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Running head: ASSESSMENT OF CULTURAL IMPACTS OF HOSTING AN INTERNATIONAL TRACK AND FIELD EVENT IN INDIANAPOLIS, IN

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Assessment of Cultural Impacts of Hosting an International Track and Field Event in Indianapolis, IN



Table of Contents

Abstract

Chapter One: Introduction

Overview

Purpose of the Study

Research Questions

Hypotheses

Conclusion

Chapter Two: Literature Review

Introduction

Methodological Underpinnings of Cultural Impact Assessment

Cultural and Social Impacts of Hosting Major Sports Events

Social and cultural advantages of hosting mega sports events

Sociocultural disadvantages of hosting mega- sporting or track and field events).

Economic Impacts of Hosting Major Sports Events

Chapter Three: Research Methodology and Data Analysis

Introduction

Research Design

Research Methodology

Sampling

Ethical Issues

Data Collection and Analysis

Threats to Validity and Reliability

Conclusion

References

Appendix 1: Use of Social Impact Evaluation (SIE) framework described by Small et al. (2005)

cultural hosting sport track



Abstract

The purpose of this study is to assess the cultural impacts of hosting a Diamond League international track and field meeting, annually, in Indianapolis, IN. Cultural impacts of events, such as sporting events and festivals, appear to be understudied due to researchers' focus on economic implications. Hosting major sporting events may lead to both positive cultural impacts (e.g. increasingly positive image of the host city, community consolidation, cross-cultural interactions) and negative cultural impacts (e.g. security risks, traffic congestion, environmental concerns). Such impacts may be assessed quantitatively, though subjectively, using a survey of residents, and may be carried out both prior to and following an event. This assessment is based on the Social Impact Evaluation (SIE) framework provided by Small et al. (2005). Challenges involved in running a survey-based study include sampling methodology and threats posed to results' validity and reliability.

Keywords: cultural impact, cultural impact assessment, survey, socioeconomic impact, legacies, hosting, tangible, intangible, major sporting event



Chapter One: Introduction

Overview

The purpose of this paper is to propose a study of the cultural impacts of hosting a major international track and field event, specifically, a Diamond League meeting, annually, in Indianapolis, IN. This paper will propose a survey-based assessment of associated cultural impacts, covering both positive and negative impacts. The paper will discuss the reasons for assessing cultural impact of events, the history of such assessments, the methodology proposed, and the challenges associated with ensuring data validity and reliability.

In studies assessing the impact of events ranging from small art festivals to “mega-sporting events”, such as the Olympics, economic impacts have received greater emphasis than cultural impacts (Fredline et al., 2003, p. 34; Small et al., 2005, p. 66; Getz, 2010, p. 11). However, understanding cultural impacts is important both in managing events and justifying expenditures (Fredline et al., 2003, p. 24; Wicker et al., 2012, p. 338; Kim et al., 2015, p. 23). Hosting major sporting events may lead to both positive cultural impacts (e.g. increasingly positive image of the host city, community consolidation, cross-cultural interactions) and negative cultural impacts (e.g. security risks, traffic congestion, environmental concerns). Such impacts may be assessed using a survey of residents, and may be carried out both prior to and following an event. In the case of pre-event assessment, understanding negative impacts provides an opportunity to mitigate impacts. Post-event assessment provides an opportunity for improvement the following year. Knowledge of positive impacts shows organizers which impacts of an event are valued, so that care can be taken to preserve these impacts as the event undergoes change over time, and may be used by municipalities to justify expenditures (Fredline et al., 2003, p. 36; Small et al., 2005, p. 68; Billings & Holladay, 2011; Wicker et al., 2012, p. 338; Kim et al., 2015).

The Diamond League is an annual 14-meeting series initiated by the International Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF) to replace the Golden League; the series of 32 meetings reflect “the full spectrum of Olympic track and field disciplines” and are held in the same cities throughout the world each year (Diamond League, 2015, p. 2). Two races in the series are held in the United States, including one in New York City and another in Eugene, Oregon. The premise of this study is the hypothetical addition of a third event in the U.S., in Indianapolis, IN. Indianapolis was selected to provide geographic balance among Diamond League events in the U.S., and because Indianapolis has a stadium (IU Michael A. Carroll Stadium) that was built in part to host large track and field meets.

