Transformations of identity of Ukrainian students in modern socio-cultural conditions

Размещено на http://www.allbest.ru/

Transformations of identity of Ukrainian students in modern socio-cultural conditions

(Shayner H.I., Lviv Polytechnic National University, Huk L.I., Lviv Polytechnic National University, Kosenko A.V., Yuriy Fedkovych Chernivtsi National University, Bezhenar I.V., Yuriy Fedkovych Chernivtsi National University)

Introduction

The purpose of the study is to determine the vectors of the transformation of the identity of Ukrainian students in modern socio-cultural conditions. The research was carried out using a set of mutually complementary methods that ensured the effectiveness and scientific reliability of the obtained results: analysis, systematization and comparison of the provisions of scientific literature - to reveal the state of the specified problem, clarify the essence and dynamics of the identity of Ukrainian students in the modern socio-cultural context, generalization and systematization - to substantiate the results and conclusions of the study. The scientific novelty is that, for the first time, an attempt has been made to analyze the changes in the formation of the identity of Ukrainian students in the modern socio-cultural context (for the period 2013-2023). It was concluded that the key factors in the formation and clear deep awareness of one's identity are such manifestations of culture as language, religion, art (literature, architecture, music, theater, cinema), national clothes, traditions, rituals and customs, as well as common political priorities , national idea, state symbols, national heroes, etc.

Student's identity is a complex psychological and socio-cultural phenomenon, the content of which determines a complex sensory-emotional and cognitive-rational awareness (and experience) of commonality, unity of one's local, ethno-national group based on closeness of mental composition, cultural features (language, traditions, religious beliefs and cults etc.), and even persistent social stereotypes. Identification is determined by the existential and psychological searches of a person who needs to create "his" group, organizing the idea of himself and his relations with the surrounding socio-cultural environment. The content of student's identity determines the synthesis of synchronic and diachronic structural components. A stable synchronic “horizontal” structure is formed by a set of cognitive-psychological elements of identity: sensory-emotional (a complex of feelings and experiences of individuals regarding belonging to “their” ethnonational community), rational (a set of reflexive processes developed over time that form the main distinctions "I - We", “I - Other”, “We - They”, “Ours - Strangers”) and mental (a set of latent attitudes of activity, behavior and promotion of reality, determined both by the specificity of ethno-national tradition and the hidden influence of archetypes of the collective unconscious).

The diachronic “vertical” in the structure of ethno-national identity is formed by the interaction of several temporally different layers:

• family identity,

• ethnic identity,

• national identity.

At the same time, the separated diachronic layers of ethno-national identity can be considered as its successive historical forms, which in the process of the evolution of the ethnos were layered, mutually penetrating each other and mutually mediating each other. socio cultural condition

The dynamics of ethno-national identity in the conditions of globalization is determined by a number of socio-cultural factors that change the social and cultural chronotope of modern society. First of all, we should mention denationalization, deterritorialization, the displacement of the local by the global, the globalization of the media, the formation of multicultural social spaces and transnational social relations. As a result, the pole of ethno-national identity shifts away from predominantly ethno-natural forms of identification based on objective, genetically determined features of the ethnos (the commonality of anthropophysiological characteristics, psycho-emotional composition, territorial commonality of origin, the presence of an ethnocultural symbolic core that correlates with the specificity of traditional livelihood systems inscribed in the structure of microlandscapes zones), to social and symbolic-symbolic dimensions of identity, conditioned by the specificity of social stereotypes, mental attitudes of group consciousness and value-symbolic definitions of reality, dependent on the nature of ideologies. In view of the above-mentioned trends in the awareness of one's ethnic and national identity in the modern globalized world, the study of the vectors of the transformation of the ethno-national identity of Ukrainian students in the current quite complex socio-cultural conditions is quite relevant.

The problem of ethno-national identification and Ukrainian ethno-national identification, in particular, has become central in many studies. It is worth noting such researchers as R. Jenkins [1], who considered the concept of social identification, H. Tajfel [2], whose sphere of interest included the role of the individual and social groups in the formation of self-identification of a person, P. Herchanivska [3], who considered the vectors of the development of ethnic and national identity, I. Ivanov [4], whose research concerns ethno-national identity in the context of the formation and consolidation of the Ukrainian political nation, Y. Polishchuk [5], who investigated the theoretical dimensions of ethnic and national identities, T. Sanina [6 ], which carried out research on national and ethnic identity. However, the specified problem is not fully outlined and needs further study.

