Educational and translators activities of Wilhelm Kiesewetter on the results of the expedition in the Crimea
Study of the activities of the Berlin ethnographer Wilhelm Kiesewetter. Consideration and characterization of the features of his paintings depicting the life and life of people living in the Crimea. Analysis of the results of the artist's expeditions.
| Рубрика | Культура и искусство |
| Вид | статья |
| Язык | английский |
| Дата добавления | 09.02.2022 |
| Размер файла | 326,8 K |
Отправить свою хорошую работу в базу знаний просто. Используйте форму, расположенную ниже
Студенты, аспиранты, молодые ученые, использующие базу знаний в своей учебе и работе, будут вам очень благодарны.
Размещено на http://www.allbest.ru/
Educational and translators activities of Wilhelm Kiesewetter on the results of the expedition in the Crimea
Panov Sergii
Many European scientists and artists of the XVIII-XIX centuries travel to many distant countries. They dreamed of exploring the world, in order to subsequently transfer their knowledge and discoveries to society in the form of reports, paintings, texts, books and sculptures.
With the help of their paintings, they wanted to convey the experience of communication and communication with other distant peoples. This didactic aspect was generally characteristic of genre art, which in the XIX century, gained popularity from the European public. At the same time, subject paintings based on the personal experience of the traveler and the artist were considered. One of these artists was the Berlin artist-ethnographer Wilhelm Kiesewetter. He made two different journeys and for fourteen years traveled in Scandinavia, the European part of Russia, the Crimea and the Caucasus. He traveled on foot, riding and riding in a carriage, traveling with the help of camels and ships. It was financed by making portraits that sold well in Sweden.
The work presents his paintings depicting the life and life ofpeople living in the Crimea.
In his expeditions, Kiesewetter drew different peoples ”, in order to later lay the foundation of the museum of man. He really wanted and hoped that his travel results and the material brought in the form of public exhibitions would be of great public interest. Kiesewetter noted: “what could be more interesting than observing the diversity of different peoples living in this world at the same time with us”.
Keywords: creativity, translator, artist, ethnographer, Wilhelm Kiesewetter, travels in Crimea, communication, travel.
ПАНОВ С. Ф. Освітня і перекладацька діяльність Вільгельма Кізеветтера за результатами експедиції в Криму.
Багато європейських вчених та художників ХУШ-ХІХ століть подорожували у далекі країни. Вони мріяли досліджувати світ, щоб згодом передати свої знання та відкриття суспільству у формі доповідей, картин, текстів, книг та скульптур. За допомогою своїх картин вони хотіли передати досвід спілкування з іншими народами. Цей дидактичний аспект був загалом характерний для жанрового мистецтва, яке в XIX столітті здобуло популярність у європейської громадськості. Одночасно були розглянуті предметні картини, засновані на особистому досвіді мандрівника, перекладача та художника. Одним із таких художників був берлінський художник-етнограф Вільгельм Кізеветтер. Він здійснив дві різні мандрівки і протягом чотирнадцяти років мандрував Скандинавією, європейською частиною Росії, Кримом та Кавказом. Він подорожував пішки, їхав у вагоні, подорожував за допомогою верблюдів і кораблів. Мандрування він фінансував роблячи портрети, які добре продавались у Швеції. У роботі представлені його картини із зображенням життя та побуту людей, що живуть у Криму. У своїх експедиціях Кізевететр малював різних народів, щоб згодом закласти фундамент музею людини. Він дуже хотів і сподівався, що його результати подорожей та матеріал у формі публічних вистав, становлять великий суспільну зацікавленість ”. Кізеветтер зазначав: “що може бути цікавішим, ніж спостерігати за різноманітністю різних народів, що живуть у цьому світі одночасно з нами ”'.
Ключові слова: творчість, перекладач, художник, етнограф, Вільгельм Кизеветтер, подорожі по Криму, спілкування, подорожі.
ПАНОВ С. Ф. Образовательная и переводческая деятельность Вильгельма Кизеветтера по результатам экспедиции в Крыму.