Purpose of the Study

The purpose of this study is to assess the cultural impacts of hosting an annual Diamond League meeting in Indianapolis, IN. Although economic impact assessments would undoubtedly be a primary focus for those studying the feasibility and execution of this hypothetical event, cultural impact assessment may be an important tool both for managing the event and justifying expenditures. The impact of various potential positive and negative cultural impacts will be assessed quantitatively, though subjectively, by surveying the residents of Indianapolis, IN.

Research Questions

The following are the research questions for this study related to hosting a major international track and field meet, annually, in Indianapolis, IN.:

First, what are the positive cultural impacts?

Second, what are the negative cultural impacts?



Hypotheses

The hypotheses are that the cultural impacts shown in bold in Table 1 will be found to be statistically significant.

Table 1

Hypotheses for Cultural Impacts of Hosting an International Track and Field Meet (Note: Impacts that are expected to be statistically significant are shown in bold.)

Item #	Impact	Justification for Expected Significant Impacts
1	Provide entertainment to the local population?
2	Increase tourism?	Major sporting events influence world tourism patterns, highlight new destinations, and create attractive legacies in “host cities and countries” (Fourie & Santana-Gallego, 2011, p. 1364; Hernбndez-Mogollуn et al., 2014, p. 84).
3	Increase pride and self-esteem brought about being the focus of international attention?	Local residents' pride and self-esteem increase due to the prestige associated with hosting a mega-sports event, augmented global awareness about their city, and enhanced image of the community (Tien et al., 2011, p. 11; Kim & Walker, 2012, p. 95; Hernбndez-Mogollуn et al., 2014, p.89).
4	Increase unity within the city?
5	Create jobs?
6	Technology infrastructure improvements?
7	Transportation and/or parking infrastructure improvements?
8	Increase volunteerism (improved local social support networks)?
9	Raise profile of city and state?	Mega-sporting events attract “huge interest from many audiences” (Herstein and Berger, 2013, p. 40). Business and professional contacts expand during the pre-event and hosting periods. Hosting a major sporting event broadens the way a city and country are seen internationally, entailing multidirectional image-transfer and co-branding processes (Bodet & Lacassagne, 2012, p. 360).
10	Provide opportunity for intercultural contacts?	Residents of a host city better understand other cultures due to expanded cross-cultural interactions between locals and tourists (Lorde et al., 2011, p. 354). Intercultural contacts contribute to educational experiences (Small et al., 2005, p. 73).
11	Increase traffic congestion on the roads?	An event-caused influx of tourists can result in traffic congestion on the roads (Dwyer et al., 2000; Fredline et al., 2003, p. 27; Kim & Walker, 2012, p. 97; Kim et al., 2015, p. 29). Public transport services become congested, disrupting locals' lives (Small et al., 2005, p. 67). Locals who reside in suburbs may appear to be dramatically impacted by the traffic congestion.
12	Increase litter?
13	Increase air pollution? (Kim et al., 2015)
14	Tighten access restrictions? (Fredline et al., 2003)
15	Potential for intercultural misunderstanding?
16	Acquisition of a poor reputation if the event is unsuccessful?	Inadequate facilities or improper service practices can damage the host community image or deteriorate the host country reputation in the international arena (Fredline et al., 2003, p. 27; Lorde et al., 2011, p. 351).
17	Increase crime?
18	Exacerbate uncurbed behavior? (Fredline et al., 2003)
19	Increase risk of terrorism? (Kim et al., 2015)
20	Bring conflicts and antagonism between visitors and locals?	Differences in living standards, sociocultural patterns, economic welfare, and spending power gaps can generate conflicts between local residents and visitors (Lorde et al., 2011, p. 351; Kim et al., 2015).

The null hypothesis is that for each of the 20 possible impacts to be assessed in the survey (see Table 1), there is no significant cultural impact.



