Islamic elements in Kazakh grave stone inscriptions

M.A. of social science,

Abstract

This article examines the epigraphic monuments of Western Kazakhstan as part of Islamic culture. The author tries to describe the Arabic epigraphic texts of gravestones and memorial constructions on the basis of expedition materials. The author shows the most frequent Quranic texts and Arabic words in the memorial epigraphy in the monuments of Western Kazakhstan. And also epigraphic materials of grave stones show ethno cultural features of Kazakhs.

Key words: kazakh gravestone, qulpitas, epitaph, arabic graphics, islam, quran, West Kazakhstan epigraphic monuments.

islamic kazakh memorial quranic

Introduction

Islam is known us a religion which has made a huge contribution to the history and culture of the peoples of the world. With spreading religion of Islam in the Kazakh steppe has come and Islamic civilization. Arabic, the language of the Quran, the laws and customs of Islam became wide spread in the daily life of the people.

At the present time to study the history of Islam and its spreading in the Kazakh steppe academic M.H. Abuseitova offers to the researcher approached versatile and turn a variety of sources and monuments of special importance.

Also, observing scientific articles neighboring republics in the study of epigraphic monuments, such as the history of Nogai: "Methodology of our research (or rather the first approaches to the study of epigraphy Nogai) is based on the formation and implementation of an interdisciplinary approach to learning. They are interested in us as a historical record as the most important sources of information on the history of the spread of Islam in the Nogai steppe .. "

Scientists spreading historians of Islam in the Kazakh steppe consider divided into three stages. Religion Islam first started spread in the VIII century and the wave second for the account has found scope in XIV a century at board of the Golden Orda. In the XIX century the Russian Empire used religion as a tool in its imperialist policies. Special Russia's effort to spreading of Islam in Central Asia and Kazakhstan facilitated to achieve their purposes.

And in 1787, by order of Ekaterina II for the first time in Russia the Quran published in printing. Tatar mull as came Kazakh villages and began teach in medreses (schools), the Arabic language and the laws of Islam. Sat down to quickly embrace Muslim laws and traditions of the Kazakh population. Among the many such traditions, and prayers were verses from the Quran carved in Arabic script with special ornaments in memorial monuments. Especially it is a tradition commonly seen thousands of memorial monuments XVIII-XX centuries. on the territory of western Kazakhstan. Wonderful tradition of stone carved Arts and calligraphic inscriptions in the monuments of Western it has been noted by outstanding scientists of the country and considered one of a direction of a science of demanding research.5

Comprehensively studying the historian-scholar, ethnoarchaeologist S.E. Azhigali6 considers the multithousand kept in given territory memorial and national-traditional architectural monuments having divided into three stages: early medieval, late medieval and monuments new time.7

1. Results of research

Various gravestones monuments said: qulpitas, kok tas, qoytas, qoshqar tas, etc. . In the majority listed monuments available arabographic an epitaphs. The text of the epitaphs requires multifaceted study. S.E. Azhigali epitaphs considering the monuments separated into three groups: the Quran, household and complex (the religious and household).8

In my study of religious epitaphs tombstones in is based on field studies and on the materials of the previous expeditions department of Ethnology Institute of History and Ethnology by name of CH.CH. Valikhanov (2003-2009 years) under the leadership of dr, professor S.E. Azhigali in the region. In most of the gravestones stella (qulpitas) Inscription on the west side begins with the traditional Islamic formula.9 Qulpitas placed on the west side of the grave and she it is main party representing information about the deceased, which offers a race, tribe, father's name, age, year of death, the name of the installer, his relation to the deceased and in most the patrimonial sign (tangba) was below cut. As well as the top stellas cut Islamic symbols - the crescent and later in most of cases deposited Islamic formula - shahada, or excerpts from the Quran and Hadis.

Frequent Islamic inscriptions to the tombstones, below the following:

1) La illaha illa Allah wa Muhammad rasьl Allah (There is no god but Allah, Muhammad is Allah's Messenger) not only in the beginning, but the second line, south, north side of the stele; Shahada (The shahadah is the Muslim declaration of belief in the oneness of God and in Muhammad as his final prophet).