The purpose of the study is to determine the vectors of the transformation of the ethno-national identity of Ukrainian students in modern socio-cultural conditions.

The research was carried out using a set of mutually complementary methods that ensured the effectiveness and scientific reliability of the obtained results: analysis, systematization and comparison of the provisions of scientific literature - to reveal the state of the specified problem, clarify the essence and dynamics of the ethno-national identity of Ukrainian students in the modern sociocultural context, generalization and systematization - to substantiate the results and conclusions of the study.

Presenting main material

Changes in the ethno-national identity of modern Ukrainian students are carried out under the influence of a whole complex of objective and subjective factors. Among the objective factors, we can include the following vectors of development of modern Ukrainian society, which were connected with its post-communist transformation in the conditions of the formation of a sovereign state and integration into the economic, political and socio-cultural space of the Western world. Among the objective factors of the dynamics of identification processes, we will first of all single out the following:

- Ukraine's acquisition of national sovereignty and the growing significance of the titular nation in the social space of the post-Soviet Ukrainian society;

- legal consolidation of the Ukrainian language as the state language;

- objective socio-economic problems of the transition period, which are expressed in a drop in the standard of living, a reduction in production in connection with its restructuring and subsequent modernization;

- due to the process of modernization, the growth of unemployment, which inevitably accompanies the initial stages of structural economic reforms;

- reforms of institutions of secondary socialization, which allow the integration of the national education system into the European one with its characteristic modern forms of academic mobility, as well as the development of the national Ukrainian school;

- development of elites, mobility of various ethno-national groups of multicultural Ukrainian society to protect their interests in the conditions of transformation of political and legal institutions;

- Ukraine's strategic civilizational choice of the Western European vector of modernization and the country's entry into the European Union.

Subjective factors of the dynamics of ethno-national identity of Ukrainian students can be considered:

- reactive growth of national self-awareness in conditions of change in the status of the titular nation;

- low / high level of education and qualification, which affects the ability to find a job that corresponds to inclinations and competencies, as well as personal status preferences;

- style and way of life, as well as peculiarities of mentality and everyday life world, rooted in another ethno-national tradition.

It is natural to assume that ethno-national affiliation should still be an important determinant affecting the choice of strategy of socio-political behavior of Ukrainian students. In this connection, the phenomenon of decreasing sociopolitical activity of a significant part of Ukrainian students is of interest. That is, despite the aggravation of the identity problem, Ukrainian students do not demonstrate higher forms of organized socio-political activity.

The very concept of belonging to the original Ukrainian culture of representatives of diasporas living in a society where the dominant culture is the culture of the autochthonous group, to which they are forced to adapt in one way or another, is also problematic.

On the basis of existing research on this topic, the main elements of national and cultural identity were highlighted. These are language, way of life, cultural elements of a certain ethnic group, religion, state symbols, literature, art, architecture, traditions, music, clothing, politics, norms, values, manners, rituals and customs [2, 55].

In order to accurately understand the structure of the national identity of a certain group of people, it is necessary to understand the organization of society, the way of life, ideology and social psychology. But, despite this, each culture has a set of standard elements that were formed during the historical and spiritual development of man.

Upbringing, education and national language are the basis of national and cultural identity. Children's upbringing and the education system are actively involved in the preservation of national culture and its transmission to future generations. They ensure the preservation of the nation's language and its traditions, perform the function of forming national self-awareness, cultural identification of new generations.

In addition to education and upbringing, national and cultural identity is formed or maintained in a person already in adulthood by means of mass communication, for example, by means of mass information (mass media), while watching movies, reading literature, celebrating holidays, etc. In solving the issue of the formation of national and cultural identity, the state, which is able to regulate the flow of incoming information, plays a decisive role.

Means of mass communication and information form a single national idea, which is the course followed by the people, therefore a country that has such an idea will have a single national-ethnic identity. National-ethnic identity is not innate, but is acquired by a person in the process of development, it can change, mainly when interacting with other cultures, it is an important element of a person's worldview, and a great influence on its formation is the place of residence, environment and family culture eat Today, the national and cultural identity of Ukrainian students needs to be restored [3, 3].

