Giovanni Battista Bracelli’s Bizzarie di varie figure: metaphor and capriccio

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Giovanni Battista Bracelli's Bizzarie di varie figure: metaphor and capriccio

L.D. Chistova

Государственный Эрмитаж

(Россия, Санкт-Петербург)

Аннотация

battista bracelli bizzariе capriccio

Статья посвящена анализу серии офортов Джованни Баттиста Брачелли «Bizzarie di varie figure» с точки зрения ее принадлежности к той или иной жанровой традиции. Определение жанра представляется крайне важным, так как именно оно дает возможность среди бесконечного поля возможных интерпретаций произведения выбрать условно верное и обосновать этот выбор. С точки зрения автора, bizzariе является ответвлением жанра каприччо -- в понимании, заданном произведениями Жака Калло. Доказательством этой гипотезы служит разбор титульного листа и посвящения серии, представленный в статье. Так, слово Ьіггагіе, читаемое на титульном листе, сходно по смыслу со словом каприччо; значения этих слов претерпели с течением времени те же изменения. Посвящение же представляет серия как интеллектуальный продукт, подчеркивая, однако, спонтанность его появления. Именно исходя из особенностей жанра каприччо следует трактовать значение листов «Bizzarie di varie figure», являющегося принципиально разомкнутым произведением, не предполагающим единого нарратива. Таким образом, интерпретация серии Брачелли как зашифрованного послания, смысл которого скрыт от непосвященных, подобно аллегорическим портретам Арчимбольдо, не представляется возможной.

Ключевые слова: Джованни Баттиста Брачелли, Жак Калло, гравюра, офорт, capriccio, bizzarie, Медичи, метафора

Abstract

L. Chistova

State Hermitage

(Russia, St. Petersburg)

Giovanni Battista Bracelli's Bizzarie di varie figure: Metaphor and capriccio

This article is devoted to the analysis of Bizzarie di varie figure, a set of etchings by Giovanni Battista Bracelli, in terms of its inclusion in a particular genre tradition. Determining the genre is extremely important, since it makes it possible to choose a provisionally correct interpretation of a work from among an endless field of possible variants and to justify this choice. I view bizzarie as a filiation of the capriccio genre, in the sense of the term formed in the writings of Jacques Callot. This hypothesis is supported by the analysis, presented in this article, of the title page and the dedication of the set. The meaning of the word bizzarie, which is found on the title page, is similar to a great extent to the term capriccio, and has undergone the same changes over time. The dedication, on the other hand, presents the set as an intellectual product, emphasizing, however, the spontaneity of its creation. The plates of Bizzarie di varie figure should be interpreted according to the characteristic features of the capriccio genre and the whole set should be seen as a fundamentally open text, not based on a consistent narrative. For this reason, it is not possible to interpret Bracelli's set as an encrypted message, similar to Arcimboldo's allegorical portraits, whose meaning is hidden from the uninitiated.

Keywords: Giovanni Battista Bracelli, Jacques Callot, print, etching, capriccio, bizzarie, Medici, metaphor

Extravagant even for modern taste, Bizzarie di varie figure, a set of etchings published in 1624 by the little-known Italian artist Giovanni Battista Brac- celli (active 1616-1649), is often seen by the audience as an unsolved cipher, a hidden message, the meaning of which may be found, if not now, then someday and by someone else (Fig. 1-3). It is unknown whether this effect corresponds to the author's intention (and what exactly was his intention), however, we suggest that this set is not so much a riddle without a solution but a fundamentally open work, one not based on a consistent narrative or historia.

Fig. 1.Giovanni Battista Bracelli. Plate 14 from the set Bizzarie di varie figure.1624 Etching. State Hermitage (Number is given according to the Rosenwald exemplar of the set)

Why could not Bizzarie di varie figure be a coherent statement like the allegorical portraits of Giuseppe Arcimboldo For details about the symbolic program of Arcimboldo's paintings see [Kaufmann 1976: 275-296; 1989: 119-122]., even though Bracelli's set was clearly inspired by the composite heads of the Milanese painter? From our point of view, the negative answer to this question can be justified by the genre or genre tradition of capriccio, to which this series of prints belongs. Moreover, Bracelli himself Little is known about the life of Giovanni Battista Bracelli, but the available information is rather contradictory: several people with this name appear in the sources. Most likely, his short career developed in Florence, where he studied at the Academy of Disegno, then in Livorno, Rome, and Naples [Martini 1986: 42-44; Reed 1989: 230-233]. indicates this affiliation on the title page and the dedication to his set.

