Cultural differences in nonverbal behavior during a job interview

Liden, Martin and Parsons (1993) also contributed to the scientific discussion on the topic of nonverbal behavior by examining applicant's nonverbal cues in combination with the interviewer's nonverbal cues. They have found out that three aspects that influence applicant's performance during a job interview include interviewer's behavior, applicant's self-esteem and their interaction in the process of the interview. Noticeably, the evidence of their study suggests that the interviewer's behavior and attitude towards the process of job interview may impact the level of performance of the job seekers. For example, in case an interviewer acts friendly and maintains eye contact, both individuals with low and high self-esteem performed relatively well, however, when an interviewer remains cold and detached during the interview performance of the applicants with low self-esteem decreases. Liden, Martin and Parsons (1993) claim that cold treatment of the job applicants by the interviewers can lead to inaccurate assessment of the candidates and, therefore, should be seriously taken into account by organizations. Additionally, the study demonstrates that interviewer's behavior and applicant's self-esteem influence both verbal and nonverbal aspects of communication in a job interview.

Additionally, it is significant to explore other approaches to studying nonverbal behavior in the context of a job interview. For example, Nguyen and Gatica-Perez (2015) explored the role of nonverbal behavior during a job interview with the help of thin slices approach. Thin slices are short segments of interaction between individuals and have a potential to predict social constructs such as personality (Ambady & Rosenthal, 1992). Thin slices are usually defined by particular questions asked by an interviewer. The authors of this research focused on the analysis of nonverbal cues extracted from thin slices. The results show that both the analysis of specific parts excerpted from an interview and the analysis of the whole interview can predict the outcomes of an interview, even though the former was proved to be less predictive by nature. The authors conclude by stating that this research aligns with the previous theoretical evidence suggesting that nonverbal behavior during a job interview contributes greatly to the formations of first impressions.

Lammers, Dubois, Rucker and Galinsky (2013) examined how the short time change of power exhibited by the applicant can change the results of a job interview. The evidence of their research suggests that the hiring personnel preferred power-primed job applicants that were perceived as persuasive throughout an interview over candidates who seemed to be less persuasive and, therefore, less confident. Most importantly, the authors proved that this persuasiveness and confidence can be easily achieved if a candidate recalls a time when he or she had power and confidence before an application or an interview. Noticeably, positive outcomes of power recalling right before an interview were reported to be reflected both in written communication with a potential employer and in face-to-face performance during the interview. Finally, a significant detail seems to be the fact that the chances of success of the applicants increased even though the interviewers who took part in the study were unaware of these manipulations with power recalling. Finally, the authors outline the connection between power and soft skills, explaining that nonverbal as well as verbal displays of power may be predictive of the individual's soft skills, often perceived as a necessary requirement for successful performance in the majority of modern jobs. Transformative effect but not through nonverbal behavior. The results of this research prove Carney, Cuddy and Yap's (2010) findings.

Conclusions

To sum up, it has been proved by numerous extended studies that nonverbal behavior is an integral part of an individual's social interaction and plays an important role in the context of a job interview. In other words, it serves as a reinforcement for the purpose of creating either rather positive or rather negative impression. In general, existing scientific evidence in the sphere of cultural differences in nonverbal behavior demonstrates that cultural differences impact nonverbal behavior to some extent, however there are not only differences but also similarities and universal elements of nonverbal behavior. Ultimately, even though displays of specific nonverbal behavior of a job applicant may influence the outcomes of the interview, it has been proved that the cultural aspect of nonverbal behavior in the context of a job interview does not seem to affect recruiter's decisions to a considerable extent. Therefore, it seems logical to rely more on the studies of universal dynamics of nonverbal behavior with the combination of some knowledge of a few particular culturally tailored gestures for the purposes of nonverbal behavioral trainings.

Practical part

The practical part of this paper encompasses three sections. In the first section methodology of this research will be explained. In the second section several case studies will be presented. In the third section anticipated and achieved results will be discussed and summarized. After the practical part overall conclusions for this research will be drawn.