Многие европейские ученые и художники ХУШ-ХЇХ веков путешествовали во многие далекие страны. Они мечтали исследовать мир, чтобы впоследствии передать свои знания и открытия обществу в форме отчетов, картин, текстов, книг и скульптур. С помощью своих картин они хотели передать опыт общения с другими далекими народами. Этот дидактический аспект был в целом характерен для жанрового искусства, которое в XIX веке завоевало популярность у европейской публики. В то же время рассматривались тематические картины, основанные на личном опыте путешественника, переводчика и художника. Одним из таких художников был берлинский художник-этнограф Вильгельм Кизеветтер. Он совершил два разных путешествия и в течение четырнадцати лет путешествовал по Скандинавии, европейской части России, Крыму и Кавказу. Он путешествовал пешком, катался верхом и катался на карете, путешествовал с помощью верблюдов и кораблей. Путешествия он финансировал за счет создания портретов, которые хорошо продавались в Швеции. В работе представлены его картины, изображающие жизнь и быт людей, проживающих в Крыму. В своих экспедициях Кизеветтер рисовал разные народы, чтобы впоследствии заложить фундамент музея человека. Он действительно хотел и надеялся, что его результаты путешествий и материалы, представленные в форме публичных выставок, будут представлять большой общественный интерес. Кизеветтер отметил: “Что может быть интереснее, чем наблюдать за разнообразием разных народов, живущих в этом мире одновременно с нами ”.
Ключевые слова: творчество, переводчик, художник, этнограф, Вильгельм Кизеветтер, путешествия по Крыму, общение, путешествия.
Introduction
Already during the Middle Ages, Europeans learned about alien worlds from the stories of various travelers. Based on these stories and drawings in the 16th century, artists illustrated this information not without their own imagination. These include the work of Theodore de Brie. The documentary value of his drawings is relatively low and his illustrations of stories did not pretend to scientific accuracy. Up until the nineteenth century, foreigners were portrayed as people resembling exotic Europeans. Only external signs such as clothing, jewelry and weapons characterized these people as natives. But later in the 19th century fine art other trends developed.
The principal new for them was the image of life and everyday situations, clothing and people who lived in the countryside.
In those days, Europeans learned about other worlds from the stories of individual travelers. And the artists illustrated all this with elements of their own imagination. And the documentary value of these drawings was low. External differences and omens, such as clothing, jewelry and weapons characterized these people. Later artists ceased to be guided by exotic ideas, and turn to the real life of people.
Finally, artists began to pay attention to the individuality of the person, many no longer follow the exotic ideas about the life depicted.
The famous representatives of the genre art belonged to the Frenchman Eugene Delacroix (1798-1863), who lived for some time in North Africa [1, 2]. In his paintings,
he not only recorded the life of the local population, but also - like Kizevetter - he worked as a cultural chronicler.
No less ambitious artist was German Johann Moritz Rugendas (1802-1858), who traveled as a scientific schedule for many years in Brazil as part of a scientific expedition [3-6]. During the expedition he sketched genre paintings and landscapes, and for the sake of publishing his works he returned to Europe. He met Alexander Humbolt, who supported the artist morally and financially. Alexander Humbolt admired the works of Johann Moritz Rugendas. Later, Rugenda traveled for sixteen years in Central and South America, where he had the opportunity to improve the abilities of the artist.
Similarly to Rugendas, the American artist and ethnographer George Kathlin (1796-1872) also behaved, who for seven years “traveled by the American West. All this time he has been recording and sketching the Indians and their ways of life” [7, 8]. He dreamed of creating a monument to the Indian people in such a way, since he understood that they would face extinction. For many years, Kathleen traveled to Europe with his paintings, reports and speeches to share his knowledge with Europeans. Like Kiesewetter, Ketlin tried to collect truthful information, so in the works of both there is no “sense of arrogance” about foreign cultures, which was felt in the paintings of other artists.
Main part
In his travels, Wilhelm Kiesewetter wanted to reveal himself not only as an artist, but also to learn about the life of other nations. He was particularly impressed by his stay in the Crimea in 1845-1847. He lived in Kerch, Simferopol, Bakhchisarai, Sudak, Gurzuf, Yalta, Alushta and Sevastopol [9].
Of course, Wilhelm Kiesewetter, to a certain extent, wanted to entertain the public with his art and his knowledge, but first of all he wanted to teach people, that is - quite in the spirit of enlightenment - he was eager to impart knowledge.
During his travels, Kiesewetter painted and painted portraits of many people of different backgrounds. In addition, he did many works on order and sold them, although he kept a significant amount of them. Large portraits depicting particularly illustrative features of faces and typical clothes (for example, hats), he painted in detail and realistic. Such a conclusion suggests itself when comparing the objects depicted by him with similar ethnographic exhibits of current ethnographic museums.