Fig. 2.Giovanni Battista Bracelli. Plate 24 from the set Bizzarie di varie figure.1624 Etching. State Hermitage

Fig. 3.Giovanni Battista Bracelli. Plate 45 from the set Bizzarie di varie figure.1624 Etching. State Hermitage

The title page of Bizzarie di varie figure (Fig. 4) refers to the tradition established by the set Capricci di varie figure by Jacques Callot [Meaume 1860: 768867] See the list of catalogs below. (Fig. 5-8), published for the first time in 1617 and extremely popular in Italy in the first third of the 17^th century. Both plates formally present a figured frame with the text of a title, supported by semi-fantastic characters. The full texts of the titles are also almost identical: Bizzarie di varie figure di Giovanbatista Bracelli pittore fiorentino, All'Ill [ustrissimo] Don Pietro Medici and Capricci di varie figure di Icopo Callot All. [Ustrissi] mo & Ecc. [Ellenti] s. imm o don Lorenzo Medici. This tradition also includes such sets of prints as Capricci e habiti militari (1610-1630) by Filippo Napolitano [Bartsch (38), No. 2-13], Caprice Faict par De La Bella (1641), Varii capricci militari (1641) and Diversi Capricci (1647) by the most famous follower of Callot Stefano della Bella [Baudi di Vesme 104-117, 258-263, 128-152] (Fig. 9), as well as the lesser-known set Capricci di Varie figure (after 1620) by Melchiore Gherardini [Bartsch (21), No. 1-50, 127-133]. It is worth to note that the Gherardini's set is stylistically more than others dependent on Callot's etchings and the most technically imperfect of all above mentioned. At the same time its thematical diversity brings it closer to the Bizzarie di varie figure. In Gh- erardini's set we find allegorical figures, landscapes, and compositions on military themes. This probably could be explained by the fact that Gerardini, when creating his set, was inspired not specifically by Callot's Capricci di varie figure, but by his entire oeuvre.

Fig. 4.Giovanni Battista Bracelli. Title of the set Bizzarie di varie figure.1624 Etching. State Hermitage

Fig. 5.Jacques Callot. Title of the set Capricci di varie figure.1617 Etching. (Meaume, 768; Lieure, 214)

Fig. 6.Jacques Callot. Plate from the set Capricci di varie figure.1617 Etching. (Meaume, 800; Lieure, 230)

Fig. 7.Jacques Callot. Plate from the set Capricci di varie figure.1617 Etching. (Meaume, 838; Lieure, 248)

Fig. 8.Jacques Callot. Plate from the set Capricci di varie figure.1617 Etching. (Meaume, 784; Lieure, 222)

Fig. 9.Stefano della Bella. Plate 20 from the set Diversi capricci.1647 Etching. (Baudi di Vesme 147. IV. Published by Pierre Mariette)

Since the title of the set differs from its prototype only by the presence of the word bizzarie, which is close to the term capriccio, we would like to analyze the meaning of these two words and their evolution. The word capriccio, which in the modern language has the meaning of `caprice' or `whim,' has a long history For a detailed analysis of the evolution of the meaning of the word capriccio, as well as the eponymous artistic phenomenon and discussion of dating the Neapolitan's set, see [White 2009: 14-21].. Etymologically, it goes back to the Latin word caporiccio, and it, in turn, comes from the word capo -- the head. It initially appeared in Italian literature at the end of the 13^th -- beginning of the 14^th century, and its meaning was strikingly different from the modern one: `strong fear or desire'. When used to describe the physical state of a person who is overwhelmed by these feelings, the word meant trembling or fever. During the 14^th and 15^th centuries, its meaning gradually changed from fear to desire, and then to inspiration, with special emphasis on its spontaneity with relevance to the person's internal state, both psychological and physical. In Vasari's Vite..., the word capriccio is somewhat more conceptualized. He uses the related adjectives to describe individual elements of the work, in which he saw some kind of innovation in technology or subject, so to characterize the creative process itself. For Vasari, the term capriccio, associated with fantasy and opposed to mimesis, adjoins the concept of disegno.In addition, Vasari in Vite.uses the word capriccio to describe the “indescribable,” thus leaving a space for the reader to fill in according to his own understanding and taste ...Sopra il quale capriccio, come si disse allora molte cose, cost se nepotrebbe anco da noi dire altre; ma le tacerd per lasciare a ognuno sopra cotale invenzione credere e pensare a suo modo [Vasari 1569: 251].. In the 17^th century, the word capriccio in the modern sense was applied to music and poetry to emphasize its subjectivity and the spontaneity of its creation. Jacques Callot was the first who made the word capricci the part of the title for a work of fine art. Thus he conceptualized the term even more, and formed the tradition whose roots can be seen in the cartoons and sketches Diverse Figure... by Annibale Carracci The full version of Diverse Figure Al numero di ottanta, Disegnate di penna Nell'hore di ricreatione Da Annibale Carracci Intagliate in rame, E cauate dagli Originali Da Simone Giulino Parigino. Dedicate A Tutti i Virtuosi, Et Intendenti della Professione della Pittura, e del Disegno was published in 1646 by L. Grignani, however, up to this moment, individual published plates were already extremely popular..