Methodology

As stated in the introduction, this study represents an empirical qualitative research, practical part of which is based on case study analysis. Therefore, methodological approach to this research is case study analysis. Several case studies will be provided in the subsequent section. Each case study focuses on the analysis of nonverbal behavior of a film character extracted from an interview scene of a particular film. In order to explore cultural differences in nonverbal behavior during a job interview the films of two different cultural origins will be chosen. The two cultures that will be examined are American culture and British culture, therefore, the interview scenes will be cut out from the films produced in the USA and in Great Britain featuring representatives of these cultures. The choice of these two cultures was determined by their relative similarity, which will provide opportunity, if possible, to trace down cultural difference in nonverbal behavior, and by an important role they play on a modern world stage. Before the purpose of the case studies is explained in deeper details it seems necessary to refer to Castillo and Mallard's (2012) research once again. The authors found out that nonverbal behavior is determined and to some extent regulated by social norms that pertain to a particular culture. Consequently, it appears to be logical that people will expect others to demonstrate certain nonverbal behavior that matches with the nonverbal behavior underpinned by those social norms. This fact, in turn, provides a fruitful ground for the stereotypes about culturally appropriate nonverbal behavior to appear. Additionally, it should be stated that the evidence of Castillo and Mallard's (2012) research is crucial for the understanding of nonverbal behavior in the context of a job interview because this is one of those settings, in which deviation of nonverbal behavior from socially and culturally determined norms may serve as a sign of insincerity and deception. Ultimately, the goal of these case studies is to find out how film directors operate with these stereotypes about nonverbal behavior during a job interview. At the end of case studies conclusions on the correlation between the interviewees' success and their nonverbal behavior during a job interview will be presented.

It should be clarified what rules of analysis of nonverbal behavior will be applied in this research. The nonverbal behavior of the job applicant during a job interview extracted from certain film episodes will be described in each case study with the help of four component of nonverbal behavior that are most frequently outlined by scholars. These components include oculesics, kinesics, proxemics and chronemics. Oculesics deals with the use of eye movements, kinesics describes body movements of an individual including arms, hands and legs gestures and the way they move in relation to the body, proxemics denotes the use of space around participants and chronemics implies the use of time. Apart from that, Watson and Smeltzer (1982) proved the importance of physical appearance for creation of favorable first impressions, therefore, it seems important to add dress to dimensions of nonverbal behavior analysis in this study. Finally, the focus of analysis will be made on job applicant's nonverbal cues, however, comments about the interviewer's nonverbal cues will be also added when necessary.

Case study 1. American culture

[Movieclips]. (2012, February 18). Morning Glory (1/10) Movie CLIP - Are You Gonna Sing? (2010) HD. [Video file]. Retrieved from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GU6US0VlAio&t=46s

Description of the interview situation. The episode for the purpose of this case study is taken from an American film “Morning Glory” directed by Rodger Michell in 2010. A young female character Becky Fuller is applying for an executive producer of a morning show vacancy in one of national television channels. She is being interviewed by the editor-in-chief who exhibits rather skeptical attitude towards her for two reasons: this morning show is one of the most unsuccessful and the least perspective programs they have, that is why he seems to be baffled by the applicant's excessive enthusiasm about it; her curriculum vitae states that her qualification is not fully suitable for this vacancy. However, the outcome of this job interview is successful, and the character gets employed.

Stereotypes about American culture. Having studied various approaches to culture including Geer Hofstede's (2005) cultural dimensions, several widely spread stereotypes about American culture should be named. Firstly, American culture can be described as rather monochronic culture, which implies that individuals with American cultural heritage tend to value time and approach it materialistically (“time is money”), punctuality is appreciated, and the focus is made on information and task at hand rather than on relationship with people. Additionally, it should be mentioned that social status and individual's reputation in American culture is as a rule established through achievements of a person and, therefore, commitment to work is valued.

The analysis of nonverbal behavior: the analysis of nonverbal behavior of the aforementioned film character during a job interview will be presented through four major dimensions of nonverbal behavior generally outlined by a number of scholars including oculesics, kinesics, proxemics and chronemics. Also, the importance of attire will be discussed.

Oculesics: generally, the importance of eye contact should not be underestimated as it is a valuable method of establishing contact with an individual. However, the character's eye contact with the interviewer in this episode can be described as too direct, she maintains constant eye contact, without even blinking, with the interviewer except for those short moments when she is searching for suitable words to describe her skills. Even though the character makes a lot of effort to express enthusiasm and zeal, the eye contact is not lively, in other words, spontaneous enough.