Conclusion

This chapter described the conceptual framework of the proposed research study to assess the cultural impacts of hosting a Diamond League meeting in Indianapolis, IN. In the next chapter, the literature pertinent to assessing the cultural impact of hosting an international track and field event and other relevant major sports and cultural events is reviewed.



Chapter Two: Literature Review

Introduction

This chapter contains a review of the literature related to the methods used to assess cultural impacts of events, including sporting events and festivals, and the impacts found. This review is based on publications obtained from peer-reviewed journals, dissertations, and scholarly research from reputable Internet-based organizations.

Methodological Underpinnings of Cultural Impact Assessment

Research oriented towards the evaluation of event-induced social and cultural impacts encompasses different methodological approaches. Examining the nature and scope of festival studies, Getz (2010, p. 11) provides 40 references related to social and cultural impact assessment that were published in the period from 1972 to 2008. Getz (2010, p. 11) accentuates such specific research topics within the evaluation of social and cultural outcomes as resident attitude scales, social impact scales, the Social Impact Perception Scale, and “connections between festival attendance and the creation of social capital” (Getz, 2010, p. 12).

The utilization of social impact assessment (SIA) is one of the dominant approaches to evaluating sociocultural outcomes (Finsterbusch, 1995; Fredline et al., 2003; Small et al., 2005; Getz, 2010). Recognizing challenges associated with the SIA accuracy and feasibility, Finsterbusch (1995, p. 232) states that the method of social impact assessment is instrumental in predicting types of impacts, inevitable direct impacts, and patterns of responses. Furthermore, Finsterbusch (1995) justifies SIA application by its ethicality from the perspectives of the theory of justice, libertarian view, democratic decision-making, functionalism, condemnation of exploitation, and ethical pluralism.

Small et al. (2005, p. 68) emphasize the flexibility of this framework and feasibility of its application in post- event analyses. According to Small et al. (2005, p. 68), social impact assessment (SIA) is focused on proactive evaluation, provides deeper insights into diverse sociocultural impacts, and allows selecting “the best alternative to implement”. Small et al. (2005, p. 69) novelize the model, designing a 6-stage Social Impact Evaluation framework that includes “describe”, “profile”, “identify”, “project”, “evaluate”, and “feedback” stages (see Figure 1). At stage 1, an event's characteristics are described, including its type, activities, location, scheduling, funding, and so forth. Stage 2 produces “a destination profile for the host community” (Small et al. 2005, p. 70) and characteristics of the most affected local demographics. At Stage 3, potential sociocultural impacts from hosting an event are identified through different research methods. At Stage 4, sociocultural impacts are projected in accordance with pre-vent perceptions of community members. Stage 5 involves data collection and analyses undertaken to make conclusion on positive and negative impacts; calculations are grounded on a scale of social impacts. At final stage, research findings are imparted to organizers and stakeholders of an event.

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Figure 1 Stages of social impact evaluation framework (Small et al. 2005, p. 70).

Fredline et al. (2003, p. 29) suggest using a modified approach to measuring social impacts which is based on a three-part scale of 45 impact statements. Section A includes overall impacts of an event; section B is designed to measure specific impacts; in section C, independent variables are measured. Fredline et al. (2003) substantiate this approach analyzing respondent' perceptions of “the Grand Prix, the Moomba Festival, and the Horsham Art Is... Festival”. Potential event impacts identified by Fredline et al. (2003) include economic indicators, such as internal surpluses, growth in demand for goods and services, increased prices for residents, and so forth.

Another method of assessing sociocultural impacts of an event is proposed by Kim et al. (2015, p. 24); a list of impacts is generated in accordance with a Scale of Perceived Social Impacts (SPSI). The reliability is measured through Cronbach's alpha and item-to-total correlations. However, variables of both positive and negative social impacts include economic costs which require more accurate quantitative methods.