The term capriccio (caprice) in the titles of Callot's sets and those of his circle emphasized the intentional subjectivity of the authors and the spontaneity of the creative process, thus foregrounding the sketchiness and non-narrative character of the sets. The absence of historia allows the freedom to choose and to combine different motifs that structures the sets as variations on a theme. It is worth pointing out some contradictions peculiar to Callot's Capricci di variefigure that confirm the intentional choice of the set's title and style. The set is executed in a sketchy light manner, brought into focus, but the technique of etching required remarkable efforts and technical skill. It is also worth noting that varie (`various') here underlines the multiplicity and variety of objects of one type. This word may be considered as the opposition to the word diverse, found in the title of the abovementioned suite of Caracci, which refers to completely different objects or to objects different in general. Thus, the name Capricci di varie figure, “The caprices of various figures”, should be understood as emphasizing subjective sketches of different types of motifs of the same type. A characteristic feature of the Capriccio genre tradition, which also commenced with Callot and could not be explained by the title, is the small size of the plates. As a result it implies looking as a slow individual experience. Later, in the 18^th century, the word capricci would once again change its meaning and start to define a certain genre of fantastic images not associated with any particular prototype.

Although Bizzarie di varie figure adjoins this tradition, it stands apart from it. The word bizzarie also has a long history, and its meaning has undergone changes similar to those that occurred with the word capriccio. In the 14^th century, it was used in the meaning of `uncontrollably angry, quick-tempered, recklessly brave' -- in this meaning it was used by Dante Divina Commedia / Inferno / Canto VIII.60-63. Tutti gridavano: “A Filippo Argenti!”; / e `l fiorentino spirito bizzarro / in se medesmo si volvea co'denti [Dante Alighieri 1991-1997 (1): 211].. Academic discussions regarding the Spanish (or rather Basque, connected with the word bizza -- `beard' as a symbol of strength and courage) or the Italian origin of this word ultimately ended with the victory of the “Italian” version. It derives the radix bizza from the Latin word invidia (`envy'), to which later was added a suffix typical for words of Etruscan origin See [Corominas 1954 (1): 467-468; Bursch 1974]. Although both authors insist on the Italian origin of the word, Bursch calls the hypothesis about the connection of the radix bizza with the Latin invidia hasty and unreasonable.. In the 16^th century it acquires the meaning “strange, eccentric, fantastic, different from others” [Cortelazzo, Zolli (1) 1979-1983: 147; Olivieri 1961: 85]. This transition also occurred, as in the case of capriccio, due to a shift of emphasis to the internal, physical state of a person experiencing an attack of anger, which can also cause him to do strange, odd things. When writing in his Vite... about the works of Pontormo, Salviatti and others, Vasari uses this term in the sense of “strange” [Britton 2003: 666]; a century later, the Venetian artist, engraver and art historian Marco Bosquini (1602-1681) [Gherzi 1999: 460] characterized as bizzar the paintings of Tintoretto. Moreover, in the middle of the 17^th century the art historian and Vasari's “successor” Filippo Baldinucci uses the term invenzione bizzarrissima to describe caricatures [Baldinucci 1767-1774. (16): 154]. It is worth emphasizing that bizzarie (`oddities') are not quite capricci (`caprices'), despite the closeness of their semantic fields in relation to art (capricious -- fanciful -- strange) and the possibility of applying both of them to the same image. The title Bizzarie di varie figure should be understood first of all as “Oddities of various figures”, i. e. as strange correspondences of various objects, and only after that as a kind of indication of the image style in the sense of “extravagant images”. We also should note that the phrase Bizzarie di varie figure includes the whole range of meanings of the genitive case and can also be translated as “oddities of various kinds” and “oddities made with various figures”. Thus, it is possible that we are dealing with wordplay that includes several meanings at the same time.