Kinesics: the character explicitly demonstrates a lot of body movement, especially arm and hand gestures. Obviously, such active body movements are a sign of the character's excitement and genuine interest to the job she is applying to. However, it can be noticed, that in comparison to the interviewer, who exhibits very few nonverbal cues, the job seeker's nonverbal behavior is rather excessive. Notwithstanding, it is advisable that the applicant's nonverbal behavior matches or is relatively similar with that of the interviewer.

Proxemics: the use of space between participants of the job interview in question can be described as balanced and appropriate for professional business context. Both the candidate and the interviewer maintain physical distance comfortable enough for just met representatives of American culture.

Chronemics: since chronemics deals with the use of time, there are two time-related aspects that should be noted in the context of a job interview: punctuality of the participants and the duration of the interview or, in other words, how for how long both parties speak throughout the interview. In this case both the applicant and the interviewer were punctual and focused only on the interview itself. Additionally, the main character spoke quite fast and the interviewer was quite clear and concise. Such behavior matches with American materialistic approach to time, which should not be wasted.

Dress: it can be said that the applicant was dressed in a classical business attire which is considered appropriate in this context and does not seem to provoke questions or confusion from the interviewer.

Conclusions: to sum up, this case study demonstrates generally appropriate nonverbal behavior of the job applicant with a slight overuse of eye contact and body movements. It should be stated that the director of the film managed to reflect widely spread stereotypes about American culture that were found in the nonverbal behavior of the applicant from the chosen episode.

Case study 2. American culture

[Movieclips]. (2015, June 18). The Devil Wears Prada (2/5) Movie CLIP - Andy's Interview (2006) HD. [Video file]. Retrieved from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b2f2Kqt_KcE

Description of the interview situation: in this case study the episode of a job interview from an American film “The Devil wears Prada” directed by David Frankel in 2006 will be analyzed. The female character Andy had applied for a vacancy of a personal assistant of the editor-in-chief of one of the top trending fashion magazines in New York and was invited for an interview with the editor-in-chief. The interview seems to be short and rather spontaneous. One of the reasons for that is the fact that the chief editor of the magazine has a tough schedule and is reluctant to waste time on long job interviews. Notwithstanding, the main character managed to impress the editor-in-chief and gets the job after this spontaneous job interview.

Stereotypes about American culture have been already circumstantially discussed in the beginning of the previous case study, that is why it seems unnecessary to reiterate these peculiarities again. However, three the most crucial stereotypical visions of American culture should be reinforced again. Firstly, the priority is given to work and business over relationship with people. Secondly, the use of time as an irretrievable resource is taken very seriously. Thirdly, the commitment to work and strong motivation play an important role in American business life.

The analysis of nonverbal behavior: the nonverbal behavior of the character during this spontaneous interview will be discussed in terms of oculesics, kinesics, proxemics and chronemics. Special attention in this case study will be given to the importance of attire in this particular job interview situation.

Oculesics: generally, the use of eye contact by the character who is being interviewed can be described as moderate and balanced: she maintains direct eye contact with the interviewer while speaking about her goals and experience and naturally breaks eye contact in the moments of confusion. However, the interviewer barely maintained eye contact with the applicant, being defiantly plunged into her work. Overall, the editor in chief's behavior and attitude towards the job seeker can be described as cold. It should be emphasized that Liden, Martin and Parsons (1993) proved that cold attitude of the interviewer may undermine applicant's performance in both verbal and nonverbal aspects.

Kinesics: it can be noticed that the body movements of the main character convey if not insecurity, then definitely shyness. This nervousness is expressed through little arm movements and rather closed arm gestures, when arms are either kept close or pressed to the body.

Proxemics: the use of space in this job interview episode is rather noticeable. The editor in chief has not even invited the character into her room and basically made her stand on the threshold of the entrance. This detail matches with cold and detached attitude of the interviewer. The job applicant, in turn maintains long distance between herself and the chief editor as to confirm her shyness.

Chronemics: the job applicant was arrived for the interview in advance and tended to be concise throughout an interview. The interviewer turned out not to know about the appointment for some reason and asked very few questions throughout the interview.

