. ex DC., C. alatum (S. G. Gmel.) Bobrov (= C. elodes M. Bieb.), C. arvense (L.) Scop. (= C. incanum (S. G. Gmel.) Fisch.), C. bracteosum DC., C. canum (L.) All., C. ciliatum (Murray) Moench, C. ciliatum (Murray) Moench (= C. szovitsii (K. Koch) Boiss.), C. echinus (M. Bieb.) Hand.-Mazz., C. isophyllum (Petr.) Grossh. (= C. horridum (Adams) Petr. var. hypopolia Trautv.), C. isophyllum (Petr.) Grossh. (= Cirsium tomentosum C. A. Mey.), C. hygrophilum Boiss., C. kosmelii (Adams) Fisch. ex Hohen. (= C. cosmelii (Ad) Petr.), C. leucocephalum (Willd.) Spreng. (= C. anatolicum (Petr.) Petr. ex Grossh.), C. macrobotrys (K. Koch) Boiss., C. macrocephalum C. A. Mey., C. obvallatum (M. Bieb.) Fisch., C. osseticum (Adams) Petr., C. schelkownikowii Petr., C. sorocephalum Fisch. & C. A.Mey., C. strigosum (M. Bieb.) Fisch., 1812, C. subinerme Fisch. & C. A. Mey., C. vulgare (Savi) Ten., 1 subspecies -- C. leucocephalum subsp. penicillatum (K. Koch) Greuter of this genus. Some of these species, which described in the 8th volume of the “Flora of Azerbaijan” are currently synonymized based on the results of modern research (www.worldfloraonline.org, www.ipni.org, www.emplantbase. org):

C. alatum (S. G. Gmel.) Bobrov (= C. elodes M. Bieb.);

C. arvense (L.) Scop. (= C. incanum (S. G. Gmel.) Fisch.);

C. arvense (L.) Scop. (= C. arvense var. mite Wimm. & Grab.);

C. ciliatum (Murray) Moench (= C. szovitsii (K. Koch) Boiss.);

C. isophyllum (Petr.) Grossh. (= C. horridum (Adams) Petr. var. hypopolia Trautv.);

C. isophyllum (Petr.) Grossh. (= Cirsium tomentosum C. A. Mey.);

C. kosmelii (Adams) Fisch. ex Hohen. (= C. cosmelii (Ad) Petr.);

C. leucocephalum subsp. penicillatum (K. Koch) Greuter (= C. lappaceum (M. Bieb.) Fisch.);

C. leucocephalum (Willd.) Spreng. (= C. anatolicum (Petr.) Petr, ex Grossh.);

C. sorocephalum Fisch. & C. A. Mey. (= C. congestum Fisch. & C. A. Mey. ex DC.).

Cirsium Mill. (gangal) is widely used in both folk and traditional medicine as a plant that improves liver function and cleanses it. In addition, Cirsium cleanses the body of harmful substances and toxins, removes excess fluid, accelerates the breakdown of fats, and reduces appetite. This plant is used as a remedy for heart disease, joint disease, atherosclerosis, hepatitis, cholelithiasis, cholecystitis, colitis, haemorrhoids, gastric ulcer, skin diseases (such as psoriasis, eczema, acne), gynecological diseases, otitis, rectal fissures. An infusion, oil, and healing powder are prepared from Cirsium Mill. which are used for various skin wounds, burns and rectal fissures. flora asteraceae family azerbaijan cirsium

In addition, thistles are sources of food for bumblebees, hawk moths, flies, beetles, butterflies, and even hummingbirds. Thistles also provide important nesting resources for cavity -- nesting bees, and their seeds are sources of food for songbirds and small mammals.

References

1. Karyagin, I. I. (1961). Flora Azerbaidzhana. Baku, 175-617. (in Russian).

2. Komarov, V L. (1961). Flora SSSR. Leningrad. (in Russian).

3. Werner, K. (1976). Cirsium. Flora Europaea, 4, 232-242.

4. Bondarenko, S. V, Byalt, V. V, & Vasil'eva, I. M. (2012). Konspekt flory Kavkaza. St. Petersburg. (in Russian).

5. Askerov, A. M. (2016). Flora Azerbaidzhana. Baku, 374-375. (in Azerbaijani).

6. Melahat, O., Hayirlioglu-Ayaz, S., & Inceer, H. (2008). Chromosome counts of some Cirsium (Asteraceae, Cardueae) taxa from Turkey. Caryologia, 61(4), 375-382. https://doi.org/10.1080/00087114.2008.10589649

7. Yildiz, B., Arabaci, T., & Dirmenci, T. (2013). Two new species of Cirsium (Asteraceae) and notes on allies from Turkey. Turkish Journal of Botany, 37(6), 1045-1054. https://doi.org/10.3906/bot-1301-4

Список литературы

1. Карягин И. И. Флора Азербайджана. Баку, Т. 8. 1961. С. 175-617.

2. Комаров В. Л. Флора СССР. Л., Т. 26. 1961. 938 c.

3. Werner K. Cirsium // Flora Europaea. 1976. V. 4. P. 232-242.2.

4. Бондаренко С. В., Бялт В. В., Васильева И. М. Конспект флоры Кавказа. Т. 3 (2): в 3 т. СПб; М. Товарищество научных изданий КМК, 2012. 630 с.

5. 0sgarov A. M. Azarbaycan Florasi. Baki: TEAS Press, 2016. s.374-375

6. Melahat O., Hayirlioglu-Ayaz S., Inceer H. Chromosome counts of some Cirsium (Asteraceae, Cardueae) taxa from Turkey // Caryologia. 2008. V 61. №4. P. 375-382. https://doi.org/10.1080/00087114.2008.10589649

7. Yildiz B., Arabaci T., Dirmenci T. Two new species of Cirsium (Asteraceae) and notes on allies from Turkey // Turkish Journal of Botany. 2013. V 37. №6. P. 1045-1054. https://doi.org/10.3906/bot-1301-4

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