Kiesewetter describes the learning process in the Tatar school so “At the beginning of a lesson, children receive assignments from the teacher that they must complete during the day. Then the children are divided into separate groups. Near the older child there are always a few new children. He should help them complete the tasks. kiesewetter ethnographer crimea
They are engaged mostly in memorizing the sayings from the law of God. They repeat their lessons, jumping and jumping, playing and joking. Whether they are sitting, lying or running, jumping and at the same time they study diligently. All the time they repeat the lessons assigned to them. In this you can see elements of the classics of children's pedagogy by Friedrich Frobel, Rudolf Steiner, Ms. Montessori [10].
Tartar village school in the Crimea
In his portraits, Kiesewetter attached importance to anthropological characteristics and cultural differences in dress; and in the genre scenes he portrayed the same people regardless of the ethnic group.
Kiesewetter was not engaged in landscape painting in its pure form; he painted landscapes as scenes for actors, or for houses.
Realistic images of the mountain landscape in Southern Crimea, which serves as the background for a Tatar wedding.
Many paintings, supplemented with models, give an idea of cities and villages, churches, monasteries, palaces and their interiors.
Moving from one place to another, he stayed in Tatar families, got acquainted with life, life. He described this in his notes and travel diaries.
He published his diary entries in 1854 in Berlin. Kiesewetter described his impressions in this way: “How pleasant the nights are in the little village near the seashore! Each hut here radiates peace and joy among the aromas of cool gardens with flower beds. How sweet is the peace of the carefree followers of Mohammed among the thick foliage in the harem, where a deep mystery of love is hidden under the quiet murmur of the stream and the singing of the nightingale.
By spreading his knowledge through paintings, mockups and stories, Kiesewetter viewed his activities as an ethnographer. He hoped that his works and the collection would acquaint the nations with each other and find their mutual understanding for further understanding of the world.
After traveling in 1849, he systematically changed his didactic goal of research. Arriving in his native city of Berlin, he became more closely acquainted with the Berlin Scientific and Art Society, which planned to celebrate the anniversary of its foundation along with the birthday of King Frederick William IV. Kiesewetter arranged an exhibition of paintings and models in the premises of this Berlin Scientific and Art Society. In the press, the reaction of the guests and those responsible for the celebration of the anniversary was very positive.
Later, the newspapers wrote that if Mr. Kiesewetter organized a public exhibition of his works and collections of the collection again, the general public would be very grateful to him.
After his second trip to Scandinavia, Kiesewetter organized another exhibition (1850) and printed a catalog with comments in Swedish for his paintings and mock-ups.
In September 1851, Kiesewetter crossed the border with Norway to open an exhibition in Trondheim, Oslo and other cities of Norway with good advertising. Now she had the name “Ethnographic travel pictures”. At the end of the exhibition went back to Sweden and moved to many cities, among which was Lund.
The explanation that Kiesewetter showed his works, first in Sweden, can serve emotional reasons. In this country, he spent his happiest years. There he was surprised by the courtesy and hospitality of her masters.
And in 1853, he finally returned to Germany and organized an exhibition in Hamburg, Altow and Hannover with the new name “Kiesewetter's Ethnographic Travel Sketches”. At home, the exhibition had a positive response. In February 1854 he went with his paintings to Leipzig, and in March presented them in Dresden. In both cities he gave reports to a small number of the public. Kiesewetter's didactic goal was commended by Christian Vogel, director of the city's general school in Leipzig. On behalf of the teachers and students, thanked Kiesewetter for the interesting and informative lecture.
Christian Vogel said that he without any doubt recommends a modest artist, first of all, to all teachers and friends of the science of the universe and draws attention to the fact that through such pictures, the study of geography will acquire a real life. Similar recommendations were made in Dresden, where Kizevetter showed his paintings in the Pedagogical Union. His personal experience and works everywhere made a great impression, and the oral explanations of his ethnographic travel pictures were very good for memory, because they are based on what he saw and experienced in that environment.
In May 1854, Kiesewetter was again in Berlin.
He decided to act even more professionally and made public all parts of the history of his travel diary, which describes the additions to his paintings. The sixteen completed stories actually reflected his personal position, his attitude to the owners and the circumstances in which he painted his paintings. As a true artist, he describes in detail the landscapes, ceremonies, the forms of houses and towns, the interiors of housing. A common thread is the description of all his stories, and this is his personal experience while interacting with strangers. Composing these stories, he pursued quite a clear didactic goal.