The dedication plate also helps to understand the set's pragmatics (Fig. 10). The addressee of Bracelli' set was Pietro di Pietro dei Medici (1592-1654), governor of Livorno, the booming port of the Florentine Republic, from 1619 to 1627. According to one version, Bracelli came to the city with his teacher, the Florentine artist Jacopo da Empoli (1551-1640) The only indication that Pietro di Pietro dei Medici was interested in art in a broad sense is provided by his letter, preserved by Medici Archive project. In this document, sent from England to his permanent correspondent, the influential Florentine courtier Andrea Chioli (1673-1641), Pietro Medici was writing about a book by a Jewish-Turkish poet (mezo hebreo e mezo turco) and books in Spanish, which he was sending together with the letter. MAP. V. 1351. F.152., who received an order for the wall paintings of the city's cathedral, the decoration of which has not survived to the present day. It is here and then the set was published. However, Pietro dei Medici's previous activities were mainly focused on the military and diplomatic spheres. The surviving part of his correspondence relates mainly to diplomatic and entertainment subjects [MAP. V 2146, Doc ID: 14930, 14963 14945; V.4179; Doc ID: 19742]. In archive sources we can find no direct indications of his engaging in patronage of the arts. In any case, he had fewer opportunities for that than Callot's patron, the great Duke of Tuscany Cosimo II Medici. However, Callot's Capricci... was dedicated to Cosimo's younger brother, Lorenzo Medici (1599-1648), who at that time was eighteen years old. When Bizzarie... were published, Pietro Medici was twenty-two years old. In dedicating his innovative etching set to a young man as a potential patron, Bracelli probably was following not only the artistic tradition set by Callot, but also trying to repeat his extremely successful economic strategy. Most likely his enterprise was not successful.

Fig. 10.Giovanni Battista Bracelli. Dedication to Pietro di Pietro dei Medici Plate 3 from the Bizzarie di varie figure. 1624. Etching. State Hermitage

The set's dedication is barely readable, partly due to imperfections in the imprint, partly due to Bracelli's low level of calligraphic skills (Fig. 10). The text reads:

All'Ill. \ustrissi]^m° Sig⁰ DON. PIETRO MEDICI

Fu' Antichiss°. е lodeul costume Ill\ustrissi]^moS\egnior]^esacrare a gli Dei le primitie, e da quelli era riceuto il care dell offernete e il natale della uittima riguardeuole io a tale usanza dal seno del mio intelletto formato un gregge di uari capricci lui piu scelti come primitie oferisco V. S. Ill\ustrissi]^moc quale come delli Dei imitatore gradiva il Core, e l'opera come di primo natale e si come dal cielo i grati sacrifici erono pe ' fettionati col Foco, cosi spero, che dal Foco dell 'Amor e potenza sua. ouerra questa mie uittima grabitefine complisca il sacrificio l incenso del affetto suo, e quinbi mi sia concesso restarlli devoto Ser^vein Gratia mentre io li aguro il complimento di ogni suo maggior pensiero DI VO Sig\nio]^rIll\ustrissi]^mo

Humil\lissi]^moServo

Giovanbatista Bracelli

To the Most Illustrious Lord Don Pietro Medici

It was a most ancient and praiseworthy custom, most illustrious lord, to sacrifice first fruits to the gods, who thus received the heart of the offerer and the birth of the victim. I, respecting such a usage, and having formed a flock of various caprices from the depths of my mind, offer the choicest, your most illustrious lordship, as first fruits, with which, like the imitators of the gods, my heart will be found pleasing along with the work, like a first born. And just as their welcome sacrifices were perfected with fire, so I hope that with the fire of your highness' love and might this, my victim, will obtain a pleasing conclusion, and the incense of my love for your highness will complete the sacrifice; and that thence it will be granted me to remain your devoted servant in grace. Meanwhile I wish for it the compliment of your highness' every greater thought. Your Most Illustrious Lordship's

Humblest Servant, Giovanbatista Bracelli English translation of the text is cited according to [Reed 2000]. AII'Ill.^mo et Ecc.^mo Sig. PRINCIPE / DON LORENZO MEDICI. / Le Stampe Ecc ^mo. Sig.^re che io umilmente presento all / Ecc.^Ia vra, sono, per cosi dire', i primi Fiori che io / hd colti nel campo del mio sterile ' ingegno. Accetti / benig.^te il dono d, per dir meglio, le primitie 'della mie fatiche', / douute 'a lei per obligo di seruitu; esele pare ' il luogo / doue nati sono, atto a produrre ' qualche ' frutto di / virtuosa operatione', si degni con i raggi della sua gra / di fecondarlo che quanto mi sapra porgere ' le sara / da me' rever^te. consecrato, Bacio umil^te. a V. E. la Veste', / e le prego da Dio il colmo d'ogni felicita. / Di V. Ecc.^za. / Humil.^mo e Deuot. ^mo Seruo / Iacopo Callot.