Dress: in should be mentioned once again that the organization the character is applying to is one of the top trending fashion magazines in New York. That is why the role of attire is essential in this case even though generally a type of dress that is considered appropriate for business meeting in American culture is usually casual. The prestige and reputation of the magazine determine expectation of job applicant's attire. The main character stands out of the employees because her dress does not correlate with high fashion standards, which makes a negative first impression on the editor-in-chief.

Conclusions: overall, it can be concluded that despite the fact that the character failed to deliver favorable first impression on the interviewer, she managed to get this job by showing her commitment to work. Additionally, it turned out that the dimension of nonverbal behavior described as dress in this case study received a considerable importance due to the peculiarities of the business sector. Ultimately, the director of the film has successfully expressed cultural stereotypes through nonverbal behavior of the participants of the job interview.

Case study 3. American culture

[Captain, if you please]. (2017, August 21). Emma Watson Interview Scene - The Circle (2017) - 1080p. [Video file]. Retrieved from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Uq6CaZUOPvk

Description of the interview situation: the episode of a job interview that will be analyzed in this case study is extracted from an American film directed by James Ponsoldt in 2017. A female character Mae Holland is applying for a customer support position at the technological social media company. She meets with the interview for a short interview that encompasses stress interview part as well. Despite the fact the majority of the interviewer's questions were rather confusing for the applicant, she manages to get the position.

Stereotypes about American culture: the stereotypical features of American culture that have been discussed in previous case studies will be taken into consideration for the purposes of this case study.

The analysis of nonverbal behavior: the nonverbal behavior of the main female character during her job interview will be discussed in terms of oculesics, kinesics, proxemics, chronemics and dress.

Oculesics: in general, it can be noticed that the main character does not exhibit an abundance of nonverbal cues throughout the interview and seems to be reserved and calm. The use of eye contact with the interviewer can be described as moderate and balanced: the applicant breaks eye contact in order to recall something or gather her thoughts.

Kinesics: unfortunately, the main character is shown from only one angle throughout the whole interview process, nevertheless, it can be observed that she displays very little body movements and does not even show her hands above the table. Consequently, we can state that her body movements are not lively enough and may signal some kind of coldness and detachment from the topic.

Proxemics: the use of space in this job interview can be reported as appropriate for a job interview: the participants maintained distance necessary for a meeting in the business context.

Chronemics: it seems there is no opportunity to make a judgement about punctuality of the participants. However, the use of time coincides with a stereotypical materialistic attitude of the representatives of American culture to time: effectively. In order to encourage the applicant to be concise and speak on point instead of wasting time on clichй phrases the interviewer says, “I think grandma's falling asleep”.

Dress: the candidate's attire can be described as suitable for classical business style and appropriate for the application to this type of job.

Conclusions: to sum up, it should be stated that the applicant was not active enough in terms of nonverbal behavior. However, this job interview turned out to be successful in the end. As it has been mentioned before, Hollandsworth, Kazelskis, Stevens, and Dressel's (1979) claimed that even though nonverbal behavior during a job interview is highly important for creating a favorable impression on the employer, appropriateness of content presented by the interviewee seems to have a more considerable impact of employment decisions than nonverbal behavior itself. This seems to be the explanation of the character's success in this case since her answers were evaluated by the interviewer as smart and on point.

Case study 4. British culture

[Peep Show]. (2012, July 24). Jez Tries To Ruin His Own Interview - Peep Show. [Video file]. Retrieved from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DkYHNO2vNG4

Description of the interview situation: this case study focuses on the depiction of a job interview in a British television sitcom “Peep show” broadcasted from 2003 till 2015. An unemployed male character Jeremy Usborne was encouraged by his friend Mark Corrigan to apply for a position of a file system manager. From the start, Jeremy's initial plan was to sabotage this job interview since he did no want to work at the same company with Mark. Jeremy is invited for an interview with the human resources manager and Mark is also present at the interview.

Stereotypes about British culture: as it turns out, British culture seems to be very similar to American culture, primarily due to the peculiarities of the history of these countries. Representatives of British culture can also be described as rather monochronic. However, in contrast to American culture, British people tend to put an emphasis on relationships between people (small talk and teamwork are nurtured) more than on work itself. Additionally, it can be noticed that unlike hectic American lifestyle, British lifestyle seems to be more balanced and to some extend even relaxed. Remarkably, the Brits are known for their exotic sarcastic humor. Finally, representatives of British culture can come across as more conservative than their American counterparts.

