Russian Heritage
The historical artworks and rich cultural attractions in Russia. Nation's natural heritage: the impressive Volcanoes of Kamchatka, Geyser Valley, the beautiful Caucasus Mountains, Sochinsky National Park, the virgin Komi Forest and the incredible lakes.
| Рубрика | Культура и искусство |
| Вид | реферат |
| Язык | английский |
| Дата добавления | 28.07.2015 |
| Размер файла | 26,2 K |
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Russian Heritage
Introduction
Russia is a fascinating country with a rich history and strong cultural heritage. As such there are many interesting attractions in Russia.
From architectural wonders to historical artworks there is much to see. Within the main city of Moscow itself there are renowned Russian attractions such as The Kremlin, St. Basil's Cathedral, Red Square with the State Historical Museum, the macabre KGB Museum, the fun Moscow Circus and more. Russia's city of St. Petersburg is a masterpiece of 18th century design. Impressive buildings such as the Winter Palace and the Hermitage are intermingled with canals and broad boulevards. Several of Russia's natural attractions such as the Black Sea, Siberia and Lake Baikal are truly awe-inspiring. Russia is certainly a sightseer's paradise.
In a country as vast and varied as Russia, you can be sure that there are plenty of UNESCO World Heritage Sites to visit. The country has a rich cultural and natural legacy which has been carefully preserved in order to inspire and educate current and future generations. From the magnificent Peterhof estate in St Petersburg to the beautiful Lake Baikal in southern Siberia, you can be sure that Russia is brimming with excellent World Heritage Sites that are well worth seeing. There are currently more than forty different World Heritage Sites in Russia and applications for more have been drawn up.
So make sure that you include one or two World Heritage Sites in your plans when you set off to discover Russia.
Russia has many historical and cultural attractions that can be seen in organized tours that are available in the two of its largest cities: Moscow and St. Petersburg.
Throughout Russia, there are a number of Heritage Sites with the goal of encouraging the protection of cultural and natural heritage around the world, the UNESCO certification is an important move towards further preserving the national treasures of Russia.
The Impressive Volcanoes of Kamchatka
There are not many people in the world who would choose to live next to a volcano, let alone twelve fiery mountains. And yet the Kamchatka natives live in the midst of the Volcanoes of Kamchatka in harmony and at peace. The eerie silence that surrounds the mighty volcanoes are the indication of a beautiful day, and not the fear that one might decide to fill the sky with blackening ash and spew red flaming lava to the earth below. Most of the natives cannot recall the last time one of their beautiful volcanoes erupted, and speak only of the power and picturesque scenes that the Kamchatka volcanoes display.
The Volcanoes of Kamchatka are made up of twelve volcanoes, of which three are the most mighty, namely the Kluchevskoy at 4 750 meters, the Koryaksky at 3 456 meters, and the Kronotsky at 3 528 meters.
At a height of 4 750 meters, the Kluchevskoy volcano is the largest live volcano in Eurasia. The Kluchevskoy volcano forms a part of the Kluchevskaya group, which includes the volcanoes Bezymyanny, Plosky, Tolbachik and Kamen. Kluchevskoy is an estimated 8 000 years old, with the last recorded eruption being in 1697, according to the records of a Kamchatka explorer, Vladimir Atlasov. In the past, the volcano would erupt with five year intervals, at times annually, or continuously for years, but the eruptions had never caused any damage or danger to inhabitants of the area. Between the years 1944 and 1945, Kluchevskoy had its most powerful eruptions, but these were attributed to craters, called "parasite" craters, that surround the volcano. Daniel Gaus was the first adventurer to ascend to the top of Kluchevskoy in 1788, and since then many adrenalin seeking visitors have climbed the live volcano.
Hiking Kamchatka Kronotsky Nature Reserve and Geyser Valley
Forests of sea plants, paths that are surrounded by massive flowers and grass, calming waterfalls, deep valleys, jumping salmon, grazing bears and hissing volcanoes, are a few sights that await the visitor at the Kamchatka Kronotsky Nature Reserve and Geyser Valley. The Kronotsky Nature Reserve is the oldest reserve on the peninsula and because of its natural and untouched beauty, it has become the most famous and popular nature reserve.
Located in the south east side of Kamchatka, the Kamchatka Kronotsky Nature Reserve and Geyser Valley covers an area of one million hectares.
The natural phenomenon of Geyser Valley is an extremely famous site within the Kronotsky Nature Reserve. The ancient tribes believed that the geysers were the homes of mighty spirits. Geyser Valley has many hot springs and geysers located within it, and every second there is approximately 250 to 300 liters of thermal water that runs into the Geyser Valley. The most impressive geyser is named Velikan Geyser, which has a diameter of two meters and an eruption that rises thirty meters into the air.