2) Kullu man 'aleyhi fan (each him death) - at the beginning and the other parties; Quran 55:26

3) Kullu nafs da 'iqat almawt (Every soul shall taste death) is always in the beginning, it is very rare in others; Quran 3:185

4) Qalu inna Allah wa inna ileyhi ragi'gьn (Said that God and to Him we shall return) is often written, and at the beginning and end; Quran 2:156

5) Huwa hallaq albaqi (he is the creator of the afterlife) in the first row in the main part found an epitaph on Stella and tombstones (kok tas) Aiteke Bi district of Aktobe's area;

Not often found, but available in many Islamic monuments epitaph:

1) 'Ig'al Allah qabrahu (ha) min riad aldjanna (O Allah! Make his(her) grave from the gardens of paradise) Du 'a

2) Rahm Allahu ta'ala 'aleyhi (ha) (Let it be for him (her) the mercy of Almighty Allah) Du 'a

3) La illaha illa huwa alhay alqayyьm (There Is No God Save Allah The Ever living, The Everlasting) Quran 3:2

4) Almawt kдs kullu nas yashrabuhu, alqabr babkullu nas dahilu fihi (Death is a cup all people will be drinking from it tomb door to all the people enter into it)

5) La hawla wa la quwat illa billah (no power and strength, no one but Allah) Hadis Very rare epitaphs:

1) Bi-ismi Allahi дr-rahmani дr-rahim (In the name of Allah) Basmalla (This phrase is recited before each sura except for the ninth sura);

2) hukm Allah al'ali alkabir (the power of Almighty Allah)

3) Allahuma i'fir wa irham 'ala sahib haza alqabr (O Allah, forgive him and have mercy) Du 'a

4) Allahu Akbar (God is great.) Takbir

5) Muhammad rasьl Allah salli Allah 'aleyhi wa assalam (Muhammad is Allah's Messenger Allah bless him and peace). Salawat is a phrase that practising Muslims often say after saying (or hearing) the name of a prophet of Islam.

Some of above epitaphs found in the text of the following items tombstones: (Western Kazakhstan Expedition 2003. Khan Ziraty, № 11 object)

West side

1. La illaha illa Allah Muhammad rasьl Allah

(There is no god but Allah, Muhammad is Allah's Messenger) Shahada

2. Kullu man 'aleyhi fan wa yabqa wagh rabbuk (each him death and remain face your Lord) Quran 55:26

3. zu-algalal wa alakram yam <....> (Mojesty and benerosity <...>) Quran 55:27

4. decht qibchaq hani Bukey banning (son Khan's Deshtikipshak Bukeihan)

5. u'li Jahankir banning nurdide farza (Zhahangir han's child glowing face )

6. ndesi zahir sheyh alislam mufti Muhammad (great sheikh of Islam Mufti Muhammedzhan)

7. gan nebiresi dar fanadan dar baqaye rihlat (grandson departed this life to eternal)

8. ildi 16yashinde 1844 ilde (at age 16 in 1844 y.)

9. qalu inna Allah wa inna ileyhi raja'una bilmaut kaf (all of us at the mercy of Almighty God and to Him we return the dead ) Quran 2:156

10. sarir wa rafa'at sa'adat sultanat Jahankir ban (joy, dignity, and happiness in the power Zhahangirhan)

East side

1. inna Allah gufur rahim (As the truth of Allah Forgiving and Merciful) Quran 16:18

2. rabbana amanna < > wa atba'na (The

Lord is our faith in you < > and follow)

3. arrasul faaktuba ma'a alsh <....> (the messenger < >)

4. buni qil magfurat rabbi < > (Forgive him, my Lord < >)

5 < > 'Arsh a'zam < > ay (< > Almighty and the great < >)

6. idib rihlat kuralmay kull ma 'asharat (without seeing life than a dozen years)

7. itub bulbul < > dawldati < > (< > wealth < >)

8. Allahuma taqbal minna haza du'a'I (O, Allah accept this our prayer)

South side

1. Allahuma igfir laha (O, Allah forgive him) Du'a

2. wa ahammiha < > (and )

3. 'An mamih si'atha (cleanse him from sin)