Cultural and Social Impacts of Hosting Major Sports Events

Many authors illuminate social and cultural impacts of hosting major sports events in their publications (Brown & Massey, 2001; Fourie & Santana-Gallego, 2011; Lorde et al., 2011; Bodet & Lacassagne, 2012; Chappelet, 2012; Kim & Walker, 2012; Wicker et al., 2012; Herstein & Berger, 2013; Hernбndez-Mogollуn et al., 2014; Taks et al., 2014). Nevertheless, cultural impacts are not allocated as a separate category of legacies. Cultural and social determinants are inextricably linked; society is an immediate and concrete environment for functioning and development of culture. Cultural and social impacts produced by major sports events on host nations are defined as intangible effects (Chappelet, 2012; Wicker et al., 2012).

Impacts and legacies are the two terms applied in sport-focused scholarly studies to describe and evaluate effects of major sports events. The concept of legacy emerged in the 1990s to determine sustainable positive changes in social, economic, and environmental domains caused by the preparation for, initiating, and running international sporting competitions, specifically, the Olympic Games. More positive associations are inherent in the term “legacy”; impacts may be temporary or permanent, direct or indirect, reversible or irreversible, certain or uncertain, and short-term or long-term while legacies imply long-term positive effects of major sports initiatives (Bodet & Lacassagne, 2012, p. 357). According to Chappelet (2012, p. 77), “The legacy of a mega sporting event is all that remains and may be considered as consequences of the event in its environment”. Clarifying the concept of legacy, Chappelet (2012, p.78) emphasizes another ambiguity in current theoretical approaches to the identification of social and cultural impacts or legacies of mega-sporting events. Chappelet (2012, p.78) states that depending on researchers' viewpoints, social and cultural impacts may include the following categories of effects: 1) public life, politics, and culture, 2) symbols, memory, and history, and 3) knowledge, skill-development, education, image, and emotions. Knowledge and competencies acquired by individuals involved in an event are also considered to be social and cultural impacts (London Organizing Committee for the Olympic Games, 2012).

Social and cultural advantages of hosting mega sports events. Hosting major sports events is associated with such positive cultural and social impacts as an increasingly positive image of the host country, improved development of the elite sport system, and feelings of national pride (Bodet & Lacassagne, 2012, p. 358; Kim & Walker, 2012, p. 92; Wicker et al., 2012, p. 338). “National pride and patriotism” are basic intangible benefits of hosting international sports competitions (Fourie & Santana-Gallego, 2011, p. 1365; Lorde et al., 2011, p. 350; Chappelet, 2012, p. 83). According to findings of research on social impacts of Super Bowl XLIII provided by Kim & Walker (2012, p.102), national pride involves three dimensions, specifically “increased community visibility, civic pride from being a major league city, and pride in efforts to resuscitate deteriorated areas”. The Chinese people became able to represent the long-forgotten pride during the Beijing Games in 2008 (Chappelet, 2012, p. 83). The main focus was on the development of cross-cultural communication and increasing visitors' awareness about China's rich history and culture. China has converted its international image into the modern, friendly, cultural, technologically developed, and environment- oriented community.

Herstein and Berger (2013, p. 42) claim that hosting mega sports events significantly leverages a city's image. Raising the profile of a city or country can prompt enduring monetary advantages. Urban areas which have the Olympics can be guaranteed of a diligent increment in acknowledgment and tourism. Barcelona, Sydney, Beijing have all seen this from facilitating the Olympics.

Other sociocultural advantages of hosting major sporting events are closely connected with economic factors. Increased employment opportunities are defined as a positive social impact by Bodet & Lacassagne (2012, p. 358) and Tien et al. (2011, p.11). The event-associated investments revitalize discouraged urban areas. This was an essential case of the London Olympics, picking a site in East London, which at the time was moderately discouraged. Dwyer et al. (2000) state that the main social impacts are community development, civic pride, and event product extensions. Community development entails increased use of sport facilities, improved educational opportunities, and expanded business and professional contacts. In accordance with research findings provided by Wicker et al. (2012, p. 350), intangible impacts are important determinants of residents' willingness-to-pay (WTP) and the value of national sporting success. Sociocultural benefits also include increased “attention to the preservation of the natural environment and local heritage sites” (Lorde et al., 2011, p. 351).