He believed that the entire collection of ethnographic travel paintings was painted in oils and arranged in such a way that it was more convenient to show them to the general public in public places and schools. The activities of Kiesewetter testifies to his educational intentions. He believed that already at a young age a person should get acquainted with other cultures in order to comprehend his own life.
In accordance with the scientific requirements, Kiesewetter, as a member of the Berlin Geographical Society, made public reports. At the thematic meetings, members of the society talked about their travels in foreign countries, telling about the results of geographical research and ethnographic observations.
At that time, ethnography, as a science, was not yet established, and the Berlin Association of Anthropology, Ethnography and History was founded only in 1869. Thus, the geographical partnership was exactly the organization where it was possible to talk about their research. On June 3, 1854, Karl Ritter was elected chairman at the meeting of the partnership. In a small article in the Spreenershe Zeitung newspaper, he pointed out Kiesewetter's very significant treasure. It is a collection of high-quality and rare images of countries, peoples and people. For each country, the acquaintance of the younger generation in schools with the customs and way of life of peoples from the artist's personal experience enlivens geographic horizons.
The Kiesewetter report to the Geographical Society in Vienna was noted positively. The minutes of the meeting stated that the paintings are of great importance, and the reality depicted in them is not idealized and the scientific value of the collection is very high.
Conclusion
In the XIX century, geography, and then ethnography, were based on the reports of travelers - scientists and artists. They first-hand collected information about foreign countries, and in addition brought real material with them. Therefore, Alexander von Humbolt was also interested in the activities of Kiesewetter. The ethnographic collection called von Humbolt works by Kiesewetter and this use of art has a noble purpose aimed at enlightenment.
References
1. “Eugиne Delacroix biography”. Web Gallery of Art. Retrieved 2007-06-14. Andrй Castelot (Talleyrand ou le cynisme [Paris, Librairie Perrin, 1980])
2. Eugиne Delacroix, Journal, nouvelle йdition intйgrale йtablie par Michиle Hannoosh, 2 vols., Paris, Josй Corti, 2009.
3. Pablo Diener-Ojeda: Johann Moritz Rugendas. Bilder aus Mexiko. Bildband und Katalog zur Ausstellung Augsburg, 1993. Wissner, Augsburg, 1993,
4. Gertrud Richert: Johann Moritz Rugendas. Ein deutscher Maler des XIX. Jahrhunderts. Berlin, 1959.
5. Christof Metzger/Christof Trepesch: Chile und Johann Moritz Rugendas. Wernersche Verlagsgesellschaft, 2007.
6. Pablo Diener-Ojeda: El viaje de Rugendas por Chile 1834-1842. Origo Ediciones. Santiago, 2012.
7. John Catlin. Illustrations of the manners, customs & condition of the North American Indians. - London: Chatto & Windus, 1876. - Vol. 1.
8. John Catlin. Life Among the Indians. - London: Gall and Inglis, 1861. - Vol. 2.
9. Tietmeyer E. The Painter Wilhelm Kiesewetter in the Crimea (1845-1947), Islamic Art and Architecture in the European Periphery: Crimea, Caucasus and Volga-Ural Region, Ed. Barbara Kellner-Heinkele, Joachim Gierlichs, Brigitte Heuer, Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 2008, s. 109-117.
10. Bildung und Wissenschaft. 1999. № 4. s. 13-16
Размещено на Allbest.ru
...Подобные документы
The value of art in one's life, his role in understanding the characteristics of culture. The skill and ability of the artist to combine shapes and colors in a harmonious whole. Create an artist of her unique style of painting, different from the others.
презентация [2,3 M], добавлен 20.10.2013American artist - Andrew Wyeth was born in 1917 in Chides-ford. By 1945 the personal realistic style of the artist was generated. The basic theme of his jobs was landscapes and village life. The most known and famous product of Wyeth - "Kristin's world".
презентация [1,6 M], добавлен 18.06.2010Short-story biography of American film actress Jennifer Aniston: parents, childhood, friends and beginning of career. The personal life of film star and development of its career is in Hollywood. Rewards of artist, as critic and public confession.
презентация [2,1 M], добавлен 26.10.2013The study brief biography and works of the great artist Isaac Levitan. The most famous artwork is gorgeous landscape. A photographic image of the famous master of nature, landscapes of Russian nature, drawings, watercolors and book illustrations.