4. wa ig'al hati'atha (and errors)

5. rudat qabruhu min (make his grave)

6. riad algannat wa inna (from the gardens of paradise)

7. tag'al hafarat min (make his grave)

8. hafarat anniran (light)

North side

1. Allahuma min (O, Allah)

2. as 'ilak nagati (I beg salvation from you)

3. bilmagfurat wa 'ilh iman (forgiveness and faith)

4. hassa <....> wa almait (each destined to die and be buried)

5. birruh wa arr (with the soul and the rest)

6. ahat wa almagfur walidat zbun (and the forgiveness of his mother)

7. Allahuma inna kana muhsinan (he was of good)

8. fr (z) d < > gsan (< >)

Ethnoarchaeological expedition to the region

Aktobe 2009. Khan Molasi, № 7 object:

1281 nshi ilnde ar<...>ut ru'IBrdan Bayshuaq u'li

62 yashnde ufat buldi (1281 a genus Birdan son

Bayshuaq 62 years has died)

Qalu inna Allah wa inna ileyhi ragigun (Said that God and to Him we shall return) Quran 2:156 The second party:

Bi-Allah la illaha illa huwa alhayy alquyyum (With the Allah There Is No God Save Allah The Ever living, The Everlasting)

Ethnoarchaeological expedition to the region Aktobe 2009. Torgay's district. Grave “Qumkol-1” № 12

1. Huwa hallaq albaqi he is the creator of the afterlife

2. 1913 nshi yl 15 nshi in 1913 year on 15

3. dikabrde tabun December Tabyn

4. ru'i tiki tayfasi genus Teke tribe

5. ung tangbali Ongtangbaly

6. aythugja aymagining Aythoja region

7. bharbay aygarqun Buharbay Ayjarqin

8. 76 yashnde ufat at age 76 died

9. Allah rahmat ilkay Allah be merciful (to him)

Ethnoarchaeological expedition to the region Aktobe 2010. «Oysil Qara» № 128 object:

1. Jagalbayli Jagalbaili

2. rui Malataw genus Malataw

3. tayfasi ba tribe ba

4. y aq aymagi y..aq region

5. Juma jamagati Juma spouse

6. yafi aw... arui Japi .... belle

7. Urkinbay Urkinbay

8. qizi Agar u qizi Agar d

9. fat 6 ja ied at age 6

10. snda 1925 in 1925 nshi jilda 1 nshi sumblde

North Side

Kullu man 'aleyhi fan wa yabqa wagh rabbuk zu- algalal wa alakram La illaha illa Allah wa Muhammad rasul Allah (each him death and remain face your Lord mojesty and benerosity. There is no god but Allah, Muhammad is Allah's Messenger)

South side

Anasina qufitas quygan Ayten Juma u'li (Put a monument to his mother Ayten son Juma)

In addition to the verses, prayers of Quran and the names of the 4 caliphs often Arabic words: almarhum almagfur, haza almarqad, haza alqabr, wafat, sana, rihlat, baqi, zawga, masihia, muhammedia, etc., which are the basic terms of the Kazakh tombstones.

Findings

And there is no dispute that these epitaphs are Muslim epitaphs.

Epigraphic monuments of western Kazakhstan may well be viewed holistically with the monuments of Islamic culture.

And not only the monuments of western Kazakhstan, as well as numerous monuments of the vast territory of Kazakhstan requires study, careful research, comparative analysis that are important goal for researchers. Hopefully, epigraphic monuments, which are undoubtedly contributing an enormous contribution to the Kazakh spiritual and material culture will find diversified study in the future.

References

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16. Шихсаидов, А.Р. 1984. Эпиграфические памятники Дагестана. Москва.

Application

Expedition to Aktobe region. 2009. Khan Molasy, object 7

Expedition to Aktobe region. 2009. Torgay's district. Grave Qumkol-1 № 12

Western Kazakhstan Expedition 2003. Khan Ziraty, object 11

Expedition to region Aktobe. 2010. Khan Molasy, objects 128 b , North side. УДК 325.15+94(477)”1921/1939”

Expedition to Aktobe region. 2010. Khan Molasi, object 128 “b”, west side.

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