Sociocultural disadvantages of hosting mega- sporting or track and field events. Some recent publications suggest that positive effects of hosting major sports events are sometimes exaggerated in comparison with actual results (Lorde et al., 2011; Fourie & Santana-Gallego, 2011, p. 1365; Herstein & Berger, 2013). For instance, reduced unemployment rates are a short-term effect that does not significantly improve host populations' wellbeing (Tien et al., 2011, p. 12). Moreover, hosting major sports events can result in negative legacies; such impacts can occur “without being planned” (Chappelet, 2012, p. 82). Inadequate facilities or improper service practices can damage the host community image or deteriorate the host country reputation in the international arena (Lorde et al., 2011, p. 351).

These trends generate negative residents' post-event perceptions of an event (Lorde et al., 2011, p. 350). Investigating residents' attitudes towards hosting major sporting events, Kim et al. (2015, p. 23) identify such negative sociocultural impacts as security risks, traffic problems, environmental concerns, social conflict, and economic costs. International sporting or track and field events progressively need to execute more elevated amounts of security due to increased crime rate. Testifying to the relevancy of these dimensions, Lorde et al. (2011, p. 351) determine the same sociocultural disadvantages. Analyzing the Barbadians' post-event perceptions of hosting the International Cricket Council Cricket World Cup in 2007, Lorde et al. (2011, p. 354) define vandalism and growth in the prostitution in the host community as the main social problems.

Economic Impacts of Hosting Major Sports Events

Taking into consideration interconnections between sociocultural and economic benefits, it is essential to evaluate basic economic impacts of hosting mega-sporting events. Furthermore, scholarly research on post-event legacies is mainly focused on economic benefits associated with hosting major sports events. Those include the GDP growth, elevating rates of tourism, reduced unemployment, and inflow of investments (Tien et al., 2011, p. 13). In addition, Rose and Spiegel (2011) have proven significant positive impacts of the Olympic Games on the exports of the host country. According to the researchers, a statistically significant increase in exports comprises more than 20%. There is another long- haul positive effect of investment on national economy. Being already exceedingly developed, national infrastructure consequently cuts expenses for hosting another sports or track and field event later on, regardless of the fact that next event's association expense may surpass the previous one. The Olympics will see a surge in guests, competitors, and media. Tourism and additional infrastructure advancement generate employment opportunities, in light of the fact that a considerable measure of businesses, lodgings, and amusement facilities like night clubs and so forth are well on the way to be developed for foreign attendees. Therefore, it is assumed that hosting the Olympics and other major sports events brings noteworthy expenses and possibly expansive advantages (Wicker et al., 2012, p. 337).

However, such a mega-sporting event as the Olympic Games makes positive impacts on hosting economies on a short-term basis (Billings & Holladay, 2011; Tien et al., 2011, p. 21). Processes and activities undertaken in the course of the preparation for and carrying out mega-events are significantly different in their content and scope in different periods; thus, their impacts on hosting economies are not the same. According to Fourie & Santana-Gallego (2011, p. 1369), on average, “mega-sporting events increase predicted tourism by roughly 8% in the same year”. This statement is confirmed by research pursued by Fourie & Santana-Gallego (2011). Moreover, numerical evidence represented by Tien et al. (2011) testifies to insignificant impacts of hosting the Olympics on unemployment rates.

In accordance with findings of the quantitative research conducted by Tien et al. (2011, p. 17), hosting-caused GDP performance is “1.5% higher than normal”. However, this economic indicator varies across different countries. “Beijing experienced above average economic growth throughout the 1990s and 2000s” (Billings & Holladay, 2011, p. 756).The Olympic Games in Los Angeles (1984), Seoul (1988), Atlanta (1996), and Sydney (2000) were financially successful while losses from the Olympics in Athens exceeded $4 billion. Expenses of the Olympics tend to ascend after some time and be much more noteworthy than anticipated. Athens holds the record for the share of expenses for the Olympics in the national budget. The total expenditure on the Olympic Games in Athens comprised approximately 7% of the GDP in 2004.