The beautiful Caucasus Mountains. Mount Elbrus - Top Russian Hiking Destination
The beautiful Caucasus Mountains are an awe-inspiring sight. Marking a point between Europe and Asia, this magnificent mountain range stretches approximately 1 127 kilometers between the Black Sea and Caspian Sea. The Caucasus rivals the Alps in size and height, with several peaks over 5 000 meters above sea level.
The Caucasus Mountain region is a beautiful and interesting place to visit. You will find warm summer temperatures in the valleys while snowstorms and strong winds rage on the peaks above. There are lush, grassy valleys dotted with flowers and hill sides crested with trees. The area is natural and 'wild' and is a great place to journey to if you are a nature lover. Mountain climbers also favor these incredible peaks, many of which can be walked up. It is advisable to get experienced help, however, since the higher peaks can prove to be quite a challenge. heritage russia cultural natural
With Europe to the north and Asia to the south, the main range of Mount Elbrus forms the border between Russia and Georgia. The two main summits are inside Europe and it is therefore not necessary for a Georgian visa to climb Mount Elbrus.
Mount Elbrus is one of Russia's favorite hiking trails, as it offers two line elevations. This Russian hiking destination is the Elbrus line and the Cheget line. The Elbrus hiking line has two cable lifts and the bottom station, the Azau Village, lies at 2 300 meters. The two lift stations are located at different heights, with Krugozor at 2 900 meters and Mir at 3 700 meters. The Garabashi station is situated at 3 800 meters, which is the top chair lift station. The snowline that is found in the month of August lies at 3 400 meters, and the glaciations area covers 144 square kilometers and boasts more than fifty glaciers. Mount Elbrus is known to have spectacular views from both the eastern summit that is at 5 621 meters and the western summit that lies at 5 642.7 meters. The saddle elevation of this Russian hiking destination is at 5 416 meters.
To hike in Mount Elbrus will prove to be an unforgettable experience, no matter which summit you decide to challenge yourself with.
Sochinsky National Park - Diversity in Landscapes, Plants and Animals
Sochi is a popular vacation destination and one of its greatest attractions is the remarkable Sochinsky National Park. Beautifully situated amongst the Great Caucasus Mountain Range, a meeting point of mountain terrain and subtropical landscapes, Sochinsky National Park boasts a diversity of plants and animals. Sochinsky ensures the preservation of the regions biodiversity whilst providing visitors with access to this lovely natural zone.
Sochinsky National Park was established in May 1983 as the Soviet Union's first. The Russian park has been separated into three zones namely a strictly protected area of about 71 700 ha, a protected area of 42 500 ha and a regulated area of 77 100 ha. Some 80 000 patrons make their way across the 48 trails traversing the park's terrain. There are a number of great attractions in the park, from caves to mineral springs and archaeological sites.
Sochinsky provides a fantastic habitat for many animals, several of which are endemic to Caucasus. In the alpine meadows you will discover European red deer, chamois and Caucasian tur. The forests are home to roe deer, wolves, foxes, badgers, hares and lynxes. Autumn sees brown bears in the forests, seeking sustenance for winter hibernation. Bird watchers can look out for some of the park's 126 bird species such as osprey, golden eagles, peregrine falcons, firecrests, bearded vultures and short-toed tree-creepers. Keep your eyes peeled for the Sochinsky Park's 17 reptile species including the Caucasian viper, Greek tortoise, whip snakes and European legless lizards.
Over and above the natural wonders of the Sochinsky National Park in Russia, there are also 114 cultural and historical monuments. Ancient dwellings, burial sites, medieval shrines and fortress ruins have been found. Sochinsky National Park truly provides visitors with a magnificent wildlife adventure, a chance to get in touch with nature and history.
View the Many Wonders of the Solovetsky Islands
The Solovetsky Islands are referred to as an archipelago that consists of six islands, namely: Anzersky Island; Bolshoy Solovetsky Island; Bolshoy Zayatsky Island; Malaya Muksalma; and Maly Zayatsky Island.
Located in the White Sea, the islands of Solovetsky lie near to the Polar Circle. Of the six islands, the Bolshoy Solovetsky Island is the largest. It is also the most well known of all, as it is home to the fifteenth century Solovetsky Monastery complex. These Russian islands have many noteworthy attractions and sights, and have increasingly become popular destinations in the Russian tourism industry.