The message and composition of Bracelli's ornate text depend on Callot's dedication of Capricci...11. Both artists state that they are humble and insignificant servants, bringing to their masters their feeble gifts. Callot writes about “the first flowers that he gathered on the field of his barren mind” (i primi Fiori che io ho colti nel campo del mio sterile ingegno), and Bracelli about “the first fruits” or “a flock of various caprices born in the depth of his mind ”(primitive; dal seno del mio inteletto havendo formato un gregge di vari capricci). Then there follows a comparison of the “illustrious Don” with God, indications of his generosity, and a veiled request for a reward. It is important that Bracelli in the text of the dedication calls the plates of his set capricci. Filippo Baldinucci does the same, giving the information about Bracelli's biography in his Notizie...:

There was also a certain Giovanni Battista Brazze, a disciple of Jacopo Empoli (1551-1640), nicknamed “Gray” <...> he created some capricci that depict built-up people, some composed from different fruits, others from kitchen utensils, mason tools, and the like. It was said that he himself engraved a number of copper plates using the eau-forte techniqueAncora fu discepolo dell'Empoli un tale Gio. Batista Brazze, ditto il Bigio, che operd in Livorno e per la Compagnia de'Sarti in Firenze fece una tavola di S. Huomobuono, ed un ' altro Santo Limosiniere, la quale fi vede a mano manco al'entrare: questi fu inventore di certi capricci dipingere uomini fatti, e composti altri di diverse frutte, altri d'instrumendi da cucina, da muratore e simili; e dicesi, ch'egli medisimo ne intagliasse all acqua forte una quantita di rami, che vanno attorno stampati. Questo Gio. Batista si mori in giovanile eta nella Spedale di S. Maria Nuova assaipoveramente [Baldinucci 1767-1774 (8): 19]..

Despite the fact that the dedications rely on courtly formulas and cliches, it is important to note how these artists characterize their works, emphasizing their intellectual basis, calling them “first fruits” or “flocks of various caprices born in the depth of the mind”. There are other examples of such a metaphor. Bracelli uses the same scheme in the dedication of the set Figure con instrumenti musicali e bos- carecci...mie figure de strumenti musicali, aborti piu presto, o sconciature chi parti del'mio debile ingegno... See for details reproduction of the set [Preaud 1975: 72]., he calls his work “figures that appeared prematurely as part of his weak mind”. The same emphasis is made in the dedication of the previously mentioned etching set by Melchiore Gherardini, addressed to Cardinal Borromeo (1564-1631). Gherardini's text is based on completely different metaphors due to artist's intention to underline the connection between him and the patron of the Ambrosian library, but the plates of the set are called merce de ingegno, which literally means “products of the mind”, and, in this context, can be translated as “labor of the mind”.

Probably, we are dealing here with a reference to the classical apologetics of fine art, which portray drawing and painting as humanistic endeavor, rather than a craft. For example, Vasari, denoting an understanding of art based on Plato's ideas, with an emphasis on drawing, thus defined disegno as its basis:

...seeing too that from this knowledge there arises a certain conception and judgment, so that there is formed in the mind that something which afterwards, when expressed by the hands, is called design (che poi es con le mani si chiama disegno), we may conclude that design is not other than a visible expression and declaration of our inner conception (concetto) and of that which others have imagined and given form to in their idea (nella mente imaginato efabricato nell'idea) [Vasari 1569: 43; 1907: 205].

As mentioned above, for Vasari the concepts of disegno and capriccio were close, and despite the fact that this genre tradition implied some spontaneity and randomness of the creative process, this did not at all exclude its intellectual basis.

Summing up, it should be said that the genre tradition or form of capriccio and its filiation bizzarie imply a structure of theme and variations. In turn, its pragmatics, presented in the dedications of the above-mentioned sets, involves entertainment of noble enlightened Lords and underlines the intellectual base of the capriccios' images.

Bizzarie di varie figure by Bracelli and the allegorical portraits of Arcimboldo look similar (and in some way really are) as they use a common “dictionary” or a set of parts from which metaphors are constructed. This “dictionary” is more usual for the middle of the 16^th century and somewhat asynchronous for the first third of the 17^th century.

But the system of interactions of these parts, the “grammar” in Bracel- li's set fundamentally differs from the Neoplatonic Arcimboldian system. Bracelli designs his plates according to the principle of themes and variations, which correspond to the capriccio genre tradition and confront the genre of allegorical portrait of the ruler, which leads to the endless and free assemble or reassembly of parts for the creating of new meanings.

In Callot's Capricci di varie figure the “grammar” and the “dictionary” coincide, and that is probably why this set is perceived more unambiguously.

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