Chapter Three: Research Methodology and Data Analysis

Introduction

The cultural impacts of hosting a Diamond League track and field meet in Indianapolis, IN will be assessed by surveying local residents. The survey will be administered to the same group both pre-event and post-event. This chapter explains in detail how the study will be conducted.

Research Design

This study will identify the positive and negative cultural impacts of hosting a Diamond League meeting in Indianapolis using a survey that will provide quantitative, though subjective data. These data will be analyzed to determine the statistically-significant cultural impacts.

Research Methodology

A survey of possible cultural impacts was developed via a combination of literature review, event analysis following the Social Impact Evaluation (SIE) framework described in Small et al. (2005) (stage 1, describing the event, stage 2: profiling the event, and Stage 3: identifying possible cultural impacts, as shown for all three stages in Appendix 1), and following a taxonomy of possible cultural impacts cited in Fredline, et al. (2003). As shown in Table 2, ten possible positive impacts (1-10) and ten possible negative impacts were included (11-20).

Table 2: Survey to assess possible positive and negative cultural impacts of hosting a major international track and field event in Indianapolis, IN.

Sampling

Indianapolis-located residence of respondents is one of the main requirements for sampling. For the research purpose and objectives, 100 individuals will be involved in the study. The intent of this research is to ensure the generalization of respondents' perceptions of hosting a Diamond League track and field meet in Indianapolis. The final sample population will consist of 100 persons belonging to different age categories (eighteen years old and over), both genders, and various ethnic origins. According to the U.S. Census Bureau (2011), individuals aged 18 years and over comprise approximately 76% of Indianapolis demographics. Irrespective of their sports engagement, males and females will be encouraged to take part in the study.

Fredline et al. (2003, p. 29) state that a postal survey is the most effective approach to collecting data appropriate to analysis. Being supported by reminder questionnaires, this method provides approximately 30% response rates. Following recommendations developed by Fredline et al. (2003, p. 28), a residential mailing list will be obtained via services provided by reputable consumer reporting agencies (CRAs), such as Advanced Screening Research Inc., Screening Reports, or Haffley, Taylor & Company, LLC (NCAR, 2015). The utilization of a random number generator will allow selecting respondents randomly; individuals being enlisted will be given “a unique number starting at one” (Vaus, 2014, p. 68). Participants will be randomly selected because this approach provides results “very close to what we would get by interviewing every member of the population” (American Association of Public Opinion Research, 2014). Furthermore, a random sample ensures the objectivity (Fink, 2013, p. 80; Vaus, 2014, p. 68).Taking into consideration the role of social media platforms in today's lifestyles, this survey will be preliminarily launched via one of the social networks to promote participants' engagement. Instead of incentives used by Fredline et al. (2003), a survey will be accompanied by invitation messages and appeals for citizen activism.

Ethical Issues

Respondents will participate in the study voluntarily. In order to ensure interviewees' confidentiality and complete awareness of the study objectives, scope, and findings' dissemination, they will be provided with the informed consent form either in printed or digital formats. This measure eliminates associations with possible deceit or coercion and lets potential respondents “decide whether to complete a survey” (Fink, 2013, p. 18).

Because a Diamond League track and field meet in Indianapolis is a hypothetical event, prior to administration, a note would be added to let interviewees know that this study is for a potential event.

Data Collection and Analysis

The same pool of possible interviewees will be used for both pre- and post-event surveys.

The mean impact for each question will be computed using Excel.

Following Fredline et al. (2003), statistical significance will be established for each of the 20 possible impacts using a one-sample t test to compare the mean impact ratings with the neutral mid-point of the scale.

Threats to Validity and Reliability

Use of a survey was selected because it was the only available method for assessing identified cultural impacts. Vaus (2014, p. 49) proposes checking the reliability via the test-retest method. It can be achieved if respondents complete online questionnaires prior to the postal survey.