The Solovetsky Islands in Russia are home to the Solovetsky Monastery complex that consists of eight large towers and thick defensive walls, protecting the interior. Inside these great walls, visitors with find the Gulag Camp Museum, churches and cathedrals. The museum has a great collection of heartbreaking exhibits and artifacts left behind by prisoners of the Gulag. These items include inmate profiles, letters, shackles and woodcarvings. Sekirnaya Hill has the reputation of being a dreaded feature of the islands, alongside the Church of Ascension that was constructed on the hill. The Commemoration Cross was erected years later as reminder of the atrocities that took place here. The wooden chapel that was constructed by the monks was a symbol of peace and served as a lighthouse. The Solovetsky Islands have a tragic legacy of cruelty that sometimes overshadows the positive periods of its history when churches where erected under the rule of Ivan the Terrible or the hypnotic beauty of the pine tree woods, dense fir tree forests and magical lakes. It is a destination that compensates for its past through picturesque landscapes and breathtaking sites.
Virgin Komi Forests - A Vital Heritage Site
The Virgin Komi Forests form the first UNESCO World Heritage Site declared in Russia. Added to the World Heritage List back in 1995, the Virgin Komi Forest is one of the largest virgin boreal forests still surviving in Europe. For more than 50 years the plant-life, rivers, lakes and peat bogs of the area have been carefully studied and provide insight into the natural process which affect taiga biodiversity.
Russia's Virgin Komi Forests have the status of State Biosphere Reserve as well as National Park. Located in the Northern Ural Mountains, the heritage site takes in some 32 800 km squared of virgin boreal forest. The Virgin Komi Forests of Russia are home to about 43 mammals such as squirrels, beavers, grey wolves, foxes, brown bears, otters, weasels, wolverines, lynx and elk.
Possessing an extensive virgin boreal forest ecosystem, a home for threatened plant and animal life, as well as many natural monuments, the Virgin Komi Forests of Russia are certainly worthy of their World Heritage Status and deserve the utmost protection and appreciation.
Discover the Incredible Lakes of Russia
A visit to a Russian lake is unforgettable no matter where you come from. A chance to see one of these popular bodies of water should not be taken for granted. It is a once in a life-time opportunity.
Lakes:
· Caspian Sea
· Ladoga
· Lake Baikal
· Lake Brosno
· Lake Plescheyevo
· Onega
· Uvs Nuur/
The vast lowland plains that dominate the Russian landscape carry some of the world's longest rivers and most impressive bodies of water, like the Caspian Sea, Lake Onega, Lake Lena, Lake Brosno, and others. Russia contains an enormous number of lakes. Lake Ladoga in Northern Russia is the largest lake in Europe. Lake Baikal in southeastern Siberia is the largest body of fresh water in the world and it is the oldest lake in the world, an estimated 25 to 30 million years old. The water Lake Baikal holds makes up 20 % of the fresh surface water in the world.
Lake Onega is the second largest lake next to Lake Ladoga in Europe. This lake is so enormous that it has a total of a 1 369 islands, covers a total area of 250 square km and it is fed by 58 rivers.
The image of Karelia associates first of all with the territory of blue lakes. Indeed, there are a lot of lakes - over 61 thousand. By their quantity falling to 1 thousand sq.km. of the area Karelia confidently wins the first place not only in Russia, but also among the regions of the world.
Karelian lakes are very different in size varying from small "lampi" lakes, closed and anonymous, up to the largest in Europe Ladoga and Onega Lakes. The lakes, which area is up to 1 sq.km. prevail, but there are lots of larger lakes, which area is up to 10 or more sq.km., and 20 of the lakes exceed 100 sq.km. The area covered with lakes in Karelia makes 11.4 % of its entire territory, which is distinctly more than in the neighbouring state Finland, and almost twice as much than in Murmansk region.
The deepest Karelian lake is Ladoga: its maximal depth makes 260 m. The Onega Lake is appreciably more fine - 126 m., as well as such large lakes, as Syamozero - 97 m., and Topozero - 56 m. And these giant lakes are accompanied by the tiny, in comparison with them, typically tectonic lake Paanajarvi extended like a narrow tape (1.5 kms. in width and 24 kms. in length) among the hills of northwest Karelia. Its depth is 131 m. It is a mini Baikal lake in Karelia.
The banks of the Karelian lakes are very picturesque. More often they are covered with boulders, quite often they are rocky, and those rocks are or high and steep, or flat, ironed by glacier, bearing the characteristic name "the mutton foreheads". Sometimes the coastal shapes are interspersed by the golden strips of sandy beaches or dark-brown turbaries. There are very little open coasts, usually the lakes are framed with the multiflorous wood marges, rich berry and mushroom grounds.