Let's focus on empirical studies. Almost 40% of Ukrainians in 2020 were still looking for their identity, as evidenced by the 2020 survey of the Institute of Sociology of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine. The majority identified themselves primarily as citizens of Ukraine (61.7%), but many identified themselves as residents of some village, city, or region (27.4%), and a small number saw themselves as citizens of the former USSR (3, 4%).

The most recent survey was conducted from December 4 to 27, 2022, and 2,005 respondents who lived in Ukraine at that time (within the boundaries controlled by the Ukrainian authorities until February 24, 2022) were interviewed by the method of telephone interviews using a computer. The maximum error of the survey results is 2.4%.

Three questions that are not about language, but about identity. In the first, respondents were asked to say with which nationality they "associate themselves" (note, it was about the act of association, not just the fact of "belonging"). 95% indicated Ukrainian nationality, less than 2% - Russian, 1% - both Ukrainian and Russian, and another 2% - some other. Compared to 2017 (then, admittedly, respondents were asked who they "consider themselves to be by nationality"), the share of Ukrainian nationality increased by 7%, while the share of Russian nationality decreased by 5%, and the share of dual nationality decreased by 2%. Now, even in the south and east, as many as 90% associate themselves with Ukrainian nationality.

Judging by these data, Ukraine has, in fact, ceased to be a multi-ethnic state, because untitled nationalities make up only a few percent of the population. Accordingly, ethnopolitics will not play a significant role in the national political process, although it will remain a factor in individual regions and in Ukraine's relations with international organizations, adopted by minority rights.

The last question concerned the criteria for determining nationality, offering to choose between hereditary (by the nationality of the parents or one of the parents), civic ("by the country I live in"), linguistic ("by the language I speak") and attitudinal ("by my attitude to this nationality"). Previously, the vast majority of respondents indicated the hereditary criterion - even when they changed their nationality from Russian to Ukrainian, apparently guided by civic considerations. This testified to the persistence of Soviet ideas about nationality as a hereditary category. National consolidation caused by full-scale Russian aggression significantly undermined these ideas. If in 2017, 68% of respondents said that they simply inherited their nationality from their parents or one of their parents, then in 2022 only 48% said so.

On the other hand, the number of those who admit that they chose their nationality by country (from 24% to 36%) or by attitude (from 3% to 7%) increased very sharply. As could be expected, the choice by country means a choice in favor of the Ukrainian nationality: 38% of respondents who declared this nationality declared it, and only 9% of those in favor of the Russian one. That is, people increasingly call themselves Ukrainian precisely because they live in Ukraine, regardless of origin, and transfer this civic identity to the category of nationality, which was traditionally ethnic [8].

This means that nationality is no longer an ethnic category, and its distribution does not reflect the "ethnic composition of the population", as believed not only by ordinary people, but also, unfortunately, by many scientists, including supposedly "advanced" Western ones. Nationality should be considered an ethnonational identity, i.e. a combination of ethnic and national (civic), moreover, with the advantage of the latter.

Ethnic identity requires other measures, and of those used in censuses and surveys and thus meaningful to the vast majority of citizens, the category of mother tongue fits best. As many know, it does not reflect language practice, but language or rather language-ethnic identity, and it is precisely this that reflects the ethno-cultural differentiation in Ukrainian society, in which now almost everyone has become Ukrainian [8, p. 51], [9, p. 76], [10, p. 46].

The analysis of theoretical and empirical research on the socio-philosophical features of the mentality and behavior of modern students allows us to answer the questions in a certain way. First of all, it is possible to record the following reasons for the intensification of social and political activity of Ukrainian citizens:

1. Formation of a positive ethnic and national identity.

2. The influence of territorial identity on ethno-national identity.

3. Strengthening the personal identity of the most passionate representatives in the transitive structures of modern society after the start of a full-scale military conflict.

Competing student identity projects share some identity representations. Uncontested representations, that is. those on which a consensus has been reached can be recognized as dominant. Such are the representations of Ukraine as a European and democratic country. The analysis of the discourse of the elites regarding the Euro-Atlantic integration shows that the changes in the national identity are partial. In many ways, the official discourse continues the representations observed in 2008.