The validity implies the soundness and adequacy of survey instruments. According to validity interpretations provided by Vaus (2014, p. 51), this survey has content validity. Impacts included in the questionnaire adequately represent cultural impacts associated with hosting a major sporting event. However, the following issues connected with survey-based studies may adversely impact the validity and reliability of the research:

· Inadequate propriety of questions selected for the survey;

· Cultural impacts may be unequally relevant to the pool of Indianapolis residents; those who reside in suburbs may appear to be more impacted by the traffic congestion;

· The subjectivity inherent in the research design; findings may be biased by respondents' divergent perceptions of the scale, outlook, or psychological disposition (Vaus, 2014, p. 48).



Conclusion

This quantitative, though subjective, survey-based study should provide statistically sound data showing both positive and negative cultural impacts of hosting a major international track and field meet in Indianapolis, IN. The next step would be to administer this survey to the residents of Indianapolis as a pre-event survey. However, before doing so, two steps are recommended. First, the research instrument should be administered to 2-3 individuals selected randomly from the study pool to determine whether the questions and rating scales are readily understood. Second, further care should be taken to more comprehensively understand and accurately document the statistical methods described in this proposal for establishing the statistical significance of cultural impact ratings. Further review of the required number of completed surveys should be undertaken in order to ensure that statistical significance can be established.



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Appendix 1

Use of Social Impact Evaluation (SIE) framework described by Small et al. (2005)

In order to determine the most likely cultural impacts of hosting an international track and field meet in Indianapolis, IN, the first three stages of the sociocultural impact assessment framework (SIA) (Small et al., 2005, p. 69) were carried out, as follows:

Describe (event description). The Diamond League is an annual 14-meeting series initiated by the International Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF) to replace the Golden League; the series of 32 meetings reflect “the full spectrum of Olympic track and field disciplines” and are held in the same cities throughout the world each year (Diamond League, 2015, p. 2). Two races in the series are held in the United States, including one in New York City, and another in Eugene, Oregon. The Diamond League is not only a mega-sporting event but an instrument of updating social, engineering, and transportation infrastructure, stimulating economic development, increasing image and reputation appeal of the host country and city, and improving living standards, involving the post-event period.

Profile (the host-community profile). Indianapolis is the capital and the most densely-populated city in Indiana. According to the data of the U.S. Census Bureau (2011), the population of Indianapolis consists of 820,445 residents. The city is home to ten major professional sport clubs competing in football, basketball, soccer, rugby, and hockey. Indianapolis authorities pay much attention to the promotion of sports and construction of new facilities. In addition, according to the information provided by the Official Website of the City of Indianapolis and Marion County, IN (2013), in 2014, the Indianapolis World Sports Park, a 40-acre outdoor complex, was constructed “to host local, regional, and world class international sports events”.

Table 3

Indianapolis profile

Population	820,445 individuals (U.S. Census Bureau, 2011)
Per capita money income	$24,635 (U.S. Census Bureau, 2011)
Professional sports teams	Indianapolis Colts (football) Indiana Pacers (basketball) Indy Eleven (soccer) Indianapolis Indians (baseball) Indiana Fever (basketball) Indy Fuel (hockey)
Major sports events hosted	Pan American Games (1987) The US Open Series Indianapolis Series Championships (1988-2009) The World Basketball Championships (2002) Big Ten Football Championships Game (2011) Super Bowl XLVI (2012) The Indianapolis 500 (annually)
Sporting facilities The Indianapolis World Sports Park, Lucas Oil Stadium, Bankers Life Fieldhouse, IU Michael A. Carroll Stadium, Indiana Farmers Coliseum, and others (Official Website of the City of Indianapolis and Marion County, 2013).

Identify (the scope of potential cultural impacts of bringing a Diamond League meeting to Indianapolis). The review of literature pertaining to sociocultural legacies of hosting major sports events has revealed the following likely impacts:

· Positive cultural impacts include an increasingly positive image of the host city, community consolidation, cross-cultural exchange, national pride, acquisition of knowledge and skills, and revitalization of discouraged urban areas.

· Negative cultural impacts are security risks, traffic problems, environmental concerns, and social conflicts.

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