презентация [789,2 K], добавлен 13.03.2015James Cameron is famous canadian film director, screenwriter, producer, and researcher of the underwater world. James Cameron's filmography includes five financial records. Interesting Facts of life and work of film director. History of the personal life.
презентация [3,3 M], добавлен 21.10.2014Seven wonders of Ukraine: National Dendrological park "Sofiivka", Kievo-Pechers’ka Lavra. Ancient Greek town Khersones Tavriisky (Chersonesos) - the city founded by Greek colonists, more than two or a half thousand years ago in south-western Crimea.
презентация [888,1 K], добавлен 12.05.2011Biography Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci: painter, musician, mathematician, engineer, inventor, anatomist, geologist, cartographer, botanist, and writer. Leonardo's Paintings are famous for a variety of qualities. Most famous works of the artist.
презентация [2,6 M], добавлен 28.05.2015Hobby as regular classes man in his spare time, leisure activities depending on their interests, passions and Hobbies. The passion for reading books, collecting stamps. Passion for modern dancing, cooking and shopping. The cultivation of flowers.
презентация [2,1 M], добавлен 02.02.2015The concept of "intercultural dialogue". The problem of preserving the integrity nations and their cultural identity. formation of such a form of life, as cultural pluralism, which is an adaptation to a foreign culture without abandoning their own.
статья [108,6 K], добавлен 12.11.2012Louvre - the biggest and most famous art museum, built in 1190 by King Philippe Auguste as a fortress against the Vikings. The history of the Louvre, the description of the exhibits: paintings, sculptures and artifacts collected over the five centuries.
презентация [714,8 K], добавлен 16.09.2012The Louvre in Paris as the most unique museum complex, one of the largest in the world. Creating a glass pyramid. Masterpieces of world art. Location in the museum's greatest collections of paintings and masterpieces, sculptures of different epochs.
презентация [3,8 M], добавлен 10.03.2015Alexander Murashko - one of the most prominent Ukrainian artists of the late XIX - early XX century. He was the first rector of the Ukrainian Academy of Arts in Kiev. His most famous works of art "Portrait of a girl in a red hat" and "Peasant Family".
биография [13,3 K], добавлен 17.01.2011Renaissance art and culture during the Renaissance. Biography of famous artist and painter Michelangelo. His architectural masterpieces: the sculpture of David, the dome of St. Peter's Basilica in the Vatican. Artistic value Songs 'Creating Adam'.
эссе [925,5 K], добавлен 29.12.2010Singapore is a cosmopolitan society where people live harmoniously among different races are commonly seen. The pattern of Singapore stems from the inherent cultural diversity of the island. The elements of the cultures of Canada's Aboriginal peoples.
презентация [4,7 M], добавлен 24.05.2012Rockers have emerged as a subculture in the fifties- sixties, in the era of rock'n'roll. Features of clothes style, a hairdress also are necessary attributes of the real rocker. Rockers wear leather motorcycle jacket adorned with an abundance of buttons.
презентация [10,8 M], добавлен 21.03.2012Introduction to the history of the Steinway piano - an uncompromising standard of sound, beauty and investment value. History and development of the company Steinway & Sons. The study of competitiveness, strengths and weaknesses of the marketing company.
презентация [565,2 K], добавлен 04.05.2012Holiday celebrations in America signify the rich blending of historic traditions from other cultures with the uniquely commemorative nature of the people of the United States. Brief review and description basic national and ethnic holidays of Americans.
курсовая работа [42,3 K], добавлен 02.04.2013A particular cultural grouping is a way for young people to express their individuality. Bikers movements in the USA, Europe and Russia. Symbolism and closes of bikers. Night Wolves - is Russia's first biker club. The most popular groups among bikers.
презентация [1,5 M], добавлен 12.03.2013Turko-Iranian-Muslim element is a integral part of India. Integration of the Mughal regime in Indian society. The theme of paradise in the decorative arts. Features of the mausoleum of Humayun which became samples in construction of monuments of Mughal.
статья [17,1 K], добавлен 18.05.2013Theatre in British history as an integral part of the cultural heritage. Stages of professional development of the theater from the first theater and the trivial to the most modern experimental projects. Famous people of British theater for centuries.
курсовая работа [58,6 K], добавлен 06.12.2013