The analysis of nonverbal behavior: the nonverbal behavior of the main character Jeremy during his job interview will be evaluated with the help of such dimensions as oculesics, kinesics, proxemics, chronemics and dress. The peculiarity of this show lies in the fact that it is narrated from the perspective of the main character and the audience can hear his real thoughts even if they contradict his actual words. This fact provides an opportunity to understand inconsistencies of Jeremy's nonverbal behavior during a job interview and his words.

Oculesics: it can be noticed that the use of eyes is well-used to establish contact with the interviewer, it is balanced and not overused.

Kinesics: the most obvious thing about the main character's body movements is his slouching posture which conveys lack of interest to the interviewer and to the vacancy. Additionally, his rare arm movements are to abrupt.

Proxemics: it can be stated that both the main character and the interviewer have used space appropriately for a job interview context.

Chronemics: in seems important to mention that in comparison to previous case studies about American culture, the job interview in question takes relatively more time than those from the previous case studies. The interviewer takes time and maintains moderate pace of the dialogue, so does the candidate. This feature matches with a widely perceived stereotype about relatively relaxed lifestyle of the representatives of British culture when compared with American lifestyle.

Dress: it can be observed that the business attire of all three participants of the interview is classical and less casual than in comparison to the attire of the characters during a job interview from aforementioned American films. This fact may be a reflection of conservatism that pertains to British culture.

Conclusions: in general, despite the fact that negative attitude of the candidate was clear from the beginning of the interview, his nonverbal behavior can be described as consistent with his thoughts, rather than words. Finally, the case study demonstrated that the directors of the series have intentionally or unintentionally reflected stereotypes about British culture in the nonverbal behavior of the characters.

Results anticipated and/or achieved

The estimated results of the study suggest that nonverbal elements of communication affect interviewee's chances at a job interview. Theoretical evidence supports that there are more similarities than differences in nonverbal communication patterns across cultures, therefore, there are particular aspects of nonverbal behavior which are universally important to recruitment staff irrespective of their cultural backgrounds. The elements of nonverbal behavior that are the most important for the candidate's success at a job interview and are integral parts of nonverbal behavior in any culture are proxemics, kinesics and oculesics, chronemics and the use of attire. Additionally, this research suggests that there is little impact of cultural differences on nonverbal behavior of a candidate during a job interview.

The achieved results of this research demonstrate with the help of case studies, involving films depicting American culture and a film depicting British culture, the existence of slight cultural differences in nonverbal behavior of the individuals during a job interview. However, despite the fact that these cultural differences in nonverbal behavior individuals during a job interview can be observed, there is little impact of cultural differences in nonverbal behavior of a candidate during a job interview on the employment decisions of the recruitment staff.

Conclusion

This research discussed culture-specific aspects of nonverbal communication at a job interview and their effect on the success of a candidate during a job interview. It has been proved by the study that nonverbal communication does affect candidates' success during a job interview, however, cultural differences in nonverbal communication of an applicant do not suggest severe misinterpretations of the candidate's nonverbal clues in the chosen setting from the recruiter's perspective and do not propose direct and considerable impact of the cultural differences in nonverbal behavior on the outcomes of the interview. Moreover, it should be mentioned that recruitment staff seems to favor candidates whose nonverbal behavior provided very few inconsistencies with a verbal message and encompasses positively evaluated elements such as smiling, open posture and sufficient eye contact. Therefore, it can be inferred that in order to prepare for the interview in a multicultural context, attention should be primarily paid to universal dynamics of nonverbal behavior. Notwithstanding, it turned out that the initial prediction of the results of the study, according to which the three elements of nonverbal behavior that are not explicitly affected by cultural diversity in the context of a job interview are proxemics, kinesics and oculesics, was proved by case studies to be the opposite. Even though the aforementioned dimensions of nonverbal behavior may not affect employment decisions considerably, the reflection of cultural diversity may be found in them. Finally, this study provides opportunities for follow-up research: more dimensions of nonverbal behavior can be added, for example, acoustic aspect of speech, in order to find out whether there are other components of nonverbal behavior that may be influenced by culture and have important consequences.

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