As for the educational sphere, since the beginning of the 1990s. in Ukrainian historiography, sociology, cultural studies, as well as literary studies, post-colonial studies are actively developing, which originate in the works of American, European and Australian colleagues. In the last decade, these studies have become especially popular in the space of modern Ukrainian culture. Such problematic fields as nation and nationalism, orientalism, ambivalent and multicultural personality, self-representation, the search for cultural identity, the problem of attitude to the past, are included in the paradigm of postcolonial studies. National identity, totalitarian past, interaction between Ukraine and neighboring countries, primarily Russia and Poland, unstable state of Ukrainian society -- all these issues are considered in the categories of this theory in Ukrainian intellectual discourse. Recently, postcolonial theory often becomes the main interpretive strategy in the studies of Ukrainian authors. However, in Ukrainian science there is no unconditional modus vivendi regarding the concepts, strategies and principles of post-colonial theory. One of the most important open questions remains the question of the ratio of postcolonial and postmodern components in national literature. A distinctive feature of Ukrainian postcolonial studies is the recent active inclusion of trauma studies, as well as the introduction of anti-colonial and post-totalitarian discourses.

The role of language in society and among students in particular can be studied not only as a basis for self-determination with an ethnic group or political views. If identity is shaped by social ties, more attention should be paid to how the possession / use of a certain language affects the social, class or political position in society for individuals and groups. Studies on the language issue also do not highlight the role played by other ethnic minorities in the national identity of Ukraine. Research focuses attention on the contrast between the Russian and Ukrainian languages and the corresponding ethnic groups. Surveys assume selfidentification by mother tongue and ethnic group, but the researchers do not show what factors and reasons influence self-identification.

The concept of “hybrid identity” needs to be conceptualized, as well as to identify the reasons why the population with a hybrid identity prefers ties with Russia. Is the concept of "hybrid identity" different from "mixed" as used in cross- cultural studies? In addition to examining ethnicity and foreign policy preferences, other factors such as economic ones should be included. Perhaps the maintenance of ties with Russia can be explained by economic interest, and not only by belonging to an ethnic group. However, at the moment, the main attention of researchers is focused on ethnic, linguistic and regional divisions.

Studies of contemporary student identity as a narrative focus on the multiplicity and discursive contestation of meanings given to national identity. Researchers emphasize the connection between mutually exclusive narratives and social conflict.

Conclusions

Thus, it should be noted that the main vectors of the dynamics of the ethno-nationality of modern Ukrainian students in the conditions of a fullscale invasion are the growth of the sign-symbolic and social component of the process of identification and the acquisition of a harmonious multicultural identity through the growth of the rational-reflexive component in the structure of student's identification. The revival of national identity today is under the influence of the ideas of democracy.

References:

1. Jenkins R. Social identity. London: Routledge, 1996.

2. Tajfel H. Individuals and groups in social psychology II British Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology,1979.Vol. 18. 4.

3. Герчанівська П. Е. Етнічна та національна ідентичності: вектори розвитку. Вісник Національної академії керівних кадрів культури і мистецтв : наук. журнал. 2021. № 4. С. 3-8.

4. Іванов І. Етнонаціональна ідентичність в контексті формування і консолідації української політичної нації. Вісник КНУ імені Шевченка. Філософія.Політологія.2006. №76-79.С.55.

5. Поліщук Ю. Теоретичні виміри етнічної і національної ідентичностей. Наукові записки ІПіЕНД ім. І.Ф. Кураса НАН України. 2013. Випуск 2 (64). С.197-212

6. Саніна Т. Дослідження національної та етнічної ідентичності: теоретичний огляд. Наукові записки НаУКМА. Київ, 2005. Том. 46. С. 22-26.

7. Соціологічна група «Рейтинг» : URL : https://ratinggroup.ua

8. Требст С. Культура пам'яті у посткомуністичних суспільствах Східної Європи, спроба загального опису та категоризації. Ab Imperio, 2004. № 4. С. 51.

9. Шкляр Л. Етнос і особа: проблеми ідентичності. Етнос і соціум. К., «Наукова думка», 1993. С. 76.

10. Шнаппер Д. Спільнота громадян. Про модерну концепцію нації. Харків, Фоліо, 2007. С. 46.

Размещено на Allbest.ru