Lake Baikal. Lake Baikal is a unique natural formation on the Earth. There is no inquisitive man on the Planet who has not heard that in Siberia there is a wonder - Lake Baikal. But how well we are informed about this huge beautiful lake? It is known, that Lake Baikal differs with its original peculiarities from other world's freshwater lakes. It is the deepest (more than 1637 m) continental water-body on the Planet and contains 23,600 km2 of water or about 20 % of the Earth's unfrozen surface freshwaters. The Baikal waters have an exclusive transparency and minimum mineralization and suspended particles of various composition. An outstanding feature of Lake Baikal, consisting in both riches and originality of its fauna and flora, attracts attention of experts all around the world.
Lake Baikal is a natural wonder of our planet. It is the deepest (1,700 m in depth) lake on the Earth. It is also one of the oldest (25 million years) and largest lakes of the planet. It contains 20 % of the world's freshwater - as much as North America's five Great Lakes all together.
Baikal is a legendary place famous for its breathtaking views, ancient traditions and sacred rituals of Buddhism and shamanism.
The difference between the Baikal climate and the climate of Eastern Siberia becomes quite obvious when for instance, comparing the temperatures in Irkutsk and on the lake. Though the distance between them is only 70 km, in December, while it is - 25-30°C in Irkutsk, it is only -15-20°C in Listvenichnyi Bay. But in July, when it is 25 30°C in Irkutsk, it is only 15 20°C ashore Baikal.
Average annual air temperature:
· Southern part -0.7 °C.
· Central part -1.6 °C.
· Northern part -3.6 °C.
· Average annual air temperature in Peschanaya (Sandy) Bay (the warmest place in East Siberia) 0.4 °C.
Average air temperature above the open surface of Baikal:
· winter -25 °C.
· Summer 17 °C.
By rights, Lake Baikal can be called a sunny region. The sun shines brightly above the lake till late autumn.
Legends & Fairy tales of the Lake's Origin
1: "It is said that a huge stone fell from the sky like they do now, sometimes. While it was falling it became red hot. When it hit the earth there was a great rainfall. Earth, stone, and water came to a boil and in that turmoil Lake Baikal was born".
2: The insufficiently known Arabian Cosmography "Creation Wonders" (the 12th century) reads about Baikal: "It is a sea of remarkably transparent and tasty water. It lies behind the Diamond Sea. The Most High has made it in the form of two joined horns. It has sprung up from an underground crevice. And it has been and it will be moaning till the Last Judgement. And the sea is always rough and enraging...".
"And God saw: "The land has appeared cold, I am afraid it may feel hurt!" And not to offend the land, gave God the Lord not just a bedding but a bountiful measure of his, the measure by which he measured everything he had. And the measure fell down and turned into Lake Baikal...".
3: In ancient times the place where Lake Baikal now is, was covered a dense forest. There was so much game that it was difficult for man to pass through it. And among birds there was one, as big as a sturgeon. Its wings were huge and strong, and if it touched a tree, the tree would fall down with its roots up, and if it touched a rock the rock would fly to bits.
The people were afraid of the bird, but they could not kill it as when it flew by, hot rays it eradiated, made hunters fall in a dead faint.
But a man was born. He grew before the people's eyes. Soon he grew up as strong as Hercules and feared nothing. The people came and asked him to save them and kill that monstrous fiery bird. The hero listened to them. From 100 trees he made a bow, from 200 stems he cut out an arrow and set off hunting. Shortly after the Earth shuddered. And the bird fell down and a fire broke out, and it was hot in the skies.
The people left the taiga for the mountains and saw water columns through the flames. And a sea appeared on that place. While the Earth and the taiga were burning, the people "were crying out: "Baikal, Baikal". Since that time the place has been called Baikal. Nobody knows for sure what the people meant by that word, either that bird, or the big fire, or the word meant "much water"... All the people remember that the place is called Baikal.
Baikal is one of the few continental reservoirs inhabited by "nerpa" (the Baikal seal). It is still a great mystery how nerpa appeared in the centre of the Asian continent, if its relatives live in the northern arctic regions. Some scientists consider that it was pushed southward from the Arctic Ocean by advancing polar ice during the Ice Age when oceanic waters carved out the Yenisey valley up to the mouth of the Tunguska River. Baikal seals are known to go up rivers and rise rather high up with their streams, and sometimes they may even take an overland trip from one river to another.
Lake Baikal forms an ideal habitat for nerpa - plentiful food, mainly golomyanka fish and bullheads; an ice regime that creates the optimum conditions for nerpa's breeding and moult cycle, and rather large and deep water body.
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